Food Slurry Research Articles

High-throughput screening for aroma production in food fermentations

A microtiter plate (MTP) method was developed to screen 1064 unique microorganisms-substrate fermentations for production of 68 target aroma compounds. Based on the number of hits identified by GC–MS, 50 fermentations were repeated at 50-mL scale in flasks. Comparison of GC–MS data showed that scaling up from MTP to flask did not generally result in large differences between the volatile profiles, even with a wide variety of substrates (juice, food slurry and food side-streams) and microorganisms (yeast, bacteria and fungi) used. From the screening results, Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation of chilli pepper was further studied as a high amount of phenols, especially guaiacol and 4-ethylphenol, was produced after fermentation. From HPLC-MS and sensory analysis, capsaicin was shown to be a probable precursor for these phenols and a potential mechanism was proposed. The protocol described herein to screen aroma compounds from fermentation of agri-food products and side streams can support development of clean label flavourful food ingredients.

The short-term response of soil microbial communities to digestate application depends on the characteristics of the digestate and soil type

Anaerobic digestion of organic waste is a key process to produce renewable energy and meet the growing demand for sustainable energy. The residues of anaerobic digestion – called digestates – can be used as soil amendments to improve crop yields. However, the effect of digestates on the soil biota, especially on microorganisms, needs to be better documented before a large scale use of digestates in agriculture. In addition, how the quality and composition of the digestate may affect soil microbial communities has not been properly addressed yet. We designed a microcosm experiment under controlled experimental conditions to compare effects (42 days) of four digestates produced from varying intakes (cattle manure and/or energy crop and/or food residues and/or slurry) on soil microbial communities; a control microcosm made of undigested cattle manure was also used. Each digestate was applied on three contrasting soils representing contrasted pedo-climatic conditions (especially soil type and climate). These three soils presented different prokaryotic and fungal communities structures. The effect of digestate inputs on the soil microbial biomass and diversity was assessed using molecular DNA-based tools (quantification of extracted soil DNA and high-throughput sequencing, respectively) in comparison to the untreated cattle manure control condition. Our results show that 42 days after digestate application, significant differences of soil microbial communities were observed according to the digestate characteristics; these differences were soil-dependent. Thus, in the silty clay loam soil, no effect of digestates was observed on soil microbial biomass or diversity (P > 0.05), as compared to the undigested cattle manure. In the two other soil types (loam and sandy loam), soil microbial biomass decreased (around −40 %, P < 0.001) when digestates having a low total organic carbon content (from 0.61 to 3.3 g.100 g−1) were applied. None of the digestates affected the soil prokaryotic diversity whatever the soil type (P > 0.05). Digestate application resulted in higher fungal diversity (around +35 %; P < 0.001) in soils with low C/N ratio (9.14 in average). The microbial community structure of coarse-textured soil appeared more impacted by organic inputs than fine-textured soils. To conclude, our results show that different soil types, harboring distinct microbial community structures, responded differently to different digestates application. This response was also digestate-dependent.

Feeding decreases the oral bioavailability of cannabidiol and cannabidiolic acid in hemp oil in New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

To determine the pharmacokinetics of a solution containing cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), administered orally in 2 single-dose studies (with and without food), in the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). 6 healthy New Zealand White rabbits. In phase 1, 6 rabbits were administered 15 mg/kg CBD with 16.4 mg/kg CBDA orally in hemp oil. In phase 2, 6 rabbits were administered the same dose orally in hemp oil followed by a food slurry. Blood samples were collected for 24 hours to determine the pharmacokinetics of CBD and CBDA. Quantification of plasma CBD and CBDA concentrations was determined using a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) assay. Pharmacokinetics were determined using noncompartmental analysis. For CBD, the area under the curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC)0-∞ was 179.8 and 102 hours X ng/mL, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was 30.4 and 15 ng/mL, the time to Cmax (tmax) was 3.78 and 3.25 hours, and the terminal half-life (t1/2λ) was 7.12 and 3.8 hours in phase 1 and phase 2, respectively. For CBDA, the AUC0-∞ was 12,286 and 6,176 hours X ng/mL, Cmax was 2,573 and 1,196 ng/mL, tmax was 1.07 and 1.12 hours, and t1/2λ was 3.26 and 3.49 hours in phase 1 and phase 2, respectively. Adverse effects were not observed in any rabbit. CBD and CBDA reached a greater Cmax and had a longer t1/2λ in phase 1 (without food) compared with phase 2 (with food). CBDA reached a greater Cmax but had a shorter t1/2λ than CBD both in phase 1 and phase 2. These data may be useful in determining appropriate dosing of cannabinoids in the domestic rabbit.

Photoperiodic diapause in a subtropical population of Aedes albopictus in Guangzhou, China: optimized field-laboratory-based study and statistical models for comprehensive characterization

BackgroundAedes albopictus is among the 100 most invasive species worldwide and poses a major risk to public health. Photoperiodic diapause provides a crucial ecological basis for the adaptation of this species to adverse environments. Ae. albopictus is the vital vector transmitting dengue virus in Guangzhou, but its diapause activities herein remain obscure.MethodsIn the laboratory, yeast powder and food slurry were compared for a proper diapause determination method, and the critical photoperiod (CPP) was tested at illumination times of 11, 11.5, 12, 12.5, 13, and 13.5 h. A 4-parameter logistic (4PL) regression model was selected to estimate the CPP. In the field, the seasonal dynamics of the Ae. albopictus population, egg diapause, and hatching of overwintering eggs were investigated monthly, weekly, and daily, respectively. A distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used to assess the associations of diapause with meteorological factors.ResultsIn the laboratory, both the wild population and the Foshan strain of Ae. albopictus were induced to diapause at an incidence greater than 80%, and no significant difference (P > 0.1) was observed between the two methods for identifying diapause. The CPP of this population was estimated to be 12.312 h of light. In the field, all of the indexes of the wild population were at the lowest levels from December to February, and the Route Index was the first to increase in March. Diapause incidence displayed pronounced seasonal dynamics. It was estimated that the day lengths of 12.111 h at week2016, 43 and 12.373 h at week2017, 41 contributed to diapause in 50% of the eggs. Day length was estimated to be the main meteorological factor related to diapause.ConclusionsPhotoperiodic diapause of Ae. albopictus in Guangzhou of China was confirmed and comprehensively elucidated in both the laboratory and the field. Diapause eggs are the main form for overwintering and begin to hatch in large quantities in March in Guangzhou. Furthermore, this study also established an optimized investigation system and statistical models for the study of Ae. albopictus diapause. These findings will contribute to the prevention and control of Ae. albopictus and mosquito-borne diseases.

A Performance Test and Internal Flow Field Simulation of a Vortex Pump

Vortex pumps have good non-clogging performance and are widely used in the fluid transportation of food, sewage treatment, and mineral and coal slurry transportation. In order to design and manufacture a vortex pump with good performance and establish a method of optimum design, we must master the internal flow rules of the pump. Based on the self-design vortex pump (32WB8-12) experiment, the discharge-pump head (qv-H), discharge-pump shaft power (qv-P), discharge-pump efficiency (qv-η), and discharge-critical net positive suction head (qv-NPSHc) curves are obtained, and the qv-NPSHc curve shows an opposite tendency compared with the centrifugal pump. With the mathematical model selected with respect to the optimal condition, the three-dimensional internal flow within the vortex pump has been numerically simulated by a renormalization group k-ε (RNG k-ε) turbulence model. The static pressure (ps) and velocity distribution of the impeller and the middle section of the volute at 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270° are obtained, and the performance curves have been fitted using a CFX-calculated energy parameter. It was illustrated that the velocity field is relatively disordered and the flow in the impeller region is of a forced vortex character. The flow in the volute is similar to that of the combined vortex with backflow, which is a non-axisymmetric unsteady flow with quite high turbulence intensity. These factors are the main reasons for the relatively low efficiency of the vortex pump. The measurement of flow field in volute with a five-hole probe was conducted, and it is demonstrated that the numerical results are in good agreement with the flow field measurement data. An upward pressure gradient forms in the portal area of the impeller, and it is confirmed that the lowest pressure point is located in the upper position of the impeller hub. It is revealed that for the vortex pump to have advanced suction and anti-cavitation performance, the lowest pressure in the pump should be −4 × 104 Pa and it should be located at the center of the vortex chamber cavity.

Abrasive wear behavior of silane treated nanoalumina filled dental composite under food slurry and distilled water condition

Abstract The aims of the present study were to develop a dental composite filled with silanized nanoalumina and then to investigate the effect of nanoalumina filler on the two-body and three-body wear behavior under distilled water and food slurry medium, respectively. The dental composites were fabricated by adding silane treated nanoalumina filler particle in the weight percentage of (0–3 wt.%) to the matrix of BisGMA, TEGDMA, CQ and EDMAB. Two-body and three-body wear tests were performed in dental wear simulator machine with varying parameters such as normal load, chewing speed and chamber temperature in such a way as to simulate mastication process. Taguchi’s orthogonal array (L16) design, steady state condition and ANOVA were applied to evaluate the optimum parameter for minimum wear and effect of each parameter on the wear performance of dental composites. The finding of the result indicated that mean volumetric wear rate of dental composite in distilled water (i.e. two-body abrasion) was 33.23% more than that of the same composite in food slurry condition (i.e. three-body abrasion).

The in vitro wear behavior of nanozirconia-filled dental composite in food slurry condition

The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the effect of adding different weight fraction of nanozirconia on wear characteristics of resin-based dental composite. The dental composites were fabricated by adding (0–3 wt.%) of silane-modified nanozirconia particles into a monomer system (50 wt.% bisphenol-A glycidyl methacrylate, 49 wt.% tri-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 0.2 wt.% Camphorquinone, and 0.8 wt.% ethyl 4 dimethyl amino benzoate). The experiments were conducted based on steady state condition and Taguchi’s orthogonal design in a dental wear simulator. A theoretical model was proposed for wear assessment and validated with the experimental results. The findings of the experiments indicated that the composite with 3 wt.% nanozirconia demonstrated lowest volumetric wear rate.

Nitrogen availability and indirect measurements of greenhouse gas emissions from aerobic and anaerobic biowaste digestates applied to agricultural soils

Recycling biowaste digestates on agricultural land diverts biodegradable waste from landfill disposal and represents a sustainable source of nutrients and organic matter (OM) to improve soil for crop production. However, the dynamics of nitrogen (N) release from these organic N sources must be determined to optimise their fertiliser value and management. This laboratory incubation experiment examined the effects of digestate type (aerobic and anaerobic), waste type (industrial, agricultural and municipal solid waste or sewage sludge) and soil type (sandy loam, sandy silt loam and silty clay) on N availability in digestate-amended soils and also quantified the extent and significance of the immobilisation of N within the soil microbial biomass, as a possible regulatory mechanism of N release. The digestate types examined included: dewatered, anaerobically digested biosolids (DMAD); dewatered, anaerobic mesophilic digestate from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (DMADMSW); liquid, anaerobic co-digestate of food and animal slurry (LcoMAD) and liquid, thermophilic aerobic digestate of food waste (LTAD). Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) was included as a reference treatment for mineral N. After 48days, the final, maximum net recoveries of mineral N relative to the total N (TN) addition in the different digestates and unamended control treatments were in the decreasing order: LcoMAD, 68%; LTAD, 37%, DMAD, 20%; and DMADMSW, 11%. A transient increase in microbial biomass N (MBN) was observed with LTAD application, indicating greater microbial activity in amended soil and reflecting the lower stability of this OM source, compared to the other, anaerobic digestate types, which showed no consistent effects on MBN compared to the control. Thus, the overall net release of digestate N in different soil types was not regulated by N transfer into the soil microbial biomass, but was determined primarily by digestate properties and the capacity of the soil type to process and turnover digestate N. In contrast to the sandy soil types, where nitrate (NO3-) concentrations increased during incubation, there was an absence of NO3- accumulation in the silty clay soil amended with LTAD and DMADMSW. This provided indirect evidence for denitrification activity and the gaseous loss of N, and the associated increased risk of greenhouse gas emissions under certain conditions of labile C supply and/or digestate physical structure in fine-textured soil types. The significance and influence of the interaction between soil type and digestate stability and physical properties on denitrification processes in digestate-amended soils require urgent investigation to ensure management practices are appropriate to minimise greenhouse gas emissions from land applied biowastes.

Efficient production of methane from artificial garbage waste by a cylindrical bioelectrochemical reactor containing carbon fiber textiles

A cylindrical bioelectrochemical reactor (BER) containing carbon fiber textiles (CFT; BER + CFT) has characteristics of bioelectrochemical and packed-bed systems. In this study, utility of a cylindrical BER + CFT for degradation of a garbage slurry and recovery of biogas was investigated by applying 10% dog food slurry. The working electrode potential was electrochemically regulated at −0.8 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Stable methane production of 9.37 L-CH4 · L−1 · day−1 and dichromate chemical oxygen demand (CODcr) removal of 62.5% were observed, even at a high organic loading rate (OLR) of 89.3 g-CODcr · L−1 · day−1. Given energy as methane (372.6 kJ · L−1 · day−1) was much higher than input electric energy to the working electrode (0.6 kJ · L−1 · day−1) at this OLR. Methanogens were highly retained in CFT by direct attachment to the cathodic working electrodes (52.3%; ratio of methanogens to prokaryotes), compared with the suspended fraction (31.2%), probably contributing to the acceleration of organic material degradation and removal of organic acids. These results provide insight into the application of cylindrical BER + CFT in efficient methane production from garbage waste including a high percentage of solid fraction.

Prototype design and performance analysis of a sieving machine for improved food-slurry processing in Nigeria

This study is on the modification and improvement of an Ogi (ground corn slurry) sieving machine that was earlier designed based on suction principle. A vibration machine for the sieving of a major staple food and primary infant diet in many countries in Africa popularly known as Ogi has been fabricated in this work. Experimental performance tests were carried out using the modified machine and the results were compared with the conventional or manual sieving process. In Nigeria, and many African countries, the domestic and medium-scale processing of various food slurry such as those for corn, sorghum, soya beans and millet have been done manually over the years with little or no technological development. These manual processes are associated with obvious constraints such as excessive length of time, tedium and boredom coupled with inherent unhygienic conditions surrounding these processes. Results showed that the newly designed vibration sieving machine was more efficient than the manual process. It had an average filtration rate of 1.6 x10 -5 m 3 /s against 8.68x10 -6 m 3 /s for the manual method, thereby bringing about over 82% improvement over the manual sieving process. Hence, this work presents a remarkable contribution to the processing of various staple foods in Nigeria and Africa as a whole by applying the principles of vibration to the design of new sieving equipment.

Prototype Design and Performance Analysis of a Sieving Machine for Improved Food-slurry Processing in Nigeria

This study is on the modification and improvement of an Ogi (ground corn slurry) sieving machine that was earlier designed based on suction principle. A vibration machine for the sieving of a major staple food and primary infant diet in many countries in Africa popularly known as Ogi has been fabricated in this work. Experimental performance tests were carried out using the modified machine and the results were compared with the conventional or manual sieving process. In Nigeria, and many African countries, the domestic and medium-scale processing of various food slurry such as those for corn, sorghum, soya beans and millet have been done manually over the years with little or no technological development. These manual processes are associated with obvious constraints such as excessive length of time, tedium and boredom coupled with inherent unhygienic conditions surrounding these processes. Results showed that the newly designed vibration sieving machine was more efficient than the manual process. It had an average filtration rate of 1.6 x10 -5 m 3 /s against 8.68x10 -6 m 3 /s for the manual method, thereby bringing about over 82% improvement over the manual sieving process. Hence, this work presents a remarkable contribution to the processing of various staple foods in Nigeria and Africa as a whole by applying the principles of vibration to the design of new sieving equipment.

Three-body wear associated with three ceramics and enamel

Statement of problem. Wear of human enamel is a clinical concern whenever opposing teeth need to be restored using ceramic restorations. Purpose. This in vitro study investigated wear of human enamel and 3 dental ceramics: a conventional porcelain (Vitadur Alpha), a low-fusing hydrothermal ceramic (Duceram-LFC), and a machinable ceramic (Vita Mark II) in a 3-body wear test. Material and methods. Thirty pairs of tooth-ceramic specimens were tested in a dental wear machine, under a standard load (40 N), rate (80 cycles/minute), and for 25,000 cycles in a simulated food slurry medium. Amount of wear was determined by measuring the height loss of the tooth and depth of wear track of the ceramic materials. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data, followed by Bonferroni multiple comparisons method to produce sets of simultaneous 95% confidence intervals. Results. ANOVA revealed significant differences between the groups for both enamel wear ( P =.002) and ceramic wear ( P <.001). Further comparisons (95% CI significance level) revealed that the difference in enamel wear produced by Alpha porcelain and Duceram-LFC ceramic material was not statistically significant, whereas that produced by Vita Mark II ceramic was significantly less. Vita Mark II ceramic was significantly more resistant to wear than Alpha porcelain and Duceram-LFC ceramic. Furthermore, Alpha porcelain was significantly more resistant to wear than Duceram-LFC ceramic. Conclusion. The abrasiveness of Alpha porcelain and Duceram-LFC ceramic was similar, yet both were significantly more abrasive than Vita Mark II ceramic. In addition, Vita Mark II was the most wear resistant ceramic and Duceram-LFC ceramic the least resistant. (J Prosthet Dent 1999;82:476-81.)

Influence of enzymes and plaque acids on in vitro wear of dental composites

The purpose of this investigation was to test the effect of an enzymatic and an acidic medium on in vitro wear of dental resin composites and an amalgam. Wear was evaluated in two-body and three-body wear conditions. The third body was a food slurry either in water, an esterase solution or an acid solution at a composition and concentration as found in caries active plaque fluid. In the two-body tests the slurry was left out. Under three-body wear conditions neither the enzyme nor the acids showed any significant ( P < 0.05) effect on wear. Enzyme inactivation from a large excess of food constituents in the slurry or the absence of an effect from surface diffusion rates of the acids resulted in the lack of an effect on wear. The two-body/acids wear rates were statistically ( P < 0.05) lower than the two-body/water wear rates caused by increased lubrication from the acids between sliding surfaces. A significant ( P < 0.05) increase in wear was found in the two-body/enzyme experiments, showing that the enzymatic activity can start directly at the outer surface of the composites.

Influence of enzymes and plaque acids on in vitro wear of dental composites.

The purpose of this investigation was to test the effect of an enzymatic and an acidic medium on in vitro wear of dental resin composites and an amalgam. Wear was evaluated in two-body and three-body wear conditions. The third body was a food slurry either in water, an esterase solution or an acid solution at a composition and concentration as found in caries active plaque fluid. In the two-body tests the slurry was left out. Under three-body wear conditions neither the enzyme nor the acids showed any significant (P < 0.05) effect on wear. Enzyme inactivation from a large excess of food constituents in the slurry or the absence of an effect from surface diffusion rates of the acids resulted in the lack of an effect on wear. The two-body/acids wear rates were statistically (P < 0.05) lower than the two-body/water wear rates caused by increased lubrication from the acids between sliding surfaces. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in wear was found in the two-body/enzyme experiments, showing that the enzymatic activity can start directly at the outer surface of the composites.

Intestine fullness influences feeding behaviour and crop filling in the domestic turkey

Image-intensification radiology showed that artificial introduction of food slurry into the intestines of 6–12 wk-old turkey hens significantly increased the proportion of boli entering the crop during an evening meal, hence decreasing the proportion of boli travelling directly to the gizzard. Since bolus movement is directed by esophageal motility, esophageal motility may be partially mediated by stretch or chemoreceptors in the distal duodenum. Increased crop filling during afternoon meals lends support to the widely held belief that the crop increases gut storage capacity and helps “tide birds over” the nightly fast. Artificial filling of the distal duodenum paradoxically increased food intake in birds observed by radiology while eating a single meal ( (morning and evening), and in birds observed by eye over a 3 h period in the morning. This phenomenon is similar to that previously reported for rabbits and domestic chicken. Conversely, duodenal filling reduced food intake over a full day (11 h), more than compensating for the introduced food. Rapid filling of the small intestine (within 25 min. of the start of the meal) suggests a modification of the function of the domestic turkey duodenum to serve as a “mixing chamber,” possibly enhancing digestive efficiency. The ways in which this modification affects digestion and absorption in the duodenum warrant investigation.

Effects of Eimerian (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) Infections on Nutrient Assimilation in the Wyoming Ground Squirrel

Effects of infection with mixed species of Eimeria (E. callospermophili, E. morainensis, and E. beecheyi) on the digestive physiology of Wyoming ground squirrels (Spermophilus elegans) are described. Infected and uninfected squirrels were administered arginine and methionine in saturated glucose solution. Blood was drawn at time 0 and 30 min postadministration. Significant differences were not found between infected and uninfected squirrels in plasma glucose, arginine, or methionine assimilation. In a second experiment, infected and uninfected squirrels were fed a food slurry of known caloric value. All feces were collected for 24 hr postfeeding. Differences were not detected in fecal caloric content or digestive efficiency. These results in conjunction with results reported in the literature suggest a reassessment of the "parasitic" nature of these squirrel symbionts. We propose that associations of some Eimeria species and hosts that evolve under natural conditions are examples of parasite-host interactions that often evolve toward commensalism.

The influence of the stomach on crop function and feeding behavior in domestic turkeys

We tested the hypotheses that motility of the crop and muscular stomach are coordinated and that the stomach exerts primary control over crop filling and emptying in domestic turkeys. Simultaneous recordings of motility of the crop, esophagus, and stomach with implanted strain gauge transducers and visual observations of food passage using image intensification radiography revealed an inverse relationship between the frequency of stomach and crop contractions. Artificially filling the stomach of a fasted turkey with a food slurry prior to feeding did not increase crop filling during the first morning meal, but it did inhibit crop emptying in fasted turkeys by markedly reducing the number of crop contractions. Artificially filling the crop of fasted turkeys prior to the first morning meal did not decrease the amount of feeding activity or the total amount of food consumed during that meal. It is suggested that meal termination is associated with the degree of inhibition of esophageal peristalsis.

Time course of renal glutamate dehydrogenase induction during NH4Cl loading in rats.

To study mechanisms involved in renal glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) regulation in response to systemic acid loading, we have measured blood pH, ammonium excretion, renal GDH mRNA levels, and GDH activity in rats. Acid intake (0.28 M NH4Cl in drinking water for 3 days) increased GDH mRNA levels in the renal cortex, but had no effect in the outer stripe of the outer medulla, inner stripe of the outer medulla, or the inner medulla. Rats were subjected to a step change in acid intake by alkali loading for 3 days (7.2 meq NaHCO3 per day in food slurry) and shifting to acid loading for up to 7 days (7.2 meq NH4Cl in food slurry). Ammonium excretion rose rapidly, increasing by 14-fold in the first 24-h period and 38-fold in the second 24-h period. Cortical GDH mRNA levels were increased relative to alkali-loaded values by 3.7-fold in 24 h, 4.3-fold in 4 days, but only 2.2-fold in 7 days. GDH activity was unchanged after 24 h of acid intake, but was significantly increased after 48 h. We concluded the following: 1) GDH mRNA is present in all regions of the kidney, but levels increase in response to acid loading only in the renal cortex; 2) GDH mRNA levels increase within 1 day after the initiation of acid loading, but the associated increase in functional enzyme activity takes 2 or more days; and 3) the large increases in ammonium excretion that occur in the first day after initiation of acid loading are not dependent on increased GDH activity.

Properties of Thai cooked rice and noodles differing in glycemic index in noninsulin-dependent diabetics.

Glycemic index responses of two cooked rices and six types of cooked noodles consumed by eight noninsulin-dependent diabetics correlated positively with in vitro starch digestibility of food slurry and negatively with amylose content of the food. Glutinous (waxy) rice had the highest values, and mung bean noodles the lowest.

Oral Food Slurry Injection for Newly Hatched Poults

INTRODUCTIONEARLY poult mortality has been a major concern of the turkey industry. When birds fail to eat, the deaths are due to starvation (starveouts). Prefeeding has been studied and recommended by others (Jensen et al., 1956; Moreng and Settle, 1967; Moreng et al., 1970; and Waldroup and Harris, 1969); however, these studies have not included food slurries made from turkey starter types of diets. The objective of this research was to observe the effect on poult performance when newly hatched poults were given an oral dose of an excellent diet as a slurry mixed with water. Performance from the food slurry treatment was compared to that from oral injection of an antibiotic-vitamin-sugar mixture (AVSM) solution.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe experiment included four treatments:1. an uninjected control2. oral injection of the food slurry (see Table 1)3. oral injection of antibiotic-vitamin-sugar mixture (AVSM) (Table 2)4. oral injection…