Force Of Utterance Research Articles

Interpreting Perlocutionary Speech Acts on Aggravation and Mitigation Circumstances: The Case of the former ICTR

This article attempts to interpret the interactivity between force of utterance and aggravating and mitigation circumstances during the ICTR sentencing process. This process which is essential in determining whether the judges’ evaluative comments aimed to address aggravation and mitigation circumstances are predictive of the ensuing sentences. The data for this article were accessed from the 1995-2000 Basic Documents and Case Law CD-ROM of the then International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in Arusha, Tanzania, focusing on the then thirteen (13) completed cases retrievable from http://www.ictr.org. Informed by the Speech Act Theory and using Wordsmith to determine the frequency of linguistic terms at airing aggravation, the study was done on seventy-two thousand words, paying attention to interpreting the language used to address aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Findings show that emotive evaluations are not a major characteristic in sentencing, and where in use, they do not predict the harshness of punishments given.

THE ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS IN THE MOVIE THE DEATH CURE: PRAGMATICS STUDY

Illocutionary act is part of speech acts which are something in order to do something as what the speaker intents. Based on Yule (1996: 48) stated that illusionary act is performed via the communicative force of utterance. Illocutionary act is a performance of act in saying something .Next, based on Vanderveken, Daniel (2009: 97) mentioned illocutionary acts of the meanings in the use and comprehension of language. The finding shows that the dialogue in the Death Cure movie contains each of illocutionary acts. They are representative illocutions, directives, illocutions, committees, expressives, and declarations. 2 types of strategies namely direct strategy, which has a literal meaning in the context and indirect strategy which has implicates in the context of speech, are used by speakers in uttering their speech. The data is taken from The Death Cure Movie. The method used in this thesis is the analytical descriptive- comparative method. It is used to get a clear and objective description of the Illocutionary in the movie.

Figuring Out the Intended Meaning of Intonation in Some English Conversational Utterances

The study aims at figuring out the intended meaning of intonation in some English conversational utterances together with identifying pitch variations that are determined by various syntactic constructions that impart the same illocutionary force of utterances. However, intonation is needed to delimit the communicative forces of utterances by virtue of its structure which the speakers intend to convey .This paper consists of four sections .Section one deals with phonology and its types .Section two discusses intonation in relation to style , forms and functions. Section three sheds some light on pragmatics. Section four deals in details with the intended meaning of intonation in some English conversational utterances. This paper comes up with meanings that are changed by virtue of ranges of intonation and pragmatics changes emotions from one person to another by rising or falling the voice of the speakers. In addition, the intended meaning function of intonation plays a role in determining the emotions of the speaker by ranges of intonation.

Mood, Force and Truth

There is a big difference between saying Maya is singing , Is Maya singing? and Sing Maya! This paper examines and criticizes two attempts to rigorously explain this difference: Searle’s speech act theory and the truth-conditional reductionism advocated by Davidson and Lewis. On the speech act analysis, each utterance contains a marker which says what kind of speech act the utterance counts as performing. The truth-conditional reductionists try to reanalyze the non-declaratives (Is Maya singing? and Sing Maya!) as complex declarative forms. The former analysis fails to recognize the indirect relationship between sentence (or clause) type and utterance force. The latter analysis fails to recognize the distinctive and thoroughly compositional contribution that the imperative, interrogative and declarative mood make to sentences containing them.

Improvisation in the disorders of desire: performativity, passion and moral education

In this article, I attempt to bring some colour to a discussion of fraught topics in education. Though the scenes and stories (from education and elsewhere) that feature here deal with racism, the discussion aims to say something to such topics more generally. The philosophers whose work I draw on here are Stanley Cavell and Judith Butler. Both Butler and Cavell develop (or depart from) J.L. Austin's theory of the performative utterance. Butler, following Derrida, argues that in concentrating on the illocutionary force of utterances (their capacity to do things), Austin fails to account for the force of words themselves. The iterability of language means that words are never at one with themselves. They carry their old contexts with them as they enter into new ones. This has important consequences for ethical issues that pertain to what Butler calls the ‘performativity’ of gender and race. Though we are performed by language, this performance has a dynamic quality that leads to the reshaping of identity. In contrast, for Cavell, the disappointing aspect of Austin's thought relates to the latter's neglect of the perlocutionary effect of language – what is done ‘by words’. By taking on this project, Cavell embraces the unconventional aspects of language characterised by ‘passionate’ expression and exchange. Butler and Cavell approach the performative utterance from different directions. In the last part of this article, the significance of this difference is discussed in relation to the provision of a moral education with regard to tackling issues surrounding racism.

Discourse and striving for power: an analysis of Barisan Nasional's 2004 Malaysian general election manifesto

This study analyses the political party of Barisan Nasional's victory in the llth Malaysian general election 2004, looking at the way it manipulated and utilized language or discourse in order to retain and gain political power. Using a critical discourse analysis framework, this article holds that discourse is able to portray social practices, such as the striving for political power. This study also holds that political-power striving is a part of the organization's discourse management. The discourse chosen for this study is the Barisan Nasional's 2004 general election manifesto. The finding shows that the striving for political power by Barisan Nasional is manifested through textual features and discursive properties of discourse. The discursive properties are shown by certain processes in the production, distribution, consumption, force of utterances, and semiotic aspect of the discourse. The textual aspects of the discourse, on the other hand, are shown by certain features of grammar, vocabulary, and the generic structure tenet of the discourse.

On a Prescriptivist Dichotomy

Hareans frequently in-ivoke a distinction between the primary and secondary meaning of evaluative terms that plays a fundamental role in the general theory of prescriptivism. With its use one can readily distinguish, for instance, between specific and general evaluative termsthe former are said to be primarily descriptive in meaning and only secondarily prescriptive (e.g. 'industrious') while the reverse is true of the latter (e.g. 'good'). Even more importantly, such a distinction allows for a univocalist account of the meaning of 'good' as a modifier since its primary prescriptive meaning may be said to hold constant from case to case while its secondary descriptive meaning varies according to the criteria and standards of goodness commonly observed in light of the host noun's meaning. Finally, the fact that children who lack a sophisticated grasp of the criteria and standards of goodness nevertheless quickly master the use of 'good' may be explained by the genetic hypothesis that its primary prescriptive meaning is learned first.' A distinction so fundamental and useful deserves more clarification than Hlare and his followers commonly provide. Even when it has been translated into the idiom of speech-act theory, and we speak of the primary and secondary illocutionaryforce of utterances conltaining literal occurrences of evaluative terms, the familiar citationl of intuitively clear examples is n1o substitute for a suitable criterion for making the distinctioni. Thus, while words like 'generous' or 'selfish' (i.e., many specific evaluative terms) do seem primarily appropriate for performing speech acts of describing and secondarily suitable for commending or condemning, borderline cases will be frequent and intuitions variable in most cases. Furthermore, the claim that utterances containing literal occurrences of 'good' have primary prescriptive or commendatory force has met with effective descriptivist rebuttal in recent years.2 Harean theory has floundered for want of a suitable criterion for distinguishing the primary from the secondary force of utterances with evaluative expressions. To remedy this defect, J. 0. Urmson has proposed a distinction between what he calls the central and peripheral illocutionary forces of an utterance.3 His criterion can be formulated as follows:

The speech noise and its spectrum

By recording on one magnetic tape the simultaneous utterances of several talkers through several channels, we have obtained a noise that is constant in time and continuous in frequency, and renders the average spectral components of speech more faithfully than other methods hitherto applied. Such speech noises are open to analysis, and their spectra can thus be determined. The advantages of the method are: 1) the integration needed for determining the longtime spectrum can be reduced to a few seconds; 2) the noise can be treated as a statistical noise constant in time; 3) the noise does not contain any line spectrum elements; 4) it improves the signal-to-noise ratio even under a normal force of utterance. It was shown that the speech spectrum of a certain language may be looked upon as being representative of the language in question. Long-time speech spectra obtained by this method were used to compute the average loudness level of a single person. The method can be used to find the characteristic spectra of certain speech sounds and of individual pronunciation.

Terentiana

In this paper it is proposed to be argued that the tendency in Latin known as the ‘Iambic Law’ is actuated by one cause, and one only—viz., the intensity of the prior syllable of the two. ‘Intensity’ means higher tone and increased force of utterance (plus sonat, Keil, 4, 426; acuto accentu elatum, as Charisius (K. I, p. 227) says of ut exclamatory). It is of three kinds:(1) Initial—proper to the first syllable of a disyllabic, tetrasyllabic, or pentesyllabic word of a sentence or (as Bentley first noted) of a verse.(2) Appropriate to the sense of interrogatives (which therefore must normally stand first) and other words of natural emphasis, such as ego, or the expletives pol, malum, or imperatives, or words like at and sed, before which there is a pause in Latin.(3) Attaching to particular words in a particular context because of the meaning of the sentence (cf. Donat. ad Phorm. 341, acuenda uox in eo quod ait, ‘tibi’).