Force Decay Of Elastomeric Chains Research Articles

Effects of Oil Pulling and Chlorhexidine Mouth Rinse on the Force Decay of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains: A Comparative In Vitro Study.

Oil pulling is a traditional Indian folk remedy for maintaining oral hygiene among orthodontic patients. This study aimed to assess the effects of oil pulling and compare them with those of chlorhexidine (CHX) and distilled water on the force decay of elastomeric chains. Twenty-one samples were tested in three groups. Each of these groups contained seven samples per group. The samples evaluated contained distilled water, 0.2% CHX, and sesame oil. The samples were dipped in various mouth rinses, and force degradation was measured using a dynamometer (dynamic universal testing machine, Instron 8801, Instron, Norwood, MA) during days 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The significance level was considered at 1%. Force degradation was observed more in distilled water, followed by sesame oil, and less in CHX at the end of 28 days. Significant differences in values (p < 0.01) were found among the three groups in all the timelines in the study except on days 14 and 21. Chlorhexidine showed the least amount of force decay, followed by oil pulling and distilled water. However, if oil pulling is practiced daily as a household remedy along with regular oral hygiene practices, it can save time and money and enhance general health.

Effect of mouthwashes on the force decay of polymeric ligature chains used for dental purposes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundExternal factors such as the daily use of antimicrobial mouthwashes to maintain oral hygiene and to reduce the microbial activity can contribute to alter the mechanical properties of the elastomeric chains used during orthodontic treatments, causing loss of effectiveness. This systematic review and a meta-analysis assessed the rate of force decay and degradation of the polymeric chains depending on the type of mouthwash.MethodsA systematic search of the literature were there was an exposure of orthodontic elastomeric chains to certain mouthwashes was conducted in the electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), Scopus, EMBASE and Web of Science, as well as grey literature (Opengrey). No limit was placed on publication year and research was done up to June 2022. Based on inclusion/ exclusion criteria, data were extracted by two independent reviewers. For the quantitative analysis, studies were analysed with a mixed-effect (random effect) meta-regression model, with beta coefficients and R [2] values. I [2] index and Q and Egger tests were used to find heterogeneity among studies.ResultsA total of 178 potentially eligible studies were identified, of which 14 were eventually included in the qualitative analysis and 14 in the quantitative meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that all the mouthwashes were associated with a greater force decay than the control groups. After 7 days (p = 0.005) significant differences were found among the different mouthwashes, with those containing alcohol having significantly higher impact on the force decay than those containing chlorhexidine 0.2%, sodium fluoride or Persica. However, at 24 h (p = 0.200), 14 days (p = 0.076), 21 days (p = 0.120) and 28 days (p = 0.778) no statistically significant differences among the different mouthwashes were found, although those containing alcohol presented a strong tendency.ConclusionAlthough mouthwashes tend to increase the speed of force decay of elastomeric chains, especially those containing alcohol, clorhexidine 0.2% can be a good alternative due to its low impact on the force decay and its ability to maintain low microbial activity. More in vitro and in vivo studies comparing different manufacturers and other agents should be performed.

“AN EFFECT OF SALIVARY PH, TEMPERATURE AND COMMON BEVERAGES ON ELASTOMERIC CHAINS.”

Force decay of Elastomeric chains have known to be influenced by temperature and pH. Colour stability of elastomeric chains also influenced by colours used in consumption of coloured food. So, current study aims at expressing all the properties of the elastomeric chains which includes the force decay, surface texture and the colour changes. Methods-two commercially available elastomeric chain were subjected to Acidic medium ,Alkaline medium, Tea, Turmeric solution, Hot water (65°C) , Cold water (10°C) and force decay and colour stability. The collected data was subjected to statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were done using Tukey’s HSD pair wise comparison test and one way ANOVA test. Results- 1. Elastomeric chains exhibited significant amount of force in both the groups when exposed to all the media. The force values of the elastomeric chains as received from the manufacturer were highest in group A. Group A of acidic medium showed highest force decay when compared to group B. 2. The highest amount of force was seen with group A with respect to hot and cold water. 3. Group B showed the highest colour absorption with respect to both tea and turmeric. Elastomeric chains of group A were most resistant to staining. 4. Surface structure revealed that there were some amount of roughness and porosities seen in both the groups of elastomeric chains as received from the manufacturer. The degradation of elastomeric chains was higher in group B than in group A.

Comparative Assessment of Force Decay of the Elastomeric Chain With the Use of Various Mouth Rinses in Simulated Oral Environment: An In Vitro Study.

Aim:This study is aimed to assess the effect of different mouth rinses and its active components on the force decay of elastomeric chains. Listerine, Colgate Phos-Flur, Clohex Plus mouth rinses, 26.9% alcohol, 0.04% sodium fluoride (NaF), and 0.2% chlorhexidine were used for this study to determine its effects on force decay of elastomeric chains.Materials and Methods:Seven custom-made jigs were constructed on which 120 short module elastomeric chains were stretched to predetermined lengths between the pins. Using calibrated digital force tester, measurements of force exerted by the elastomeric chains while stretched on the framework were recorded at the time of attachment to the frame and after 24 hours, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days. The custom-made jigs and the elastomeric chains were allowed for complete submersion in artificial saliva throughout the test period, as well as in respective control solution and mouth rinses for 60 seconds, twice daily.Results:All test groups showed significantly more force decay than the control group. Statistically significant differences were observed when comparing force decay among the test groups except between a few.Interpretation and Conclusion:Mouth rinses cause an increase in force decay of elastomeric chain over the time. Listerine and 26.9% alcohol solution caused maximum force decay by the end of 28 days. Least force degradation of elastomeric chain was seen with the use of 0.2% chlorhexidine.

Effect of some carbonated drinks on force decay of elastomeric chains: An in vitro study

Effect of some carbonated drinks on force decay of elastomeric chains: An in vitro study

The effect of toothpastes with bleaching agents on the force decay of elastomeric orthodontic chains.

Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of agents available in whitening toothpastes (Crest® and Sensodyne®) in vitro on the force decay of elastomeric chains used in orthodontics.Materials and Methods:A total of 300 specimens of elastomeric chains were divided into five groups (n = 60) and were evaluated. These groups included (1) the regular Crest® toothpaste and distilled water solution, (2) whitening Crest® toothpaste and distilled water solution, (3) regular Sensodyne® toothpaste and distilled water solution, (4) whitening Sensodyne® toothpaste and distilled water solution, and (5) distilled water as a control group. The samples' force was measured using Instron at intervals of 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Data were analyzed by SPSS software.Results:At the initial time point, the difference in the force values of elastomeric chain between any of the groups was not significant (P > 0.05). On the 1st day, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between all groups except the groups of whitening Crest®, regular, and whitening Sensodyne® (P > 0.05). On days 7, 14, and 28, the rate of decline for all groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05).Conclusions:According to the results obtained in the present study, it seems that toothpastes without whitening agents have less effect on force decay of elastomeric chain over time.

Force Decay Characteristics of commonly used Elastomeric Chains on Exposure to various Mouth Rinses with different Alcohol Concentration: An in vitro Study

The aim of this study was to test the effect of varying alcohol concentrations of various commercially available mouth-washes on force decay of elastomeric chains in prestretched and unstretched condition. A total of five specimen groups were tested with a total sample size of 180 specimens. A specimen is described as a three-link, short module, clear elastomeric chain (3M Unitek, Ortho Plus, Ortho Organizer). The control and test groups were independently submerged in separate 37°C artificial saliva to simulate the oral conditions. Effects of different solution groups and time (initial, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days) on three different elastomeric chains and force (cN) are analyzed with two-way analysis of variance; pair-wise comparisons are done by t-test. Higher mean force was recorded initially followed by 24 hours >7 days >14 days >21 days and 28 days respectively. The difference in mean force decay among the different time intervals was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001). Among the different solutions, higher mean force was recorded in 21.6% alcohol mixture > Listerine 8.38% > Wokadine > alcohol mixture 8.38% > artificial saliva. In conclusion, alcohol-containing mouth rinses cause an increase in force decay of elastomeric chain over time. These mouth rinses are commonly recommended during orthodontic treatment. The orthodontist can know better that the alcohol content of the mouth rinses and the structural and molecular modification results in the decay of elastomeric chain.

The effects of varying alcohol concentrations commonly found in mouth rinses on the force decay of elastomeric chain

To test the effect of alcohol on force decay of elastomeric chains in vitro in order to determine if increasing alcohol concentrations results in an increased amount of elastomeric chain force decay. A prospective laboratory study was completed to test the effect of alcohol exposure on orthodontic elastomeric chain. A total of 450 specimens were divided into five test groups. Two test groups were each exposed to different alcohol concentrations (14% and 26.9%) and the other two test groups were exposed to different commercially available mouth rinses (Cēpacol -14% alcohol and Listerine - 26.9% alcohol) for 60 seconds twice a day. The control group followed all of the same procedures but was only exposed to deionized (DI) water. Force measurements were taken at six time points (initial, 1 day, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days). There were no significant differences among groups at the initial time point (P = .52). Statistically significant effects of time on force decay were seen in all groups. All test groups showed significantly more force decay than the control group. Only a few statistically significant differences were observed when comparing force decay among the test groups. Alcohol causes an increase in force decay of elastomeric chain over time. A concentration dependence of alcohol on force decay of elastomeric chain was not observed.

Effect of Aerated Drinks on Force Decay Properties of Elastomeric Chains: An In Vitro Study

Objective: To evaluate the effect of three commercially available aerated drinks on percentage of force decay of elastomeric chains used for orthodontic space closure.&#x0D; Materials &amp; Method: Commercially available closed grey and clear elastomeric chains from two manufacturers were used in the study. The test solutions were distilled water (control), popular lemon based aerated drink, an orange based aerated drink and an aerated cola drink. Four acrylic resin jigs were constructed to provide a framework to simulate the distance between the permanent canine and first molar. The elastomeric chains were stretched and engaged between the two attachments. Jig I, II and III were immersed in the cola, orange and aerated lemon drink respectively for a period of two hours daily. Jig IV (control) was immersed in distilled water. Force levels were evaluated at the time intervals of 0 hours, 2 hrs, 12 hrs, 24 hrs, 3 days, 5 days and 7 days with a mechanical force gauge.&#x0D; Result: Force decay was statistically significant at T1 i.e. 2 hrs post immersion for all drinks compared. This decay was the highest for the elastomeric chains immersed in orange based drink followed by cola, lemon and the control. There was no significant difference between the two tested elastomeric chains.&#x0D; Conclusion: History recording should take cognizance of consumption of aerated drinks and their effect on orthodontic space closure.

Force decay of elastomeric chains – a mechanical design and product comparison study

To evaluate the percentage force decay of elastomeric chain products utilizing three different design mechanisms simulating canine retraction; and to evaluate the percentage force decay of elastomeric chain products from four different companies. In vitro, laboratory study. LSUHSC Dental School, New Orleans, LA, USA. Closed (non-spaced), grey elastomeric chains from four companies were selected for the study. Three acrylic resin jigs were constructed to provide a framework for three simulated space closure mechanisms. The 6-5-3, the chain loop, and the 6-3 were the configuration mechanisms used in the study. An electronic force gauge was used to measure the percentage force decay associated with each elastomeric chain over 28 days at preselected times. There was a significant difference in the mean percentage force decay for the three different mechanisms (P < 0·001). For all four companies, the 6-3 mechanical design had the smallest mean percentage force decay. There was a significant difference in the mean percentage force decay for the different companies (P < 0·001). For all three mechanisms, Ormco had the smallest percentage force decay while Unitek had the highest percentage force decay. The significant difference in the mean percentage force decay for the different mechanisms suggests that the 6-3 design is a more efficient means of closing extraction spaces utilizing elastomeric chains.

Effects of prestretching on force degradation of synthetic elastomeric chains

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of prestretching on time-dependant force decay of synthetic elastomeric chains. Five-unit (12.5 mm) and 6-unit (15.5 mm) modules (Generation II, Ormco, Glendora, Calif) were prestretched 100% for 1 hour (n = 12), 24 hours (n = 12), 2 weeks (n = 12), and 4 weeks (n = 12) in 37 degrees C distilled water. The prestretched and unprestretched (control) modules were then stretched to 30 mm in 37 degrees C water, and their forces were measured at 0 hour, 1 hour, 24 hours, and weekly for 4 weeks with a digital force gauge. The prestretched 5- and 6-unit modules yielded significantly lower initial force than the controls. All 5- and 6-unit prestretched and control groups showed substantial force decay during the first hour. However, at 1 hour, similar remaining forces were found in the 5-unit prestretched and control groups (P > .05), and small differences were seen in the 6-unit groups. The rates and patterns of force decay from 1 hour to 4 weeks were quite similar between the control and the prestretched modules of both the 5- and 6-unit groups. The effects of prestretching on force decay of elastomeric chains were noted mainly in the first hour. Thus, the clinical value of prestretching a synthetic elastomeric chain is questionable.