Forbidden Words Research Articles

Forbidden Neurds: A Neuroscience Word Game.

Game-based learning is a promising approach that can promote engagement and deep learning of course content in a fun setting. This article describes the development, implementation, and evaluation of a card game designed to help students develop greater familiarity and comfort with complex neuroscience vocabulary. To play Forbidden Neurds, students within a team take turns acting as the Lead Neurd, who must get the team to guess a Neuroscience word without using any of the Forbidden words listed on the card. The game is designed to help students develop a deeper understanding of neuroscience terminology, identify relationships between terms, identify gaps in their understanding, and reinforce learning. The game was evaluated in a 200-level fundamentals of neuroscience course at a small public liberal arts university. Students showed increased content knowledge through pre-post testing, and a post-game self-reported survey showed that playing Forbidden Neurds enabled students to assess, increase, and apply content knowledge. Gameplay also helped students develop greater communication, critical thinking, and teamwork skills. In addition, students reported experiencing greater engagement through this fun learning activity. This game could act as an adaptable and effective learning tool across a range of neuroscience courses.

Sex, taboo, and swearing: Forbidden words in audiovisual translation

Sex, taboo, and swearing: Forbidden words in audiovisual translation

On the Perron root and eigenvectors of a non-negative integer matrix

In this paper, we obtain a combinatorial expression for the Perron root and eigenvectors of a non-negative integer matrix using techniques from symbolic dynamics. We associate such a matrix with a multigraph and consider the edge shift corresponding to it. This gives rise to a collection of forbidden words F which correspond to the non-existence of an edge between two vertices, and a collection of repeated words R with multiplicities which correspond to multiple edges between two vertices. In general, for given collections F of forbidden words and R of repeated words with pre-assigned multiplicities, we construct a generalized language as a multiset. A combinatorial expression that enumerates the number of words of fixed length in this generalized language gives the Perron root and eigenvectors of the adjacency matrix. We also obtain conditions under which such a generalized language is a language of an edge shift.

WHY DOES CURSING MAKE LAUGH? A PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH

Swearing is considered as an unwelcome act since it is deemed impolite to society. However, it is seen that the behaviour swearing has become pravelent in human life. What functions do the taboo words serve in an individual’s life? If swearing is merely an expression of aggression, how and why can it make people laugh? This study aims to understand why the act of swearing produced from taboo words is perceived as amusing by focusing on the relationship between profanity and humor. In this context, it is aimed to determine the role of swearing in human behavior by trying to answer the question of how taboo words are acquired during the developmental process. In addition, the study addresses the functions of swearing in an individual’s life and interactions with others aiming to understand the motivations behind the use of words prohibited by society. Finally, the question of why some swear words are perceived as humorous has been explored through the common denominators between swearing and humor. It was found that swear words serve various functions in human life, one which is generating absurdity and thus opening the door to humor. Subsequently, the study explains the conditions and mechanisms under which an aggressive act such as swearing serves the purpose of entertainment.

PECULIARITIES OF THE LANGUAGE POLICY OF THE SOVIET AUTHORITIES IN THE USSR/USSR IN THE 1930 S.

The article highlights the peculiarities of the implementation of the Soviet language policy in the territory of the Ukrainian SSR in the 1930s. The main methods and means of implementing the process of Russification by the Soviet authorities, which began after the curtailment of Ukrainianization, are considered. A characteristic feature of the Soviet language and cultural policy was the combination offorce and ideological methods.In other words, the process of Russification under Soviet totalitarianism involved the physical destruction of the national intellectual elite, native Ukrainian speakers, the formation of preferences for the Russian-speaking population, interference with spelling, the formation of a list of forbidden words, the spread of Russian equivalents, the glorification of the Russian language as the language of the elite,the spread of the Russian language in education, science, the press and other spheres of society, etc. It is shown that this policy, which was based on mass terror, had a certain effect. It is established that the Soviet language policy in the Ukrainian SSR in the 1930s became the basis for the implementation of assimilation in the 1960s–1980s, which the Soviet authorities characterized as a process of «rapprochement of nations».The process of Russification in the educational, scientific spheres, and the press is highlighted. A detailed analysis of the available sources and materials has shown that the Soviet authorities used comprehensive approaches to Russification of the population of the Ukrainian SSR. In view of this, it was found that Ukrainian identity was significantly damaged, which has negative consequences at the present stage. In the context of this study, the Soviet language policy of the 1930s is characterized as an attempt to rapidly and forcibly assimilate Ukrainians and other ethnic groups. Given the current realities of Ukrainian state-building, the challenges of the Russian-Ukrainian war, and the importance of restoring historical memory, the study is of great theoretical and applied importance.

Investigating Linguistic Taboos: A Case Study of PewDiePie's Use of Forbidden Words in the "Why I Deleted the Subreddit" YouTube Video

The primary objective of this research is to uncover the utilization of taboo language in Pewdiepie's YouTube video titled "Why I deleted the subreddit." Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, a total of nine instances of taboo words were identified and categorized according to Wardhaugh's (1986) proposed typology. The most prevalent type of taboo word observed in the video was "fuck," which pertains to explicit references to sexual intercourse, accounting for 45% of the total occurrences. Following this dominant category, sexual references constituted the second most prominent type, while instances of blasphemous language, ethnic-racial insults, ancestral allusions, and vulgar terms accounted for 11% each. By analyzing the motives behind the usage of these taboo words, he was found to serve the purpose of expressing various emotions, achieving specific outcomes, and conveying the speaker's anger and frustration. 
 Keywords: Taboo Word, PewDiePie, YouTube

A Study of Gender Difference of Using Taboo Words in The Euphoria Series

Taboo word is a forbidden word to use in any situation because it can cause discomfort to others, however taboo word can easily be spotted in everyday conversation. With that phenomenon, the analysis is conducted to investigate the use of taboo words and identify the difference between women and men character with the theory from Jay to categorize type of taboo words and a theory from Coates and Lakoff to examine how men and women speak differently. This study used the Euphoria series as a main source of the study due to the popularity of this series among young generation. The findings reveal that out of 229 collected data, ten different categories of taboo words exist in this series which are cursing (17,03%), followed by profanity (8,73%), blasphemy (0,44%), taboo (3,95%), obscenity (8,73%), slang (10,48%), epithet (21,40%), insult and slur (17,47%), and finally scatology (0,87%) and also the difference between women and men in using taboo words. .

ETHNOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS ABOUT THE CONCEPT CAMEL IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

Based on the emerging anthropocentric trend in modern linguistics, the search and study of ethnographisms related to a particular ethnic group is of particular importance. Any national language is a changeable phenomenon with a long history of development. In our time, language should be considered not only as a means of “communication”, expressing existence and thoughts, but also to focus on the “cognitive” function of expressing national views, characteristics, and the mentality of the people. By ethnographisms we mean the names of ethnographic objects and phenomena, the economy of our people, traditions, customs, beliefs, clothes, food, social activities, family relations, etc. special units and phrases used in connection with everyday, linguistic features. The relevance of the scientific article lies in the comparison, analysis, description, comprehensive study of ethnographic concepts associated with the concept of a camel in the Kazakh language, using analysis-synthesis methods. In the article, we studied and differentiated beliefs, customs, prohibitions, forbidden words found in our language on the basis of macro- and micro-subgroups associated with the concept of "camel", shown in the "World of the native language of the Kazakhs: Ethnolinguistic Dictionary" by scientist A. Kaidar. At the same time, we focused on the meaning of the names of species and colors related to "camel" cattle.

Techniques for the formation of linguocultural competence through the study of forbidden words for students in grade 7

The article deals with the problem of the representation of the taboo vocabulary of the Kazakh language in a textbook for the 7th grade of a general education school. In particular, we are talking about the study of taboos and euphemisms, dysphemisms, superstitions and "forbidden" vocabulary, which in general can be classified as lexical prohibitions. Superstitions and prohibitions were perceived as the law of society and as generally accepted principles. In this regard, for each Kazakh, these concepts had a high linguocultural value. The article reveals such features of forbidden vocabulary as unconditional execution, non-execution and other properties of words used on the basis of strict rules. Forbidden words, absorbing national ideas about life and death, nature and knowledge, morality, reflect the moral prerogatives of the Kazakh society. Familiarization of students of modern schools of Kazakhstan with forbidden words goes beyond the limits of grammatical knowledge and contributes to the formation of linguocultural competence and the formation of the moral foundations of the younger generation. The approaches to the study of taboo vocabulary displayed in the article complement the methodology of teaching the Kazakh language and have practical value.

Decision trees for regular factorial languages

In this paper, we study arbitrary regular factorial languages over a finite alphabet Σ . For the set of words L ( n ) of the length n belonging to a regular factorial language L , we investigate the depth of decision trees solving the recognition and the membership problems deterministically and nondeterministically. In the case of recognition problem, for a given word from L ( n ) , we should recognize it using queries each of which, for some i ∈ { 1 , … , n } , returns the i th letter of the word. In the case of membership problem, for a given word over the alphabet Σ of the length n , we should recognize if it belongs to the set L ( n ) using the same queries. For a given problem and type of trees, instead of the minimum depth h ( n ) of a decision tree of the considered type solving the problem for L ( n ) , we study the smoothed minimum depth H ( n ) = max { h ( m ) : m ≤ n } . With the growth of n , the smoothed minimum depth of decision trees solving the problem of recognition deterministically is either bounded from above by a constant, or grows as a logarithm, or linearly. For other cases (decision trees solving the problem of recognition nondeterministically, and decision trees solving the membership problem deterministically and nondeterministically), with the growth of n , the smoothed minimum depth of decision trees is either bounded from above by a constant or grows linearly. As corollaries of the obtained results, we study joint behavior of smoothed minimum depths of decision trees for the considered four cases and describe five complexity classes of regular factorial languages. We also investigate the class of regular factorial languages over the alphabet { 0 , 1 } each of which is given by one forbidden word.

Designing preference functions for de Bruijn sequences with forbidden words

Designing preference functions for de Bruijn sequences with forbidden words

Mesosome avoidance

We consider avoiding mesosomes—that is, words of the form xx′ with x′ a conjugate of x that is different from x—over a binary alphabet. We give a structure theorem for mesosome-avoiding words, count how many there are, characterize all the infinite mesosome-avoiding words, and determine the minimal forbidden words.

Down Deep

Down Deep Luís Miguel Nava (bio) Translated by Alexis Levitin (bio) and Ricardo Vasconcelos (bio) Keywords Luis Miguel, Nava, Alexis, Levitin, Ricardo Vasconcelos, poetry, translation, Portuguese poetry, memory A nail in one’s gum,down deep, so deep one mightthink that nothing but soul was there, that’s how trees grow withinour memory, where their rootsmake them burst forth, that’s how the leaves that serveas skin at timesstir within our spirit, where skin sinks as on a screen,skin, behaving like a tree witha mirror tangled in its roots, skin that bound shut our eyes, that served usas blindfold and as memory,the whiteness of the sheet struggling against the dark, sister of that rootclinging to the screen, of that gumforgetting that it once was in your mouth, now tied onlyto the soul, over whichit seems to lean, to bend. [End Page 330] Luís Miguel Nava luís miguel nava’s Poesia came out in 2020, twenty-five years after the young poet’s shocking death. Nava’s poetry relies on a fearless visceral depiction of the body, accompanying surging seas of memory and desire. His work, well known in Portugal. has also appeared in French and Spanish. Poems drawn from his forthcoming collection in English have been accepted by Beltway Poetry Quarterly, Birmingham Poetry Review, Bitter Oleander, Hollins Critic, Metaforologia, Metamorphoses, Mid-American Review, Osiris, and Puerto del Sol. Alexis Levitin alexis levitin has published forty-seven books in translation, including Clarice Lispector’s Soulstorm and Eugénio de Andrade’s Forbidden Words, both from New Directions. Recent translations from Portugal include Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen’s Exemplary Tales (Tagus Press) and Rosa Alice Branco’s Cattle of the Lord (Milkweed Editions). He has served as a Fulbright Lecturer at the Universities of Oporto and Coimbra, Portugal, The Catholic University in Guayaquil, Ecuador, and the Federal University of Santa Catarina, in Brazil, and has held translation residencies at the Banff Center, Canada, The European Translators Collegium in Straelen, Germany (twice), and the Rockefeller Foundation Study Center in Bellagio, Italy. Ricardo Vasconcelos ricardo vasconcelos is a 2020–2021 Fulbright U.S. Scholar and Professor of Portuguese at San Diego State University. His scholarly work on modern and contemporary Portuguese literature, including Mário de Sá-Carneiro, Fernando Pessoa, Eça de Queirós, among other authors, has been published in several countries. He is the author of Campo de Relâmpagos—Leituras do Excesso na Poesia de Luís Miguel Nava [Lightning Field—Readings in Excess in the Poetry of Luís Miguel Nava], and in 2020 he published a critical edition of Luís Miguel Nava’s Poesia. Copyright © 2022 The Massachusetts Review, Inc

SUBSHIFTS OF FINITE TYPE WITH A HOLE

AbstractWe consider a subshift of finite type on q symbols with a union of t cylinders based at words of identical length p as the hole. We explore the relationship between the escape rate into the hole and a rational function, $r(z)$ , of correlations between forbidden words in the subshift with the hole. In particular, we prove that there exists a constant $D(t,p)$ such that if $q>D(t,p)$ , then the escape rate is faster into the hole when the value of the corresponding rational function $r(z)$ evaluated at $D(t,p)$ is larger. Further, we consider holes which are unions of cylinders based at words of identical length, having zero cross-correlations, and prove that the escape rate is faster into the hole with larger Poincaré recurrence time. Our results are more general than the existing ones known for maps conjugate to a full shift with a single cylinder as the hole.

Forbidden Words: Language Control and Victorian Political Correctness in Dickens and Carroll

This article examines Charles Dickens’s and Lewis Carroll’s representations of mechanisms of control over people’s – especially young people’s – language, imagination, and minds. Moralistic on the one hand, political on the other hand, Victorian patterns of censorship and self-censorship are reflected, critiqued, and satirised by Dickens in various stages of his career, and are related in his work to artistic creativity, language and the imagination. He attacks the utilitarian resistance to fairy tale and especially Maria Edgeworth’s manifesto on the usefulness and uselessness of various genres of children’s literature, and criticizes George Cruikshank’s revisionist project of furthering certain social doctrines, mainly teetotalism, by interpolating moralistic messages into famous fairy tales. Much of this preoccupation is followed up in Carroll’s Alice books. For both, I argue, these didactic revisions are related to patterns of language control, banned words, and euphemisms that they repeatedly probe and parody in their fiction. My essay will examine the representation of language control, self-censorship and verbal training in terms of an early, Victorian-era politically-correct discourse; I will ask what, if at all, Dickens and Carroll’s treatment of these issues may contribute to the current debate surrounding our own politically-correct culture.

Taboo Words as a Component of Invective Vocabulary and Their Determining in Arabic against the Background of Russian and English Languages

The paper is devoted to understanding of the taboo phenomenon in language as a component of invective vocabulary on the example of Arabic, English and Russian languages, and also to study of the borders of this phenomenon and methods of its determination. In his study of conceptual features of forbidden words the author of the article refers to the works of K. Allen and K. Burridge, as well as M. Ljung. In addition to the theoretical works of linguists, the author analyzes the existing practice of implementing linguistic prohibitions in Russian, English, which affects such areas as legislation and media. Especially valuable material that was analyzed, was studies of English-speaking media regulators and major broadcasting companies. The main purpose of these surveys was to identify the list of words that audience considered unacceptable on the air, i.e. taboo. As for Arab law, there is no separation of vocabulary on permissible and unacceptable, as well as there is no obvious border and in Arabic language standards or usage. However, this does not mean the lack of prohibited words and the author clearly demonstrates the presence of taboos on examples from Arab media. In addition, the article discusses the works of Arab linguists M. A. Khatyab and N. Ya. Kanbar, dedicated to taboo vocabulary. Nevertheless, the problem of reliable determination and identification of language taboos has not been solved yet, and the author of the paper proposes a relevant criterion to determine the taboo words on the basis of the approaches existing in modern linguistics.

On the Perron root and eigenvectors associated with a subshift of finite type

In this paper, we describe the relationship between the Perron root and eigenvectors of an irreducible subshift of finite type with the correlation between the forbidden words in the subshift. In particular, we derive an expression for the Perron eigenvectors of the associated adjacency matrix. As an application, we obtain the Perron eigenvectors for irreducible (0,1) matrices which are adjacency matrices for directed graphs. Moreover, we derive an alternate definition of the Parry measure in ergodic theory on an irreducible subshift of finite type.

On subshifts with slow forbidden word growth

AbstractIn this work, we treat subshifts, defined in terms of an alphabet $\mathcal {A}$ and (usually infinite) forbidden list $\mathcal {F}$ , where the number of n-letter words in $\mathcal {F}$ has ‘slow growth rate’ in n. We show that such subshifts are well behaved in several ways; for instance, they are boundedly supermultiplicative in the sense of Baker and Ghenciu [Dynamical properties of S-gap shifts and other shift spaces. J. Math. Anal. Appl.430(2) (2015), 633–647] and they have unique measures of maximal entropy with the K-property and which satisfy Gibbs bounds on large (measure-theoretically) sets. The main tool in our proofs is a more general result, which states that bounded supermultiplicativity and a sort of measure-theoretic specification property together imply uniqueness of the measure of maximum entropy and our Gibbs bounds. We also show that some well-known classes of subshifts can be treated by our results, including the symbolic codings of $x \mapsto \alpha + \beta x$ (the so-called $\alpha $ - $\beta $ shifts of Hofbauer [Maximal measures for simple piecewise monotonic transformations. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Geb.52(3) (1980), 289–300]) and the bounded density subshifts of Stanley [Bounded density shifts. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.33(6) (2013), 1891–1928].

Functional semantic features of euphemisms in German and Uzbek languages

In this article, euphemism the application of alternative words instead of forbidden (tabulated) words, during the application of these alternative words, an unfavorable environment that may arise as a result of the application of units banned (tabu) by the speaker is thought to be loosened. Also euphemism, in the opinion of many authors, is regarded as the exchange of non-unity into a reasonable unity, reveals that they are not only a dictionary unit used in place of taboos, but also units used in place of words that are not suitable for the cultural circle.

ЛИНГВОКУЛЬТУРНЫЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ ЭВФЕМИЗМОВ-ОБЕРЕГОВ

The article deals with a special type of euphemisms-amulets, that is, linguocultural units endowed with the function of protection. There are two types of euphemisms-amulets from the point of view of relevance: obsolete and current units. Obsolete euphemisms- amulets have targets that are not recognized as dangerous by the modern linguistic and cultural community. Current euphemisms-amulets, although not always consciously, are used by representatives of the modern Russian linguistic and cultural community to protect against something bad. The paper establishes that the use of the euphemism-amulet is based on the transla- tion of the target's representation into another cultural code. The work reveals that the euphemisms-amulets are directed not to mitigate an unwanted nomination but how to replace it. An undesirable nomination is endowed with negative magical properties, which is why the linguocultural community imposes a ban on its use. A protective cultural function is superim- posed on the euphemism. The main pragmatic explanation for the use of the euphemism- amulet is the speaker's desire not to predict an encounter with an unwanted object, which is based on belief in the magical power of the word. The factors that determine the linguocultural specificity of euphemisms-amulets are revealed. The first factor is target selection. For the Russian linguocultural community, such targets include a totemic animal, evil forces representing another world, death. The second factor is the selection of nominations for the euphemistic function, which is determined by culturally marked background knowledge, ideas, and typical practices. The communicative- pragmatic platform for the use of euphemisms-amulets is the belief in the magical power of the word, in the fact that the use of the forbidden word can lead to negative consequences (in particular, to cause the appearance of something dangerous, undesirable). The work proves that the identified cultural factors are universal, based on universal archetypes: one's own / another's, permission / prohibition, life / death. At the same time, the fact of the appearance of the euphemism-amulet, the choice of its internal form is determined by national and cultural factors.