For Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Research Articles

Modulation of Antioxidant Properties in Leaves of Betel Vine (Piper betel L.) Influenced by the Fungicide Blitox

The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Block Design with three replications at the Plant Virus Research Station, BCKV, Kalyani, in Boroj. On betel vines, Blitox was sprayed at both double the recommended field dose (dRFD) and the recommended field dose (RFD) (50 WP/ha @ 15gm ai/6 lit). The vines were sprayed five more times at 15-day intervals beginning when they were 11.08.15 days old. Before every spray, leaf samples were taken and subjected to a number of criteria for analysis. Based on statistical analysis, the anti-oxidative characteristics improved most significantly when Blitox was administered at twice the recommended field dose (dRFD) (Blitox 50WP/ha @ 30gm ai/6 lit). Higher levels of free and total phenols, together with enhanced activity of enzymes such polyphenol peroxidase (PPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD), were indicators of this. Furthermore, testing for ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) revealed increased activity levels in the dRFD therapy in comparison to the RFD and control groups. Overall, these results imply that the larger Blitox dosage strengthens the antioxidant characteristics of betel vine leaves, hence enhancing their health and resistance to fungus-related infections.

Genomic prediction of blood biomarkers of metabolic disorders in Holstein cattle using parametric and nonparametric models

BackgroundMetabolic disturbances adversely impact productive and reproductive performance of dairy cattle due to changes in endocrine status and immune function, which increase the risk of disease. This may occur in the post-partum phase, but also throughout lactation, with sub-clinical symptoms. Recently, increased attention has been directed towards improved health and resilience in dairy cattle, and genomic selection (GS) could be a helpful tool for selecting animals that are more resilient to metabolic disturbances throughout lactation. Hence, we evaluated the genomic prediction of serum biomarkers levels for metabolic distress in 1353 Holsteins genotyped with the 100K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip assay. The GS was evaluated using parametric models best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP), Bayesian B (BayesB), elastic net (ENET), and nonparametric models, gradient boosting machine (GBM) and stacking ensemble (Stack), which combines ENET and GBM approaches.ResultsThe results show that the Stack approach outperformed other methods with a relative difference (RD), calculated as an increment in prediction accuracy, of approximately 18.0% compared to GBLUP, 12.6% compared to BayesB, 8.7% compared to ENET, and 4.4% compared to GBM. The highest RD in prediction accuracy between other models with respect to GBLUP was observed for haptoglobin (hapto) from 17.7% for BayesB to 41.2% for Stack; for Zn from 9.8% (BayesB) to 29.3% (Stack); for ceruloplasmin (CuCp) from 9.3% (BayesB) to 27.9% (Stack); for ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) from 8.0% (BayesB) to 40.0% (Stack); and for total protein (PROTt) from 5.7% (BayesB) to 22.9% (Stack). Using a subset of top SNPs (1.5k) selected from the GBM approach improved the accuracy for GBLUP from 1.8 to 76.5%. However, for the other models reductions in prediction accuracy of 4.8% for ENET (average of 10 traits), 5.9% for GBM (average of 21 traits), and 6.6% for Stack (average of 16 traits) were observed.ConclusionsOur results indicate that the Stack approach was more accurate in predicting metabolic disturbances than GBLUP, BayesB, ENET, and GBM and seemed to be competitive for predicting complex phenotypes with various degrees of mode of inheritance, i.e. additive and non-additive effects. Selecting markers based on GBM improved accuracy of GBLUP.

Antioxidant, Anti-Diabetic, and Anti-Inflammation Activity of Garcinia livingstonei Aqueous Leaf Extract: A Preliminary Study.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the second leading cause of mortality globally. The increased concern for DM is due to the underlying complications accompanying hyperglycaemia, associated with oxidative stress and consequent inflammation. The investigation of safe and effective treatments for DM is necessary. In the present study, the cytotoxicity, phytochemical analysis, antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects in an aqueous extract of Garcinia livingstonei leaves were assessed. All tested extract concentrations showed no toxicity against C3A hepatocytes. Several phenolic compounds were identified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). The total polyphenol content was 100.9741 mg GAE/g, 16.7712 mg CE/g flavanols, and 2.3548 mg QE/g flavonols. The antioxidant capacity values were 253.4268 mg AAE/g, 192.232 mg TE/g, and 167.8724 mg TE/g for ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH), respectively. The plant extract significantly (p < 0.05) demonstrated anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic effects in a dose-dependent manner, with the α-glucosidase inhibition of the extract being higher (p < 0.05) than in the standard conventional drug (acarbose). The findings of this study revealed the potential of the constituents of G. livingstonei aqueous leaf extract in DM treatment. Further studies on the preparation and mechanisms of action of the plant in DM treatment are recommended.

Effect of microencapsulation conditions on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of propolis using double emulsion solvent evaporation approach

AbstractThe aim of this work was to microencapsulate propolis phenolic compounds using polycaprolactone as wall material by double emulsion solvent evaporation (w1/o/w2). Microencapsulation experiments were carried out by investigating the effect of sample/solvent ratio (10–100 mg mL−1), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) concentrations (200–1,000 mg mL−1), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) concentrations (0.5–2.5 g mL−1), and stirring speed (200–1,000 r.p.m.) on the microencapsulation efficiency of total phenolic content (TPC%) and antioxidant activity of propolis. The best microencapsulation conditions were selected according to the total phenolic amount and their antioxidant activity. Experimental results showed that all microencapsulation conditions had significant effects (P &lt; 0.05) on total phenolic content and antioxidant activities. The best conditions were: 30 mg mL−1, 600 mg mL−1, 2 g mL−1, and 400 r.p.m. for sample/solvent ratio, PCL concentrations, PVA concentrations, and stirring speed, respectively, with values of 86.98 ± 0.03% for phenolic encapsulation efficiency, 53.81 ± 0.50% for free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), and 45,480 Trolox equivalent, mg TE/100 g dry weight for ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Under all encapsulation conditions, a significant positive correlation was observed between ferric reducing antioxidant power, free radical scavenging activity, and phenolic content.

Free Radical Scavenging Activity and Phytochemical Investigation of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Dryopteris dilatata

Bioactive constituents are the active ingredients of herbal product such as Dryopteris dilataa that possess therapeutic efficacies in the treatment and management of several diseases. Thus, we evaluated different concentration of the free radical scavenging activity and phytochemical constituents of ethanol and sub-extracts of Dryopteris dilatata (Dd) leaves such as butane, hexane and benzene. Phytochemicals analysis was determined on the ethanol extract of Dryopteris dilatata sub-extracts using standard principles, also free radical scavenging capacity of the ethanol extract for Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydroxyl radical scavenging assay (OH), superoxide radical scavenging assay (SSRA), 2,2--Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH), 2, 2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphoric acid scavenging activity (ABTS) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay (TBA) was done using standard protocols. Results of the phytochemical analysis revealed flavonoids and cardiac glycosides in all extracts, terpenoid, phytosterol, alkaloid, tannins and saponin constituents were present in ethanol, butane and hexane extracts and absent in benzene extract, phenols is present in only hexane extract but absent in all other extracts, glycerols is present in only benzene extracts while phlobotannin and carbohydrate are absent in all extracts. The plant ethanol extract revealed statistically significant at P&lt;0.05 capacity for (FRAP), (OH), (SSRA), (DPPH), (ABTS), (TA). The study therefore suggest that the plant extract could lead to producing therapeutic agent in the treatment and management of several disorders that are attributed to reactive species and oxidative stress.

Studies on Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Larvicidal Properties of the Acacia nilotica Fruit Extracts

In the present study fruit of Acacia nilotica was chosen to evaluate its antioxidant, larvicidal and antibacterial properties. Phytochemical screening of aqueous and alcohol extracts of the plant fruits affirmed the presence of carbohydrates, reducing sugar, phenol, flavonoid, terpenoid, saponin and steroid. The antioxidant properties of the aqueous and alcohol fruit extracts were noted as 10.11±0.035 and 9.75±0.023 mM of FeSO4 for Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay respectively. The potency of antimicrobial activity of the aqueous and alcohol extract of A. nilotica fruit were tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillussubtilis, and Escherichiacoli. The alcohol extract against E. coli, exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity. Aqueous extracts of A. nilotica fruit showed potential toxicity against Aedes albopictus larvae with LC50 value of 142.074 mg L-1. Present findings clearly indicated that A. nilotica fruit extracts could be most effectively used as a natural antioxidant, antibacterial and larvicidal agent.

Effects of feeding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product and ractopamine hydrochloride to finishing beef steers on growth performance, immune system, and muscle gene expression.

The objective of this study was to determine impacts on immune parameters, anti-oxidant capacity, and growth of finishing steers fed a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP; NaturSafe; Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA) and ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC; Optaflexx; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN). Angus-crossbred steers (N = 288) from two sources were utilized in this 90-d study. Steers were blocked by source, stratified by initial body weight to pens of six steers, and pens randomly assigned to treatments (16 pens per treatment). Three treatments compared feeding no supplemental SCFP (control; CON) and supplemental SCFP for 57 d (SCFP57), and 29 d (SCFP29) before harvest. Supplementation of SCFP was 12 g per steer per d, and all steers were fed RAC at 300 mg per steer per d for 29 d before harvest. Blood samples were collected from3 steers per pen, and muscle samples were collected from 1 steer per pen at 57, 29 (start of RAC), and 13 (midRAC) days before harvest. Blood was analyzed from 2 steers per pen for ferric reducing anti-oxidant power (FRAP). Muscle gene expression of myokines, markers of anti-oxidant and growth signaling were assessed. Individual animal BW were also collected on 57, 29, 13, and 1 d before being harvested at a commercial facility (National Beef, Tama, IA). Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS 9.4 (Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit. The model included fixed effects of treatment and group. Increased BW compared to CON was observed days -29, -13, and -1 in SCFP57 steers (P ≤ 0.05), with SCFP29 being intermediate days -13 and -1. Overall G:F was improved in SCFP29 and SCFP57 (P = 0.01). On day -29, FRAP was greater in SCFP57 than CON (P = 0.02). The percent of gamma delta T cells and natural killer cells in both SCFP29 and SCFP57 was greater than CON on day -13 (P = 0.02). There were no treatment × day effects for muscle gene expression measured (P ≥ 0.25). Interleukin 6 tended to decrease in SCFP29 and SCFP57 on day -13 (P = 0.10). No other treatment effects were observed for muscle gene expression. Muscle gene expression of interleukin 15 was increased (P = 0.01), and expression of interleukin 8 was decreased (P = 0.03) due to RAC feeding. Increased growth in SCFP-fed cattle may be related to changes in anti-oxidant capacity and the immune system.

Variability of tolerance of Wild cherry clones to PEG-induced osmotic stress in vitro

The effects of drought simulated via osmotic stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the growing medium were examined on two Wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) clones (6A and 8A) based on thirteen morphometric, physiological, and biochemical traits. The shoot tips were exposed to two PEG concentrations (20 and 50 g L-1) in growing medium designed for micropropagation with axillary buds. The results showed that all morphological and physiological traits were significantly reduced, indicating a strong detrimental effect of increased PEG concentrations. The significant decline of radical scavenging activity against ABTS•+ and total content of flavonoids (TFC) and phenols (TPC) were recorded in both clones as a response to high PEG concentrations, whereas opposite trends were noticed for ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Clone 8A achieved better performance, having more intensive growth, higher multiplication percentage, higher values of carotenoids, more intense decrement of ABTS and increment of FRAP values compared to the clone 6A. The results of the principal component analysis indicate that parameter TFC/TPC in both stem and leaves, as well as TFC in the stems, achieved the strongest relation with morphometric parameters. Our results confirm the feasibility of in vitro evaluation of drought tolerance of Wild cherry, supporting further research on the variability of examined traits in this noble broadleaved tree species.

Optimization of the conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Opuntia ficus-indica [L.] Mill. flowers and comparison with conventional procedures

Opuntia ficus-indica [L.] Mill. (OFI) flower has been studied less than OFI fruit and cladode for the bioactive compounds occurrence. Also, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) technique has been applied less than conventional techniques to extract bioactive compounds, generally. In this work, UAE was developed to extract phenolic compounds from OFI flowers, collected from wild population plants in the department of Bejaia (Algeria). Single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were designed to study the effect of ethanol concentration (20–100%), extraction time (10–60 min), and extraction temperature (30–70 °C) on the total phenolic content (TPC). Optimal UAE conditions were 36% ethanol, an extraction time of 60 min, and a temperature of 53 °C, which produced an extraction of 24.4 ± 0.82 mg of total phenolics expressed as mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g Dry Weight (DW). The bioactive compounds extraction efficiency was statistically higher using UAE than using conventional extraction methods (maceration and Soxhlet extraction). The Liquid Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS–TOF) analysis of the optimized UAE extract detected mostly the occurrence of phenolic acids (piscidic and eucomic acids) and isorahmnetin derivatives. Interestingly, piscidic and eucomic acids have been identified and quantified for the first time in OFI flower extract. The antioxidant activity assessed with different assays were 13.8 ± 0.27μmol Trolox Equivalent (TE)/g DW for DPPH, 4078 ± 80.3 μmol TE/g DW for Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), 3091 ± 139 μmol TE/g DW for total antioxidant activity (TAA) by phosphomolybdate assay, 80.8 ± 4.17μmol TE/g DW for Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) by ABTS assay. The UAE process deeply enhanced the yield and significantly reduced the extraction time in comparison with conventional methods (maceration and Soxhlet extraction), confirming that OFI flower is a valuable source of bioactive compounds that can be exploited in some industries.

Valorization of Kiwiberry Leaves Recovered by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for Skin Application: A Response Surface Methodology Approach.

This study aims to evaluate the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions of antioxidants polyphenols from Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. Ex Miq. (kiwiberry) leaves using a response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of solid:liquid ratio (2.5–10.0% w/v), time (20–60 min), and intensity (30–70 W/m2) on the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant/antiradical activities were investigated. The optimal UAE conditions were achieved using a solid:liquid ratio of 10% (w/v) and an ultrasonic intensity of 30 W/m2 for 31.11 min. The results demonstrated that the optimal extract showed a high TPC (97.50 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dw) and antioxidant/antiradical activity (IC50 = 249.46 µg/mL for ABTS assay; IC50 = 547.34 µg/mL for DPPH assay; 1440.13 µmol of ferrous sulfate equivalents (FSE)/g dw for ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)) as well as a good capacity to scavenge superoxide and hypochlorous acid (respectively, IC50 = 220.13 μg/mL and IC50 =10.26 μg/mL), which may be related with the 28 phenolic compounds quantified. The in vitro cell assay demonstrated that the optimal extract did not decrease the keratinocytes’ (HaCaT) viability, while the fibroblasts’ (HFF-1) viability was greater than 70.63% (1000 µg/mL). This study emphasizes the great potential of kiwiberry leaves extracted by UAE for skin application.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis Optimization for Preparation of Tuna Dark Meat Hydrolysate with Antioxidant and Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory Activities

ABSTRACT The hydrolysates of tuna dark meat with high angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and antioxidant activities were prepared using three enzymes. The effect of concentration (0.5–3.0%, w/w) and hydrolysis time (30–180 min) on yield, degree of hydrolysis (DH), ACE inhibitory activities, and antioxidant capacity was determined. The optimum conditions were the same: 180 min extraction while the concentration of alcalase, neutrase, and flavourzyme were 2.43, 2.62, and 2.62% (w/w), respectively. The hydrolysate resulted in the range of 36.5–50.0% for DH, 5.79–7.71% for yield, 0.29–1.11, 0.28–0.53, and 0.24–0.31 mg/mL IC50 values with 2,2-diphenyi-l-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), and ACE inhibitory activity, respectively, and 0.41–1.35 FeSO4/g for ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The hydrolysates showed high solubility. Emulsion stability and emulsifying activity index decreased, while foam stability and expansion increased with increasing concentration. Hydrolysates using flavourzyme were fractioned using ultrafiltration membranes. The <1 kDa fraction had significantly higher ACE inhibitory and antioxidant activities.

Analysis of Standard Medical Plants Potential to Reduce Type-2 Diabetes and Obesity

T2DM is a primary cause of illness and death globally, as well as a significant economic burden. T2DM is becoming increasingly common, implying that more effective preventive and treatment techniques are required. An in vitro research of medicinal plants was conducted to investigate their potential anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects. Assays for ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and DPPH• scavenging capacity were performed on hot water (WE) and ethanol (EE) extracts of sweet gale (Myrica gale L.), roseroot (Rhodiola rosea L.), sheep sorrel (Rumex acetosa L.), stinging nettles (Utrica dioica L.), and dandelions (Taraxacumofficinale L.). Study of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes also indicated that Myrica gale EE (54.8%) and nettles (62.2%) strongly reduced in vitro adipogenesis (p0.05). There is a possibility that the polyphenols in these medicinal plants might be used to manage type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Impact of Oxidative Stress on Maternal Serum Apelin 13 and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia (PE) is the most common hypertensive disease of pregnancy, leads to maternal, perinatal morbidity and mortality, which accounts for 2-8% of pregnancies. Preeclampsia is characterized by new onset of hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation.The exact cause of preeclampsia is not clear. Aim of this study is to investigate the association between maternal serum apelin13, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, markers of oxidative stress in healthy pregnant women and preeclamptic women. This prospective study comprises 140 pregnant women consists of 70 preeclamptic women treated as cases and 70 nor motensive healthy pregnant women as controls. Five mL blood sample was collected, centrifuged to obtain serum/plasma and was stored at -80°C for further testing. Plasma was used for Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and complete blood countwas done. Routine parameters like random blood sugar, renal profile, liver enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), apelin 13 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)were also analyzed. Corresponding urine sample was tested for protein. Study results showed lower gestational age (36.99±3.48 weeks) and demographic details such as elevated blood pressure [systolic (156.80±13.71 mmHg),diastolic (101.97±10.70 mmHg),and mean arterial pressure (120.88±11.02 mmHg)], BMI (27.42±3.80 kg/m2) and pulse rate (87.68±5.74 bpm) were observed in cases than controls. The biological markers namely serum MDA (18.57±7.52μmoles/L) levels were significantly increased and nitric oxide (6.47±1.22μmoles/L), FRAP (1292.10±525.38 mmol/L), apelin 13(312.42±189.00pg/ml) andeNOS(5.07±2.30 ng/ml)levels were significantly decreased in cases.Mean arterial pressure was negatively correlatedwithApelin 13 (r=-0.179), NO (r=-0.065), FRAP (r=-0.169), and birth weight (r=-0.281) and eNOS (r= 0.013), MDA (r= 0.022) were positively correlated with mean arterial pressure. The study concludes that reduced levels of apelin 13, eNOS, FRAP,NO and high oxidative stress, contribute to pathogenesis of preeclampsia and adverse perinatal outcome. It also demands sufficient evidence for the functional role of apelin 13 as a target in hypertension regulation.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities, Cytotoxicity of Acacia seyal Del Bark Extracts and Isolated Compounds.

Water extract of Acacia seyal bark is used traditionally by the population in Djibouti for its anti-infectious activity. The evaluation of in vitro antibacterial, antioxidant activities and cytotoxicity as well as chemical characterization of Acacia seyal bark water and methanolic extracts were presented. The water extract has a toxicity against the MRC-5 cells at 256 μg/mL while the methanolic extract has a weak toxicity at the same concentration. The methanolic extract has a strong antioxidant activity with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 150 ± 2.2 μg/mL using 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and IC50 of 27 ± 1.3 μg/mL using 2,2′-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical methods. For ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, the result is 45.74 ± 5.96 μg Vitamin C Equivalent (VCE)/g of dry weight (DW). The precipitation of tannins from methanol crude extract decreases the MIC from 64 µg/mL to 32 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and Corynebacterium urealyticum. However, the antioxidant activity is higher before tannins precipitation than after (IC50 = 150 µg/mL for methanolic crude extract and 250 µg/mL after tannins precipitation determined by DPPH method). By matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis, the results showed that the condensed tannins consist of two types of catechin and gallocatechin-based oligomers. The fractionation led to the identification of three pure compounds: two flavanols catechin and epicatechin; one triterpene as lupeol; and a mixture of three steroids and one fatty acid: campesterol, stigmasterol, clionasterol, and oleamide.

Chemical Profiling of Polysaccharides Present in Peels of Citrus limetta and Bioassay based Screening of in vitro Antioxidant Activities

In this analyses, the chemical compositions of polysaccharides isolated from the peels of Citrus limetta had been studied and discussed its antioxidant activity of different active fractions. To emphasize the chemical structure of polysaccharides, a rhamnoglucan polysaccharide was identified with probable ester linked phenolic acid. The sugar composition and purification by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) has been presented. The antioxidant capacities of the extracts prepared from Citrus limetta peel powder were determined using well known in vitro systems and standard procedure for ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) (ABTS•+), hydroxyl radical (OH•), nitric oxide (NO) assay, total antioxidant activity (TAA) and metal chelation property. The rhamnoglucan (A) present exhibited the highest bioactivity potentiality succeeded by traces of uronic acid and galactan. From the investigation, it could be emphasized that water extracted polysaccharide, which brings forth potent pharmacological activities figures out the importance as alternative natural compounds as to-be-exploited leads for low-cost sources of efficient bioactive molecules with strong antioxidant activities in different pharmaceutical and cosmoceutical formulations.

Enhanced Extraction of Phenolics and Antioxidant Capacity from Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Shell Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Ethanol-Water Binary Solvent

Sorghum shell is a rich source of phenolic compounds. Traditionally used organic solvents for these compounds extraction are toxic and are not acceptable for food industry. This study examined the ultrasonic-assisted ethanol–water binary solvent extraction of phenolic compounds from sorghum shell. The results showed that extraction factors had significant effects on the yields of phenolic compounds. The optimum extraction conditions were solids to 80% ethanol solvent ratio of 1:15 at 50C in a 0.32-W cm−2 ultrasonic intensity bath lasting 10 min in duration and extracted twice. Under these conditions, the yield of total phenolic content (TPC) was 52.23 mg GAE/g with values of 53.22 μmol TE/g for 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 77.01 μmol Fe/g for ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). TPC was positively correlated with ABTS and FRAP. The present study would provide theoretical basis for the deep processing and functional food development of sorghum shell comprehensive utilization. Practical Applications An investigation into the effects of ethanol concentration, ultrasonic power, extraction time, ratio of solvent to raw material, temperature and number of extraction steps on the extraction yields of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and proanthocyanidins content (PAC) from sorghum shell were performed using a single-factor experiment by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE). The UAE optimum process parameters were optimized with regard to the extraction temperature, the amount of solvent and the duration of sonication using orthogonal array design (OAD). Sorghum shell exhibited good antioxidant activity and could be a potentially useful natural source of antioxidants. The present study would provide theoretical basis for the deep processing and functional food development of sorghum shell comprehensive utilization.

한국 전통 간장의 항산화 활성

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of Korean traditional soy sauce and its relationship with physicochemical properties. Seventeen samples of soy sauce prepared by using a Korean traditional method were obtained from six provinces of Korea. The most powerful antioxidant activity of soy sauce was ranging from 8.96 to 63.39% for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, from 0.12 to 2.41 AE mg/mL for ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value, and from 8.42 to 115.69 TE mg/mL for oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Protease activity and total polyphenol contents were highly correlated with antioxidant activities such as DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP value (R=0.97). The contents of amino nitrogen were also correlated with DPPH radical scavenging activity (R=0.92), FRAP (R=0.93), and ORAC values (R=0.80). Based on these results, antioxidant activities were highly influenced by protease activity, contents of total polyphenols, and amino nitrogen.

Bioavailability and antioxidant effect of the Ilex Paraguariensis polyphenols

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vivo the bioavailability of the Ilex paraguariensis polyphenols due to total polyphenols and changes in antioxidant capacity (AOC) in human plasma after an acute intake of 300 ml of an infusion of yerba maté (YM) for 120 minutes. Also, we evaluated the variation of plasma protein or plasma uric acid after the acute intake of YM infusion. Design/methodology/approach – Seventeen healthy young volunteers participated in the determining plasma of total polyphenols concentration (TPC, Folin-Ciocalteu method), plasma AOC for ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid diammonium salt [ABTS] methods), plasmatic uric acid and plasma total protein over the 120 minutes test. Findings – It was found that the bioavailability of YM polyphenols during 120 minutes was 49.3 ± 11.9 per cent, the TPC was increased to 6.0 ± 1.5 per cent, the plasma AOC was increased by FRAP 8.3 ± 3.3 per cent and by ABTS 6.0 ± 2.0 per cent and no significant variation of plasma protein or plasma uric acid was found. Practical implications – Maté polyphenols has a thrifty effect on the natural antioxidant defenses of the body, which are beneficial to human health. Originality/value – There was no information on the bioavailability of polyphenols in YM infusions prepared in its traditional form as “hot mate”.

Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of triphala determined by using different in vitro models

The use of antioxidants in treatment of oxidative stress-related pathologies is a possible therapeutical strategy for the future. Natural product with antioxidant properties could trigger this goal. The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of “Triphala” (an Indian Ayurvedic formulation). The present study describes the effects by di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) iminoazanium (DPPH) scavenging of ferric ion, O2-, NO, H2O2 models. The ethanolic extracts showed good free radical scavenging property which was calculated as IC50. IC50 of ethanolic extracts was found to be 5.94 μg ml−1 for DPPH, 32.59 μg ml−1 for NO, 16.63 μg ml−1 for H2O2, 42.95 μg ml−1 for O2- ,1030 ± 18.54 μM Fe (II)/g for ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), which were compared with ascorbic acid (DPPH, NO, O2-, H2O2, FRAP). Total antioxidant capacity and total phenol content of the extract was found to be 388.9 μg ml−1 ascorbic acid and 254 μg ml−1 gallic acid for ethanolic extract. Triphala ethanolic extract exhibited potent free radical scavenging activity. The overall antioxidant activity is attributed to its polyphenolic and other phytochemical constituents. The findings suggest that “Triphala” could be a potential source of natural antioxidant in preventing or slowing the progression of aging and age-associated oxidative stress-related degenerative diseases. Key words: Triphala, free radicals scavenge, anti-oxidant, di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP).

Skin Permeability of Porcine Placenta Extracts and Its Physiological Activities

We investigated the skin permeability and various biological activities of porcine homogenate of placenta (HP) with the highest protein contents (452.89 <TEX>${\mu}g/mg$</TEX>). The content of protein in subcritical extract of HP (SPE) was decreased from the initial content of 452.9 <TEX>${\mu}g/mg$</TEX> to 262.7 <TEX>${\mu}g/mg$</TEX> at 3 h subcritical extract. The contents of amino type nitrogen (A-N) were sharply increased from 35.1 <TEX>${\mu}g/mg$</TEX> of initial content to 305.9 <TEX>${\mu}g/mg$</TEX> at 3 h subcritical extract. The HP showed a noticeable activity in terms of antioxidant capacity for ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and especially for 2,2'-Azinobis- (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) method. HP, SPE-0.5, SPE-2 and SPE-3 showed inhibitory effect on elastase activities with an <TEX>$IC_{50}$</TEX> of 46.1, 42.9, 31.6 and 34.7 <TEX>${\mu}g/mL$</TEX>, respectively. SPEs showed more significantly inhibitory effect than HP (p<0.05). The skin permeability of the SPEs was higher than that of the HP. SPE-3 showed highest skin permeation and the permeability was significantly higher than that of HP. SPE-2 also showed significantly higher permeation than HP after 4 h. As expected, increase of extraction time significantly increased skin permeability in the subcritical extract of HP (SPE). From these results, in terms of cost and source availability, porcine placenta extracted with subcritical extraction has advantages over untreated PE and have potential as a cosmetic ingredient.