Forced-air System Research Articles

Randomized comparison between a forced air system and warm water bath for resuscitation of neonatal hypothermic calves with or without oral administration of caffeine.

Hypothermia is a cause of neonatal calf death in cold climates. Practical and effective rewarming methods are important for bovine health within affected regions. To compare the rewarming rate and blood analytes (glucose, lactate, and cortisol) of calves resuscitated with forced air with warm water bath, with or without oral administration of caffeine. Twenty healthy neonatal Holstein bull calves. In this randomized, prospective study, calves born healthy and without history of dystocia were cooled to 32°C rectal temperature then thermally resuscitated using either forced air rewarming or warm water bath (40°C) with or without oral administration of caffeine. Rectal temperatures were used to quantify recovery rate. Measurements of glucose, lactate, and cortisol were recorded for every 2°C change in rectal temperature. Rectal temperature decline (0.03°C per minute) and total cooling time (191.0 ± 33.3 minutes) did not significantly differ among treatment groups. Calves were successfully resuscitated to 38°C by either method. Time required to euthermia using warm water was significantly faster (0.1°C per minute; 64.3 ± 17.8 minute; P < .05) than forced air (0.05°C per minute; 123.1 ± 20.0 minutes). Caffeine had no significant effect on resuscitation rate (P = .14; 95% CI, -0.002 to 0.024) in either treatment; however, caffeine was associated with reduced time to euthermia by 8.3 and 10.8 minutes, respectively. Changes in metabolic variables (glucose, lactate, and cortisol), were inversely related to rectal temperature with no statistical significance among rewarming methods. Although warm water submersion is faster, forced air rewarming is an effective alternative for restoration of euthermia.

Fluid retention in endoscopes: A real-world study on drying effectiveness

Outbreaks linked to inadequate endoscope drying have infected numerous patients, and current standards and guidelines recommend at least 10minutes of forced air for drying channels. This study evaluated a new forced-air drying system (FADS) for endoscopes. Drying was assessed using droplet detection cards; visual inspection of air/water connectors, suction connectors, and distal ends; and borescope examinations of endoscope interiors. Assessments were performed after automated endoscope reprocessor (AER) alcohol flush and air purge cycles and after 10-minute FADS cycles. Researchers evaluated drying during encounters with 22 gastroscopes and 20 colonoscopes. After default AER alcohol and air purge cycles, 100% (42/42) of endoscopes were still wet. Substantial fluid emerged from distal ends during the first 15seconds of the FADS cycle, and droplets also emerged from air/water and suction connectors. Following FADS cycle completion, 100% (42/42) were dry, with no retained fluid detected by any of the assessment methods. Multiple endoscope ports and channels remained wet after AER cycles intended to aid in drying but were dry after the FADS cycle. This study reinforced the need to evaluate the effectiveness of current drying practices and illustrated the use of practical tools in a real-world setting.

Effects of wind speed on performance of a novel forced-air ice slurry wet precooling system

Aiming at the problems of low humidity and high dry consumption in the present forced-air precooling room, the combination of the ice slurry wet cooling system with the forced-air precooling was proposed, and a novel forced-air ice slurry wet precooling test platform was designed and built. The purpose of this paper is to experimentally study the effects of wind speeds on the performance of ice slurry wet precooling system by taking tomatoes as precooling objects, including precooling rate, precooling uniformity, precooling energy consumption and weight loss ratio of tomatoes. Also, the results are compared with those of other similar studies such as traditional forced-air precooling system. The results show that with the increase of wind speed, the precooling rate increases, the required precooling time is shortened, and the temperature variation coefficient of tomatoes decreases first and then increased, that is, the precooling uniformity becomes better and then worse. When the wind speed is 2.5 m/s, the overall precooling uniformity is the best. The precooling energy consumption decreases first and then increases, and is relatively low when the wind speed is between 1.5 m/s and 2.5 m/s (lowest at 2.5 m/s), which is lower than that of traditional forced-air system. With the increase of wind speed, the weight loss of tomatoes decreases first and then fluctuates slightly, and the weight loss ratio is about 0.1 %, which is much lower than that of tomatoes in the traditional forced-air precooling system. Overall, the maximum wind speed is not recommended to exceed 2.5 m/s for the precooling system studied in this work. The results can provide references for the further research and development of forced-air precooling technology.

Prevention of peri-interventional hypothermia during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography using a forced-air heating system.

Background and study aims Perioperative hypothermia is associated with significant complications and can be prevented with forced-air heating systems (FAHS). Whether hypothermia occurs during prolonged endoscopic sedation is unclear and prevention measures are not addressed in endoscopic sedation guidelines. We hypothesized that hypothermia also occurs in a significant proportion of patients undergoing endoscopic interventions associated with longer sedation times such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP), and that FAHS may prevent it. Patients and methods In this observational study, each patient received two consecutive ERCPs, the first ERCP following current standard of care without FAHS (SOC group) and a consecutive ERCP with FAHS (FAHS group). The primary endpoint was maximum body temperature difference during sedation. Results Twenty-four patients were included. Median (interquartile range) maximum body temperature difference was -0.9°C (-1.2; -0.4) in the SOC and -0.1°C (-0.2; 0) in the FAHS group ( P < 0.001). Median body temperature was lower in the SOC compared with the FAHS group after 20, 30, 40, and 50 minutes of sedation. A reduction in body temperature of > 1°C ( P < 0.001) and a reduction below 36°C ( P = 0.01) occurred more often in the SOC than in the FAHS group. FAHS was independently associated with reduced risk of hypothermia ( P = 0.006). More patients experienced freezing in the SOC group ( P = 0.004). Hemodynmaic and respiratory stability were comparable in both groups. Conclusions Hypothermia occurred in the majority of patients undergoing prolonged endoscopic sedation without active temperature control. FAHS was associated with higher temperature stability during sedation and better patient comfort.

Predicting the fate and transport of indoor DEHP considering their interaction with particles under different ventilation modes

Ventilation are widely used in residential buildings to dilute indoor pollutants. While the dynamic partition model of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) for homes with a central forced-air handling system is still far from adequate. Here we developed a mechanistic model of SVOCs considering dynamic behaviours of size-resolved particles brought by ventilation. In this model, effects of air changes per hour (ACH) and secondary source of particles on mass transfer coefficient of source surfaces (hms) are considered. Three factors, namely ventilation mode, fresh air ratio and filtration efficiency are examined in detail, to figure out the time-varying multi-phase concentration of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Results show that with identical ACH (total ventilation rate/volume), the increase of indoor-outdoor air exchange rate (AER_I/O), would decrease the gas-phase concentration of DEHP, and would significantly shorten the time for the multi-phase DEHP to reach equilibrium concentration. The multi-phase (including the gas-phase, particle-phase and dust-phase) equilibrium concentration of DEHP indoors decreases with the increased fresh air ratio, taking into account the combined effect of ventilation dilution and particle-enhanced source emission. With the increase of filtration efficiency, the particle-phase equilibrium concentration of DEHP decreases, while the gas-phase equilibrium concentration of DEHP increases. Overall, the dynamic model is helpful to improve understandings of SVOCs’ interactions with airborne particles caused by ventilation systems, and clarify the key ventilation factors affecting the time-varying multi-phase concentration of SVOCs.

Thermal Performance Improvement of Forced-Air Cooling System Combined with Liquid Spray for Densely Packed Batteries of Electric Vehicle

Thermal Performance Improvement of Forced-Air Cooling System Combined with Liquid Spray for Densely Packed Batteries of Electric Vehicle

Design and Optimization of Forced-Air Cooling System for Commercial Vehicle Brake System

Design and Optimization of Forced-Air Cooling System for Commercial Vehicle Brake System

Autonomous solar thermal system design for indirect dehydration of Aguaymanto (Physalis Peruviana L.), Junín

This paper aimed to design an autonomous indirect solar dryer, which can dehydrate the aguaymanto in a costeffective manner, yielding a quality product suitable for export from the central part highland of Peru. To complete this task, it was proposed to design a prototype of autonomous solar dryer of 100 kg per batch of aguaymanto, equipped with flat reflectors and forced air feed, and powered with photovoltaic energy. This system allows to dry aguaymanto fruit at the requirements needed for its exportation. The fryer has the following dimensions: inner dimensions of the drying chamber: bottom 0.60 m, width 1.40 m, and height 1.10 m, with additional 0.05 m for insulation. Hence, the outer measures are bottom 0.70 m, width 1.50 m, and height 1.20 m. Two solar collectors are proposed with the dimensions of each: 1.50 m wide, 2.40 m long, and 0.15 m height; 2 flat mirror reflectors are required. A 80 Wp photovoltaic panel was selected for the forced air system and process control. This solar dryer is expected to cope with the problem of post-harvest deterioration. Also, it will facilitate the export by improving product quality and providing a cost-effective technology.

Evaluation of energy requirements of an industrial scale plant for the cultivation of white button mushroom (&lt;em&gt;Agaricus bisporus&lt;/em&gt;)

The white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) industry is paying attention to innovation for a more sustainable production and it is getting sophisticated to reach high grade of energetic efficiency coupled with high quality product. For mushroom cultivation the environmental conditions must be controlled therefore in some phases the heat needs to be provided and in other ones it needs to be removed. The objective of this study was to investigate the current growing methodology used at an industrial mushroom farm site for a quantification of energy consumption. Mushroom growing parameters such as temperature and relative humidity were monitored during the production process placing sensors for a continuous data recording of these parameters in different and crucial positions throughout the entire production cycle. Heat is massively produced by the compost/mycelium system and the goal was to quantify the amount of energy needed to remove it through a cooling system and a forced air system that pulls cold air in the cultivation room and picks up the warmer and more humid air. Often, the heat produced by the cultivation room is not enough to reach the optimal growth conditions. In this case the application of an air heating system is necessary. The study was focused on evaluating the energy exchanges during a 41-day period corresponding to a growth cycle of three flushes to quantify the energy requirements of the conditioning system. A total energy of 5483 kWh/cycle was quantified for a mushroom production of 25,000 kg, corresponding to a specific energy requirement of 0.22 kWh/kg, 0.18 for cooling and 0.04 for heating. Results showed that the electric power consumption represents a crucial cost for the mushroom production, therefore an optimization of the energy requirements of the production plant is desirable and it can lead to relevant economic savings. A scenario considering a more efficient air conditioning system was proposed for a more sustainable mushroom production.

Energy code compliant house design for lowest lifecycle cost based on market-available technologies

Investigating code-compliant and market-available options for building envelope, domestic systems, and solar photovoltaic systems accounting for construction and operational cost, the near-lowest lifecycle cost (LCC) design compliant with building energy codes is identifiable following the methodology proposed in this study. A case study of a house design in Edmonton, Canada, is conducted to demonstrate the methodology; the 30-year LCC of options for code-compliance are calculated for three energy cost scenarios. The results indicate that the most cost-effective design may have a 16% to 30% lower LCC than other investigated designs. In terms of achieving a similar level of energy performance, a house that uses a heat recovery ventilator, forced-air gas-fired space heating system, tankless water heater, and features a less-insulated building envelope offers the lowest LCC. The results of this study suggest that LCC should be considered in the development of building energy regulations to include economic aspects while proposing energy standards.

Effect of Forced-air Cooling, Hydrocooling, or their Combination on Fruit Quality of Two Southern Highbush Blueberry Cultivars

Blueberry is widely grown around the world, and the United States is the leading producer. A strategy to maintain fruit quality during commercial handling is rapid cooling using the forced-air system. Hydrocooling (HY) is an effective cooling method widely used for many crops and has potential as a cooling method for blueberry. The objective of this study was to compare the cooling efficiency of conventional forced-air cooling (FA), the current commercial method, with immersion HY alone or HY in combination with FA (HY + FA), and to determine effects on blueberry fruit quality during subsequent cold storage. ‘Emerald’ and ‘Farthing’ southern highbush blueberry were commercially harvested and packed into plastic clamshell containers. FA was accomplished by simulating commercial conditions using a small-scale unit within a cold room at 1 °C/80% relative humidity (RH) until 7/8 cooling was achieved (27 minutes). For HY, fruit in clamshells (125 g) were immersed in chlorinated ice water (200 ppm free Cl−1, pH = 7.0) and 7/8 cooling occurred in 4 minutes. For HY + FA, fruit were 7/8 hydrocooled then transferred to FA for 30 minutes to remove free water from the fruit. After the cooling treatments, clamshells were evaluated weekly for selected quality parameters during 21 days storage at 1 °C. For HY treatment, the 1/2 cooling time was 1.13 minutes for ‘Emerald’ and 1.19 minutes for ‘Farthing’, whereas for FA treatment, the 1/2 cooling times were 4.5 and 6.8 minutes, respectively. For ‘Farthing’, cooling method did not affect fruit firmness; after 21 days, there was a slight softening in fruit from all treatments. However, ‘Emerald’ fruit cooled by HY + FA were softer than those from either HY or FA after 14 days of storage. For all cooling methods ‘Emerald’ was less acidic (0.3% citric acid) and was sweeter [10.2% soluble solids content (SSC)] than ‘Farthing’ (0.6% citric acid, 9.4% SSC). There were no differences in bloom among cooling methods. Bloom ratings for ‘Emerald’ remained &gt;4.5 (70% to 80% coverage) whereas that for ‘Farthing’ cooled by HY or HY + FA was 3.7. Anthocyanin concentration in ‘Emerald’ fruit from HY + FA cooling method decreased by 33% during 21 days of storage, whereas that for ‘Farthing’ remained constant (8.3 mg cyanidin-3-Glicoside/g) irrespective of treatment during storage. Compared with ‘Farthing’, ‘Emerald’ was more sensitive to HY, where ≈15% of fruit developed visual skin breaks (split) after 7 days storage. HY shows potential as an alternative method to rapidly and thoroughly cool southern highbush blueberries such as ‘Farthing’, thus, maintaining fruit quality, while introducing a rinsing and sanitizing treatment. HY needs to be tested on commercial cultivars to determine the incidence of fruit splitting.

Expecting the Unexpected: Frontier Medicine from a Student Perspective.

Expecting the Unexpected: Frontier Medicine from a Student Perspective Susan Wik The University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine offers the opportunity for third-year medical students to complete a nine-month immersion experience in rural medicine through their Frontier And Rural Medicine (FARM) program. I applied for the program and was placed in a town of 3,500 people. The 25-bed Critical Access hospital and emergency room serve a five-county area with a population of 17,000, including a large reservation, based approximately 100 miles from a tertiary center. My role as a student in this community gave me a unique opportunity to be privy to many ethical dilemmas associated with frontier medicine. I watched providers navigate ethical issues and then reflected on those issues through my ethics course work. My education has allowed me to explore the unparalleled ethical dimensions to providing care in rural and frontier medicine, as shown by a recent trauma code involving multiple stab wounds. It was a quiet afternoon in the internal medicine clinic when I got called into the emergency room for a trauma code. Without time to change into scrubs, I threw a plastic gown on over my dress clothes and helped transfer the patient from the ambulance gurney to a bed. He was a young, Native American man, maybe twenty-one or twenty-two years old. He was clearly agitated and confused as to his location. The paramedics relayed to us that he sustained multiple stab wounds on his abdomen and upper back. We needed to assess the wounds for ourselves, but our patient was quickly becoming combative. I remember him lashing out at me, grabbing me by the stethoscope around my neck. It all happened very quickly, and a nurse pulled his hands off me while calming him down. He finally stopped fighting, whether that was due to the calming nature of the middle-aged nurse sitting at his head or his increasingly unstable vital signs, I’ll never know. He was mildly hypotensive and mildly tachycardic. We started an IV bolus of normal saline and were finally able to assess his wounds. There was a superficial laceration below the umbilicus and a deeper puncture wound to the left of the umbilicus. The wounds on his back were deemed to be superficial as well, but a portable chest x-ray was taken to be sure a pneumothorax was not present. Meanwhile, the on-call provider called for an air transport from a tertiary center approximately 100 miles away. Despite two liters of normal saline, his blood pressure continued to drop with systolic numbers in the low 70s, and his heart rate was creeping into the 130s. His skin was cold and clammy to the touch. The Bair Hugger, a forced-air patient warming system and our only method of warming, was wheeled into the emergency room and attached to the patient to try to raise his temperature while we debated a blood transfusion. The hospital’s blood bank is supplied by the tertiary center 100 miles away; a very limited supply is kept on site. A unit of O negative blood was hung, and the transfusion began as we did not have time to wait for the type and screen to return. This situation poses an interesting dilemma unique to rural healthcare centers: what happens if another patient needs blood as well? In a larger tertiary center, blood banks are well-stocked. In a [End Page 96] rural hospital, the supply dwindles quickly, and there may not be enough to treat multiple patients. Thankfully, we did not encounter this situation. Our patient received two units of O negative blood. It was determined that the patient was experiencing internal bleeding from the abdominal wound. A few months prior, the general surgeon on staff retired; his position had been filled, but the new surgeon had not yet started, leaving no option to move to the operating room for exploratory surgery. Recruiting physicians to a rural area poses a difficult task for hospital administration. There is only enough funding for one general surgeon to be on staff, which means this person is tasked with on-call hours 24...

Effect of preheating on the maintenance of body temperature in surgical patients: a randomized clinical trial

ABSTRACTObjective:to evaluate the effect of preheating on the maintenance of body temperature of patients submitted to elective gynecological surgeries. Method:eighty-six patients were randomized, without blinding, to receive usual care (heating with a cotton sheet and blanket) or preheating with a forced air system for 20 minutes (38°C). All patients were actively heated during the intraoperative period. Data were collected from admission of the patient in the surgical center until the end of the surgery. Body temperature was measured during the preoperative and intraoperative periods with an infrared tympanic thermometer. A thermo-hygrometer was used to monitor air temperature and humidity of the operating room. Results:data indicated homogeneity between the groups investigated. There was no statistically significant difference between groups after preheating (p = 0.27). At the end of the surgery, the mean temperature of the groups studied was the same (36.8°C), with a statistically non-significant difference (p = 0.66). Conclusion:preheating with the heated forced air system had a similar effect to the usual care in the body temperature of patients submitted to elective gynecological surgeries. ClinicalTrials.gov n. NCT02422758. CAAE, n. 38320814.2.0000.5393.

AHU 토출온도에 따른 일반 공조시스템의 에너지 소비량 및 실내 온열환경 분석

Recently, global warming has been a serious issue on the worldwide, and the importance of energy conservation is increasing. In most buildings, energy consumption increases due to cooling, heating, and ventilation. Because of these issues, researches have been carried out to reduce building energy. However, in most conventional forced-air system, the guidelines for the Air Handling Unit (AHU) discharge air temperature are not fully established. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of AHU discharge air temperature, which is one of the important control variables, on the overall energy consumption and thermal comfort characteristics by modeling conventional forced-air system using EnergyPlus. In addition, recommendations for energy reduction in conventional AHU is provided.

Pollutant concentrations and emission rates from natural gas cooking burners without and with range hood exhaust in nine California homes

Combustion pollutant concentrations were measured during the scripted operation of natural gas cooking burners in nine homes. Boiling and simmering activities were conducted on the stovetop and in the oven with and without range hood exhaust ventilation or air mixing via a forced air system. Time-resolved concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particles with diameters of 6 nm or larger (PN), carbon monoxide (CO), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were measured in the kitchen and bedroom area of each home. Four of the nine homes had kitchen 1 h NO2 exceed the national ambient air quality standard (100 ppb). In all homes, the highest 1 h integrated PN exceeded 2 × 105 cm−3-h, and the highest 4 h PN exceeded 3 × 105 cm−3-hr in the kitchen. Range hood performance varied widely, but one with a large capture volume and a measured flow of 108 L/s reduced concentrations 80–95%. Increased awareness of the need to ventilate when cooking, along with building standards for minimum range hood flow rates and volume, could substantially reduce exposures to NO2 and ultrafine particles in homes.

Intraoperative body temperature control: esophageal thermometer versus infrared tympanic thermometer.

To verify the correlation between temperature measurements performed using an infrared tympanic thermometer and an esophageal thermometer during the intraoperative period. A longitudinal study of repeated measures was performed including subjects aged 18 years or older undergoing elective oncologic surgery of the digestive system, with anesthesia duration of at least 1 hour. Temperature measurements were performed simultaneously by a calibrated esophageal thermometer and by a calibrated infrared tympanic thermometer, with laboratory reading precision of ±0.2ºC. The operating room temperature remained between 19 and 21ºC. The study included 51 patients, mostly men (51%), white (80.4%). All patients were kept warm by a forced-air heating system, for an average of 264.14 minutes (SD = 87.7). The two temperature measurements showed no different behavior over time (p = 0.2205), however, tympanic measurements were consistently 1.24°C lower (p<0.0001). The tympanic thermometer presented reliable results but reflected lower temperatures than the esophageal thermometer. Verificar a correlação entre as medidas de temperatura realizadas por meio de um termômetro timpânico por infravermelho e por um termômetro esofágico, durante o período intraoperatório. Realizou-se um estudo longitudinal, de medidas repetidas, incluindo sujeitos com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, submetidos à cirurgia oncológica eletiva do sistema digestório, com duração da anestesia de, no mínimo, 1 hora. As medidas de temperatura eram realizadas, ao mesmo tempo, por meio de um termômetro esofágico calibrado e por termômetro timpânico por infravermelho calibrado, com precisão de leitura em laboratório de ±0,2ºC. A temperatura da sala operatória permaneceu entre 19 e 21ºC. Foram incluídos 51 pacientes, em sua maioria homens (51%), brancos (80,4%). Todos os pacientes foram aquecidos com o sistema de ar forçado aquecido, em média por 264,14 minutos (DP = 87,7). As duas medidas de temperatura não tiveram comportamento diferente ao longo do tempo (p = 0,2205), mas a medida timpânica foi consistentemente menor em 1,24°C (p < 0,0001). O termômetro timpânico apresentou resultados confiáveis, mas refletiu temperaturas mais baixas do que o termômetro esofágico.

Forced-Air Warming Provides Better Control of Body Temperature in Porcine Surgical Patients.

Background: Maintaining normothermia during porcine surgery is critical in ensuring subject welfare and recovery, reducing the risk of immune system compromise and surgical-site infection that can result from hypothermia. In humans, various methods of patient heating have been demonstrated to be useful, but less evaluation has been performed in techniques to prevent hypothermia perioperatively in pigs. Methods: We compared body temperature regulation during surgery before and after modification of the ambient temperature of the operating laboratories. Three different methods of heating were then compared; a standard circulating water mattress, a resistive fabric blanket, and a forced hot air system. The primary measure was percentage of temperature readings outside a specification range of 36.7–40.0 °C. Results: Tighter control of the ambient temperature while using a circulating water mattress reduced the occurrence of out-of-specification body temperature readings from 20.8% to 5.0%, with most of these the result of hypothermia. Use of a resistive fabric blanket further reduced out-of-specification readings to 1.5%, with a slight increase in the occurrence of hyperthermia. Use of a forced air system reduced out-of-specification readings to less 0.1%. Conclusions: Maintenance of normothermia perioperatively in pig can be improved by tightly controlling ambient temperatures. Use of a resistive blanket or a forced air system can lead to better control than a circulating water mattress, with the forced air system providing a faster response to temperature variations and less chance of hyperthermia.

Environmental challenge: An effective approach for diagnosis and remediation of exacerbations of hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Environmental challenge: An effective approach for diagnosis and remediation of exacerbations of hypersensitivity pneumonitis

A high performance system to study the influence of temperature in on-line solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis

A novel high performance system to control the temperature of the microcartridge in on-line solid phase extraction capillary electrophoresis (SPE–CE) is introduced. The mini-device consists in a thermostatic bath that fits inside of the cassette of any commercial CE instrument, while its temperature is controlled from an external circuit of liquid connecting three different water baths. The circuits are controlled from a switchboard connected to an array of electrovalves that allow to rapidly alternate the water circulation through the mini-thermostatic-bath between temperatures from 5 to 90°C. The combination of the mini-device and the forced-air thermostatization system of the commercial CE instrument allows to optimize independently the temperature of the sample loading, the clean-up, the analyte elution and the electrophoretic separation steps.The system is used to study the effect of temperature on the C18-SPE–CE analysis of the opioid peptides, Dynorphin A (Dyn A), Endomorphin1 (END) and Met-enkephalin (MET), in both standard solutions and in spiked plasma samples. Extraction recoveries demonstrated to depend, with a non-monotonous trend, on the microcartridge temperature during the sample loading and became maximum at 60°C. Results prove the potential of temperature control to further enhance sensitivity in SPE–CE when analytes are thermally stable.

Numerical Simulation of a Solar Photovoltaic Panel Cooled by a Forced Air System

Numerical Simulation of a Solar Photovoltaic Panel Cooled by a Forced Air System