Baby Food Research Articles

Prospective associations of infant food exposures and appetitive traits with early childhood diet quality

BackgroundEarly-life food exposures may influence food preferences and receptivity, thereby impacting long-term diet quality. Infant exposure to discretionary foods may be more detrimental for infants with high food approach traits; conversely, early exposure to fruits and vegetables may be more important for those with high food avoidance traits. This study investigated associations of infant food exposures with early childhood diet quality and whether these associations are modified by infant appetitive traits.MethodsData are from the Pregnancy Eating Attributes Study (PEAS) and Sprouts follow-up study, a prospective cohort assessed from the first trimester of pregnancy through early childhood. Birthing parents completed the Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire assessing food-approach and food-avoidance appetitive traits at 6 months and food frequency questionnaires assessing infant age at introduction to and frequency of consuming food groups at ages 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years. At child ages 3.5 and 5 years, parents provided two 24-h dietary recalls, from which the Healthy Eating Index-2020 was calculated to measure diet quality. Structural equation models using maximum likelihood estimation examined associations of age at introduction to, and intake frequency of, fruit/vegetables and discretionary foods, and their interactions with food-approach and food-avoidance appetitive traits, on child diet quality at ages 3.5 & 5 years, controlling for income, education, and breastfeeding duration.ResultsHigher childhood diet quality was associated with later infant age at introduction to discretionary foods, lower intake of discretionary foods at ages 1 and 2 years, and greater intake of fruits and vegetables at age 2 years. Childhood diet quality was not associated with infant age at introduction to fruits and vegetables. Intake of fruits and vegetables at age 1 year interacted with food avoidance traits, indicating that the association of fruit and vegetable intake with childhood diet quality was magnified by greater food avoidance.ConclusionsExposure to discretionary food in the first two years of life was consistently associated with lower diet quality in early childhood regardless of the strength of appetitive traits. Findings suggest that improving child diet quality may require stronger efforts to limit exposure to discretionary foods in infancy.

Comprehensive biochemical profiling of coconut haustorium for innovative food industry applications

ABSTRACT Coconut haustorium is a tropical delicacy that mobilizes nutrients from the endosperm to nourish the germinating embryo. This study profiles coconut haustorium for sugars, organic acids, phenolics, and flavonoids using advanced chromatographic techniques. Fructose (62.70%) and glucose (18.21%) were the major sugars with negligible lactose, suggesting potential use in baby food and for lactose-intolerant individuals. Malic acid (71.79%), citric acid (12.80%), and shikimic acid (7.59%) were the prominent organic acids, contributing to the haustorium’s unique taste and refreshing flavor. Ferulic acid (60.96%) and p-coumaric acid (22.05%) were the prominent phenolic acids, while naringenin (35.36%) and catechin (29.68%) were the primary flavonoids. Total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity (61.18%) were also recorded, confirming the presence of bioactive compounds. The study reveals coconut haustorium as a rich source of readily available natural sugars, organic acids, phenols, and flavonoids offering potential for developing innovative nutraceuticals and functional foods.

Community-Level Strategies for Addressing Disparities in Healthy People 2030 Leading Health Indicators.

The Healthy People 2030 Leading Health Indicators (LHIs) offer a select set of measurable objectives to help community-based organizations focus their efforts to improve health equity and reduce health disparities across the lifespan within the populations they serve. Disparities are observed across LHIs, including infant mortality, maternal mortality, and food insecurity, and reducing these disparities is a key strategy for improving health and well-being for all. This study was designed to answer the following research questions: (1) What programs and initiatives are organizations implementing to address the LHIs of focus - infant mortality, maternal mortality, and food insecurity? (2) How do organizations determine which programs and initiatives they will implement? NORC conducted 9 qualitative interviews with Healthy People 2030 Champions, organizations dedicated to furthering Healthy People goals and objectives, who are working to address disparities within infant mortality, maternal mortality, and food insecurity through a variety of strategies, interventions, and programs. Wraparound services, doula programs, and education and advocacy emerged as common strategies for addressing disparities in maternal and infant mortality. Organizations that are working to reduce household food insecurity and hunger implemented food pharmacies and support participant enrollment in federal food assistance programs. Interviewees shared strategies for determining programs to implement and continued program improvement including assessing community needs, leveraging partnerships, and measuring program success. Healthy People Champion organizations are using several multidimensional strategies to address infant mortality, maternal mortality, and food insecurity in their communities. These strategies, and the community-based organizations that implement them, are critical for addressing disparities in priority health outcomes among the people who have the greatest need. These findings offer insights into how local communities are tackling national priorities and underscore opportunities for more rigorous evaluation to demonstrate progress toward addressing disparities in the LHIs.

The baby food aisle is a blind spot in health policy and governance

The baby food aisle is a blind spot in health policy and governance

Infant Food Allergy Phenotypes and Association With Lung Function Deficits and Asthma at Age 6 Years: A Population-Based, Prospective Cohort Study in Australia

Infant Food Allergy Phenotypes and Association With Lung Function Deficits and Asthma at Age 6 Years: A Population-Based, Prospective Cohort Study in Australia

The Impact of Complementary Feeding on Fecal Microbiota in Exclusively Breast-Fed Infants with Cystic Fibrosis (A Descriptive Study).

Early life gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in shaping immunity, metabolism, and overall health outcomes. This is relevant in healthy infants but may be even more crucial in infants with chronic devastating diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (CF). While the introduction of solid foods in healthy infants modifies the composition of colonic microbiota, less knowledge is available on those with CF. The aim of this descriptive observational study was to assess the composition of fecal microbiota in six exclusively breast-fed infants with CF, and then explore the changes induced upon the introduction of different foods. two types of fecal samples were collected from each subject: one during the exclusive-breastfeeding period, and the other after incorporating each new food in the ad libitum diet. The microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Wide heterogenicity in the composition at the phylum level (variable proportions of Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes, and the absence of Bacteroidota in all subjects) was found, and different enterotypes were characterized in each subject by the main presence of one genus: Bifidobacterium in Subject 1 (relative abundance of 54.4%), Klebsiella in Subject 3 (49.1%), Veillonella in Subjects 4 and 5 (32.7% and 36.9%, respectively), and Clostridium in Subject 6 (48.9%). The transition to complementary feeding induced variable changes in microbiota composition, suggesting a subject-specific response and highlighting the importance of inter-individual variation. Further studies are required to identify which foods contribute to shaping colonic microbiota in the most favorable way for patients with CF using a personalized approach.

Anwar Fazal-A Breastfeeding Advocate Extraordinaire.

Anwar Fazal has been a driving force in the founding of several civil society organizations in the areas of health, human rights, environment, and peace, that have been at the forefront of activism locally, nationally, and globally. In this interview, he shares his journey of 6 decades, involving a multiverse of public interest issues, which led him into the breastfeeding movement. It began with the setting up of the International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN), a pioneering action that triggered the formation of Health Action International (HAI), Pesticide Action Network (PAN), and the World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA). Each of these resulted in several unique frameworks and codes relating to the marketing of infant foods, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. They also led to the formation of World Breastfeeding Week, now being celebrated globally. Anwar studied Economics at the University of Malaya and did his postgraduate studies in Education. Anwar has served as a visiting professor at the University of Science Malaysia and the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). He is the recipient of the Right Livelihood Award, popularly known as the "Alternative Nobel Prize," for his work on breastfeeding and infant nutrition and other health, environmental, and consumer issues. La Leche League International (LLLI) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) have honored him with the International Health Award and the Millennium Development Goals Award. He has written extensively on breastfeeding. He is currently Chairperson Emeritus of the World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA) and continues to speak out actively on protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding.

Ergot alkaloids: comparison of extraction efficiencies for their monitoring in several cereal-solvent combinations by UPLC-MS/MS.

To date, there are more than 80 ergot alkaloids identified; their distribution depends on different factors (e.g. geographic regions, host plants). These toxins can cause acute and chronic toxic effects on human health and commonly infect cereal crops such as triticale and rye, wheat, barley and oats. Considering the growing consumption of plant-based foods, the European Food Safety Authority has highlighted the need to develop risk assessment strategies. This work focused on the optimization of extraction efficiency, to quantify the main ergot alkaloids and their epimers, that are available on the market without any legal restriction (ergosine, ergocristine, ergocriptyne, ergocornine, ergosinine, ergocristinine, ergocriptinine and ergocorninine). Considering the quantification of 8 out of 12 regulated compounds by EU (sum of -ine and -inine forms), this approach can be defined as a screening method for a reliable estimation of the risk, specifically devoted to industrial stakeholders that can then possibly outsource to authorized external labs only the samples suspected of significant positivity. The effectiveness of three different extraction conditions (acidic, alkaline and neutral) followed by a rapid clean-up using dispersive solid-phase extraction with C18 sorbent was evaluated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), resulting in a short chromatographic run (16min). The method was developed and validated in five different cereal production chains (rye, oat, wheat, wheat gluten and baby food). The applicability of the method was examined by analyzing a set of 54 samples, including also other cereals like spelt, tritordeum and triticale, and evaluating also some reference materials.

Infant and young child feeding practices among conflict-affected Ukrainian households: A cross-sectional survey in Kyiv, Lviv and Odesa regions.

Infant and young child feeding practices (IYCF) are crucial for children's growth and development but often deteriorate during periods of instability. A cross-sectional survey conducted in three oblasts of Ukraine-Kyiv City and Kyiv, Lviv, and Odesa-enroled 724 children 0-23 months of age from 699 households. Using global WHO IYCF Guidelines, 12 indicators of optimal IYCF practices were evaluated. The study found IYCF practices to be relatively stable since 2015, despite the continued escalation of conflict, with an improvement in exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). EBF was reported by 51% of mothers, while breastfeeding was initiated early in 65% of children. Complementary feeding practices were optimal for most children, with 79% having a minimum acceptable diet. Infant formula assistance was independently associated with suboptimal breastfeeding practices in multi-variable models. Children from households that received formula assistance had 67% (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.14-0.73) lower odds of being exclusively breastfed, 65% (aOR 0.35, 95% CI 0.20-0.61) lower odds of continued breastfeeding at 12 months, and 3.3 times (95% CI 2.31-4.78) higher odds of being bottlefed. Baby food assistance did not independently predict a minimum acceptable diet. High levels of optimal complementary feeding sustained since 2015 suggest protective factors for child nutrition in Ukraine, such as domestic agriculture and social safety nets. Additionally, maternal education was consistently linked to better IYCF outcomes, highlighting the need for targeted support for less-educated mothers. The negative association of formula assistance with EBF warrants further research alongside reinforcement of guidelines to prevent inappropriate formula targeting.

Proportional Contribution of the Women, Infant and Children's Special Supplemental Nutrition Program on Pregnant Women's Diet Quality

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the proportional contribution of the special Women’s Infant and Children Food Package V for pregnant women (WIC) supplementation on pregnant women’s diet quality. Methods: Image-based diet data collection using FoodFoto™ from 63 primigravid women with singleton pregnancies in Baltimore, Maryland receiving the special WIC Food Package V for pregnant women was converted to Healthy Eating Index - 2015 (HEI-2015) total and component diet quality scores. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the total and component HEI diet quality scores. Independent t-tests and linear regression models were used to assess the contributions that the percent of WIC food in the diet and sociodemographic and health characteristics had on the components and the overall HEI score. Results: The data showed a 1% rise in WIC approved foods in the diet was associated with a significant increase in the on the HEI-2015 score (b=0.77, t=6.35, p<0.001). Higher diet quality scores were accounted for by increased consumption of four HEI components representing healthy foods and significantly lower sodium intake. Furthermore, the healthy food component scores and fatty acids ratio were at or above the 50th percentile. Conclusion: Small increases in consumption of WIC approved foods significantly improved diet quality among pregnant women in the program.

Assessing the Compliance of Complementary Food Labeling Practices in Niger with International Guidelines

Optimal infant and young child feeding practices are among the specific interventions implemented during the first 1,000 days to prevent malnutrition. They include exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months after birth and continued breastfeeding for up to 2 years or more, and appropriate complementary feeding practices between 6 and 36 months. However, inappropriate labeling practices for complementary foods intended for children under 2 years of age could impact on parents' or guardians' choices. The aim of this study was to assess the conformity of labelling practices for complementary foods marketed in Niger. A survey was carried out at various sales outlets to identify all types of complementary foods sold in Niamey. The European nutrient profile model developed by WHO in 2019 was used to assess the compliance of the complementary foods surveyed with the model's requirements in terms of labeling practices. A total of 20 outlets selling complementary foods, corresponding to 85 complementary foods, were selected after elimination of repetitions. In terms of nutritional composition, 12.9% of imported supplements met this requirement. No local supplements complied, compared with 25% of supplements imported from Nigeria. Compliance is 100% for the requirement for legibility of the label and clarity of the product name, and 89.4% for the presentation of a clear list of ingredients on the label. The label is the interface between customers and products. It must be presentable and provide all the product information needed to guide the customer's choice. Our results will guide the government in creating national guideline for infant foods.

Formulation and Assessment of Nutritious Infant Complementary Foods from Co-Fermented Maize, Millet and Pigeon Pea Blends

Infant complementary food introduces nutritious meal to augment for deficiency at early stage of growth. This study focuses on investigating proximate, physico-chemical, functional and anti-nutritional properties of the infant food formulation from blend of maize, millet and pigeon pea. The dried co-fermented maize-millet was milled into fine flour, mixed with fine powder obtained from processed pigeon pea. Different blends of the co-fermented cereals and pigeon pea powder formulation were prepared. The Proximate, nutritional, chemical, functional property, mineral content, anti-nutritional properties and sensory evaluation of the complementary food produced were evaluated. Energy values of the formulations were in the range of 353.76 – 358.86 kca/g, obtained from co-fermented maize-millet and pigeon pea blends. Sample MSE had the highest protein content of 15.60 + 0.95%. For functional properties, bulk density highest and lowest values were 0.70, 0.62 g/ml from MSE, MSA respectively, for swelling capacity; water absorption capacity and oil absorption capacity, the highest values were obtained from MSE, the lowest values were from MSA. For mineral composition, sample MSA had the highest value of calcium and zinc which were: 204.79 and 11.49 mg/100g + 0.02a while sample MSE had the highest value of iron; 4.96 in mg/100g respectively. The anti-nutritional composition shows that sample MSA had the lowest value of saponin, phytate and oxalate and sample MSE had the highest value of saponin, phytate and oxalate. Sensory evaluation indicated that MSA is mostly valued. These formulations are cheap source of infant food, formulation obtained in MSA and MSE are most preferred for use as weaning foods as selected by sensory evaluation.

Vitamin D content of products recently launched on to the marketplace – findings from the MINTEL Global New Products Database

Vitamin D deficiency is a cause for concern among the UK population, with many failing to achieve the recommended daily amount of 10µg/day(1). Sunlight exposure is not sufficient in the UK to maintain year-round vitamin D status so therefore the population rely heavily on dietary sources, including fortified foods(2). In the absence of standardised and/or mandatory vitamin D fortification policies in many countries(3), such products often contain variable amounts of vitamin D(4), however this has not been investigated to-date on a global scale. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the vitamin D content of newly launched products worldwide over a 5-year period.Data were extracted from Mintel’s Global New Product Database across all regions. Search criteria were filtered by nutrient and/or ingredient, to only include products launched from December 2018 to December 2023, and containing >0.1µg vitamin D per 100g/ml. Of the total 2,963 products identified, 608 were excluded owing to missing data, resulting in 2,355 products included in the final dataset for analysis. Vitamin D content was quantified as µg per100g/ml (µg = IU/40, when required). Data were compared by food category (n = 12) and between branded vs private label (own-brand) products, using ANOVA (with Tukey post-hoc tests) and independent samples t-tests, respectively.The overall mean ± SD vitamin D content of newly launched products was 12.5 ± 71.2 µg per 100g/ml (range: 0.01-2380 µg per100g/ml). By category, the mean ± SD vitamin D content of products (µg per100g/ml) were as follows: baby food (7.1 ± 20.3), bakery (210.4 ± 683.3), breakfast cereals (9.4 ± 21.2), chocolate confectionary (134.4 ± 135.1), dairy (6.0 ± 23.7), desserts and ice cream (1.8 ± 2.1), rice and noodles (4.4 ± 0.1), processed meat and fish (20.9 ± 39.0), sauces and seasonings (39.3 ± 123.5), snacks (6.7 ± 9.3), sugar confectionary (101.4 ± 90.9) and sweet spreads (56.7 ± 95.5). Products in the bakery, chocolate confectionary and sugar and gum confectionary categories had a significantly higher vitamin D content per 100g/ml, compared to all other categories. In the total dataset, branded products (n = 2832; 96%) had a significantly higher vitamin D content than private label products (n = 131; 4%) (12.7 ± 72.5 vs. 6.1 ± 11.3 µg per 100g/ml, respectively; P<0.001).This preliminary analysis has demonstrated a wide range in the vitamin D content of newly launched products worldwide, which varies significantly between food categories and is higher in branded compared to private label products. Future research using this dataset will explore changes over time, as well as regional differences in the vitamin D content of new products, both between and within the different categories. Such evidence may help to inform future new product development opportunities and vitamin D fortification policies.

Low-cost digital colorimetric sensor for rapid on-site determination of ascorbic acid in vegetable- and fruit-based purees and juices

Ascorbic acid is essential for human health due to its potent antioxidant properties; however, excessive intake can lead to adverse effects. This has created a high demand for simple and cost-effective analytical techniques to determine this analyte outside of laboratory settings for food quality control. In this study, a portable colorimetric sensor was developed for the quantitative on-site determination of ascorbic acid. The technique is based on the reduction of phosphorus heteropoly acid by ascorbic acid, resulting in the formation of a blue-colored product. The heteropoly acid was immobilized on a polymer template in the sensor's indicator zone with menthol used as an environmentally friendly extractant to enhance the device’s stability and extend its shelf life. The colorimetric sensor demonstrated reliable detection with a low limit of detection of 5 mg kg−1, calculated based on a blank test using 3σ. Under optimized conditions, the linear detection range was 15–150 mg kg−1. The disposable sensors were applied to determine ascorbic acid in fruit and vegetable juices and purees for baby food, with recovery rates between 88 % and 110 %. This easy-to-produce and ready-to-use technique presents significant potential for mass on-site screening of ascorbic acid in food samples.

Assessment of Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) as a Novel Food for Use in Food and Food Supplements (RP2101)

Chr. Hansen, Denmark (“the applicant”) submitted a novel food application for the authorisation of lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) as a novel food to each nation of Great Britain in September 2023. The novel food is intended to be used as a source of human identical milk oligosaccharide, LNT, and is manufactured by microbial fermentation using a genetically modified strain of Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and then refined to yield the purified powder. This new application is seeking to use the novel food within the following food categories: food for special medical purposes and food supplements for the general population including those for vulnerable groups (pregnant and breastfeeding women, and the elderly); food for infants and young children including infant formula and follow-on formula. Food supplements are not intended to be used if other foods with added LNT or breast milk are consumed the same day. This novel food had its application for authorisation assessed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) which was published in March 2022. The Food Standards Agency (FSA) and Food Standards Scotland (FSS) have reviewed the information available, including the EFSA opinion, and confirmed that LNT is safe under the proposed conditions of use. The anticipated intake levels and proposed use in food and food supplements was not considered to be nutritionally disadvantageous. This safety assessment represents the opinion of the FSA and FSS.

Substantiation of safety and quality indicators of natural mineral and spring waters in Ukraine for the preparation of food for infants

The object of the research is regulatory support for the use of natural mineral waters and spring waters for the preparation of food for infants. Along with drinking water, natural mineral water is used for the preparation of food for infants, which is more protected from contamination. Currently, there are no approved safety parameters for natural mineral waters and spring waters in Ukraine, as well as requirements for markings on packaging or labeling that relate to the suitability of these waters for feeding infants. In this work, based on the results of the analysis of the current legal documents of European countries (Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, France, Germany) on the use of natural mineral waters in the preparation of food for infants, the indicators of the safety and quality of natural mineral and spring waters in Ukraine in the preparation of food are substantiated food for infants. Because of the specific physiological needs of children at an early age, water for cooking is an important factor in their normal psychophysical development. Water for preparing infant food must meet stricter criteria for total mineralization (suggested: ≤500 mg/l), the content of certain macro-components, nitrites (suggested: ≤0.1 mg/l), nitrates (suggested: ≤10 mg/l), ammonium (suggested: ≤0.1 mg/l), fluorides (suggested: ≤0.7 mg/l), sanitary and microbiological indicators (suggested normalization of the indicator of the total microbial number in the finished product). The peculiarities of the technology of industrial packaging of natural mineral waters and spring waters for the preparation of infant food are outlined. These waters are packaged only non-carbonated, without the addition of any preservatives or disinfectants. Packaging of these waters should take place near water points, which should be reliably protected from biological and chemical contamination. The obtained results can be used for the development and approval of a normative legal act in Ukraine on the regulation of the use of natural mineral waters and spring waters for the preparation of infant food.

Assessment of 3-Fucosyllactose (3-FL) as a Novel Food for Use in Food and Food Supplements (RP2106)

Chr. Hansen, Denmark (“the applicant”) submitted a novel food application for the authorisation of 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL) as a novel food to each nation of Great Britain in September 2023. The novel food is intended to be used as a source of human identical milk oligosaccharide, 3-FL, and is manufactured by microbial fermentation using a genetically modified strain of Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and then refined to yield the purified powder. This new application is seeking to use the novel food within the following food categories: food for special medical purposes and food supplements for the general population including those for vulnerable groups (pregnant and breastfeeding women, and the elderly); food for infants and young children including infant formula and follow-on formula. Food supplements are not intended to be used if other foods with added 3-FL or breast milk are consumed the same day. This novel food had its application for authorisation assessed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) which was published in May 2022. The Food Standards Agency (FSA) and Food Standards Scotland (FSS) have reviewed the information available, including the EFSA opinion, and confirmed that 3-FL was safe under the proposed conditions of use. The anticipated intake levels and proposed use in food and food supplements was not considered to be nutritionally disadvantageous. This safety assessment represents the opinion of the FSA and FSS.

PERBANDINGAN PIJAT WOOLWICH DAN PIJAT OKSITOSIN TERHADAP PRODUKSI ASI IBU POSTPARTUM DI PMB X KAMPAR

Breast milk is a white liquid produced by the mother's breast glands through the breastfeeding process and is one of the best foods for babies. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Woolwich massage and oxytocin massage on breast milk production in postpartum mothers at PMB Bd. Fuchia Yulivel Asneldy, S.Tr.Keb., M.H (Kes). This type of research is Pre-Experiment research with a Two group pretest-posttest research design. The research was conducted in May-July 2024. The population in this study was all postpartum mothers at PMB Bd. Fuchia Yulivel Asneldy, S.Tr.Keb., M.H (Kes) total sample of 32 respondents with purposive sampling technique using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test and the Mann Whitney Test. The results of this research showed that breast milk production before the Woolwich massage was 55.00 ml and after the Woolwich massage 365.00 ml and before the oxytocin massage 59.38 ml and after the Oxytocin massage 365.75 ml. The p-value obtained for the Woolwich Massage was 0.000425<0.05 while the p-value for the Oxytocin Massage was 0.000413<0.05 while the comparison for the Woolwich massage was 15.41 ml and the comparison for the oxytocin massage was 17.59 ml with a difference of 2.18 ml then Ho is accepted and Ha is rejected, meaning there is a difference in Woolwich Massage and Oxytocin Massage on breast milk production in postpartum mothers in PMB Bd. Fuchia Yulivel Asneldy, S.Tr.Keb., M.H (Kes) Kualu Village, Tambang District, Kampar Regency.

Description of Parenting Patterns and Sanitation Hygiene in Families with Stunted Infants in Selemadeg Barat, Selemadeg, and Selemadeg Timur

Stunting is the impaired growth and development of children due to chronic malnutrition and repeated infections, characterized by below-standard length or height. The prevalence rate of stunting in Tabanan Regency in 2022 is 8.2%. The purpose of the study in general was to determine the description of parenting patterns and sanitation hygiene in families with stunted children in West Selemadeg, Selemadeg, and East Selemadeg sub-districts. This study is a descriptive study, the sampling technique was carried out by the total sampling method with a research instrument in the form of a questionnaire. Data analysis used in this study was univariate analysis. The results showed that the category of good parenting was 31% and poor parenting was 69%. Hygiene sanitation of stunted baduta is entirely in the good category. The conclusion of this research is that parenting patterns are in the poor category and sanitation hygiene is in the good categori. The suggestion from this research is to examine further the factors related to parenting pattern for toddlers and as a study for an initial survey before providing PMT subsidies. The care provided by baduta mothers should be paid attention and increase the need for food for infants that contains adequate consumption of nutrients with a composition that is in accordance with the Nutrition Adequacy Rate (AKG). Monitor growth and development since the baby is in the womb regularly so that it grows optimally.

Development of curd for children from sheep milk with berries: improvement of nutritional and functional properties

The development of functional products for children based on sheep's milk with the addition of berries is a pressing issue in the field of baby food. The object of this study is baby curds based on sheep's milk with the addition of berries. The task that this study solves is to improve the nutritional and organoleptic characteristics of baby products made from sheep's milk since pure sheep's milk without additives has a specific smell and taste, which reduces its attractiveness to children. The results of the study showed that the addition of berries (chokeberry, raspberry, strawberry) significantly improves the taste and aromatic properties of curds. Children preferred curds with berries since they had a creamy-berry aroma, while curds without additives retained the characteristic smell and taste of sheep's milk. It was also found that the addition of berries increased the antioxidant activity of the product due to enrichment with vitamins (especially vitamin C) and dietary fiber. By adding berries to the curds, it was possible to increase the nutritional value, improve the taste characteristics and increase the digestibility of the product. These results solve the problem of low consumer appeal of sheep milk-based products. The results could be used in the production of functional dairy products for children, especially for creating products with increased antioxidant potential and improved organoleptic characteristics. Such curds can be in demand under conditions of mass production for children, as they improve the nutritional value and increase consumer appeal due to taste improvements.