Food Production Systems Research Articles

Microgreens: Potential for Innovative Farming in Florida

Microgreens are the young growths of leafy greens, vegetables, and herbs that are picked when only the first pair of genuine leaves has formed. There is a definite need for more diversification alternatives in agriculture as there is increasing demand to shift away from intensive conventional food production systems. Microgreens have recently been in high demand due to their high value and reduced carbon footprint. Consumers are increasingly interested in foods (often referred to as super foods) with great nutritional and medicinal benefits. Microgreens have significant potential as a new crop for Florida’s future because of characteristics like: being easy to grow with short cultivation period (7–14 days), low startup cost, fast turnaround time, year-round growing, higher nutrition, and high-value crop. Increasing demand for microgreens information and workshops is another factor contributing to the growing popularity of microgreens. Consumers are increasingly growing microgreens in their homes in Florida. The market for microgreens is expected to reach $2.5 billion by the year 2030. As people’s interest in organic farming and healthy food options continues to rise, Florida has a great opportunity to become a market leader and generate large demand for a wide range of microgreens. The rising interest in organic foods and the growing health awareness are likely contributing factors. In order to encourage potential consumers to produce this crop, the marketing features of microgreens require extensive investigation.

ED-Swin Transformer: A Cassava Disease Classification Model Integrated with UAV Images

The outbreak of cassava diseases poses a serious threat to agricultural economic security and food production systems in tropical regions. Traditional manual monitoring methods are limited by efficiency bottlenecks and insufficient spatial coverage. Although low-altitude drone technology offers advantages such as high resolution and strong timeliness, it faces dual challenges in the field of disease identification, such as complex background interference and irregular disease morphology. To address these issues, this study proposes an intelligent classification method for cassava diseases based on drone imagery and an ED-Swin Transformer. Firstly, we introduced the EMAGE (Efficient Multi-Scale Attention with Grouping and Expansion) module, which integrates the global distribution features and local texture details of diseased leaves in drone imagery through a multi-scale grouped attention mechanism, effectively mitigating the interference of complex background noise on feature extraction. Secondly, the DASPP (Deformable Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling) module was designed to use deformable atrous convolution to adaptively match the irregular boundaries of diseased areas, enhancing the model’s robustness to morphological variations caused by angles and occlusions in low-altitude drone photography. The results show that the ED-Swin Transformer model achieved excellent performance across five evaluation metrics, with scores of 94.32%, 94.56%, 98.56%, 89.22%, and 96.52%, representing improvements of 1.28%, 2.32%, 0.38%, 3.12%, and 1.4%, respectively. These experiments demonstrate the superior performance of the ED-Swin Transformer model in cassava classification networks.

Significance of local livestock genetic resources in the context of global food security

Abstract This paper aims to review the current state of knowledge on the significance of livestock genetic resources in the context of increasing global food availability. The still unresolved problem of world hunger and the rapidly rising human population, especially in underdeveloped areas, mainly in Africa and Southeast Asia, requires numerous measures to ensure food security. Global production of food of animal origin is generally determined by international breeds selected for high performance in the production of a particular product (meat, milk, or eggs). These breeds, as well as industrial food production systems, are crucial to ensuring global food security. Unfortunately, they exert significant pressure on the environment. In developing countries, extensive, low-input production systems relying on local animal breeds are also important in food production. These breeds are less productive, but having lived in a given region for decades, they have acquired many adaptive traits, i.e. better utilization of poorer quality feed, adaptation to adverse climatic conditions (high/low temperature or drought), and resistance to parasites or diseases. These breeds are also often used for crossbreeding with imported exotic high-yielding breeds to increase productivity while retaining the adaptive traits of the local breed. Local breeds have found their niche in food production in developed countries as well. Meat, meat products, cheese, and other dairy products from these breeds are increasingly reaching consumers with quality labels, including information about their origin, and consequently obtaining higher prices.

Nutritional and functional profiles of aquaponic leaf lettuce across seasons.

Aquaponics is a sustainable food production system that combines aquaculture and hydroponics. However, limited studies focused on the nutritional and functional properties of aquaponic produce. Thus, this study aimed to explore the nutritional and functional components of four leaf lettuce lines with different colors cultivated in a commercial aquaponic farm in four seasons from summer 2022 to spring 2023. The leaf lettuce lines grown in aquaponics had high levels of micronutrients such as vitamin C, vitamin K, and folic acid, with the levels of vitamin K and folic acid meeting Japan's health claim criteria. The lettuce lines, especially red leaf lettuce, were also rich in bioactive compounds such as nitrate ions, which are linked to blood pressure regulation, and antioxidants such as anthocyanins and chlorogenic acid. These findings suggest that leaf lettuce grown in aquaponics has potential use as a high-value functional food.

RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF POULTRY MANURE ON YIELD, QUALITY PARAMETERS OF CARROT AND SELECTED SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ON ALFISOL IN SOUTHWEST, NIGERIA

Maintenance and management of soil fertility are centroal to the development of a sustainable food production system. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of poultry manure (PM) in enhancing growth, root yield, nutritional quality of carrot, and soil nutrients in the rainforest agroecology of southwest Nigeria. Poultry manure at three rates (0, 5, and 10 t ha-1)were investigated in a randomized complete block design, each rate of PM was replicated three times. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using Statistical Analysis System Institute Package. The results showed that the experimental soil was acidic (pH 5.5.), and low in nitrogen (0.1 g kg-1). Relative to the control, PM significantly (P < 0.05) influenced growth, root yield, nutritional quality of carrot, and soil major nutrients. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the effect of 5 t ha-1 and 10 t ha-1 PM on gross root yield and marketable root yield of carrots. Poultry manure at 10 t ha-1 produced the highest root yield parameters, and also, had the highest residual effects on soil nitrogen, available P and organic carbon. The use of 10 t ha-1 PM is recommended for carrot production in the rainforest agroecology of southwest Nigeria. This rate of PM enhanced the best carrot performance and soil quality in the present study.

A Spatial Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach to Evaluating Homogeneous Areas for Rainfed Wheat Yield Assessment

Rainfed wheat plays a vital role in global food security, particularly in regions where water availability is a limiting factor. Identifying homogeneous areas with a similar yield potential is essential for optimizing resource allocation, improving agricultural sustainability, and enhancing water resource management. Unlike previous studies that primarily focused on cropland suitability, this study presents an integrated approach to delineate homogeneous areas for the rainfed wheat yield using advanced mechanistic analysis and multi-criteria decision-making techniques. Additionally, it examines the homogeneity of these areas in terms of the actual yield relative to the potential yield. Kurdistan province in Iran was selected as the study area. Key phenological stages of wheat growth—germination, flowering, and seed filling—were determined using a day-growth model. A set of four primary criteria—precipitation, temperature, soil properties, and topography—along with twenty sub-criteria were selected based on expert knowledge and previous research. The Fuzzy-AHP method was employed to assign weights to each factor, and a weighted linear combination approach was used to generate a final classification map. The results categorized the study area into five suitability classes: currently unsuitable (N2 and N1), somewhat suitable (S3), moderately suitable (S2), and very suitable (S1), in accordance with the FAO standard framework. These classifications highlighted significant yield variations among the zones. The findings revealed that the highest and lowest average rainfed wheat yields were observed in classes S1 and N2, respectively, with yield-to-potential yield ratios ranging from 75% in S1 to 20% in N2. This research underscores the potential of spatial analysis in enhancing precision agriculture and water resource management, contributing to more resilient food production systems in water-scarce regions.

Evaluating the GHG emissions, land use, and water use associated with contemporary dietary patterns in the Republic of Ireland.

Dietary patterns are intrinsically linked to greenhouse (GHG) emissions, land use, and water use via food production systems. Analysing and comparing contemporary dietary patterns and their environmental impact is critical to identifying which should be promoted to enhance global sustainability. A cross-sectional survey of adult consumption patterns was conducted across Ireland with a representative sample size of 957 respondents. Subsequently, a farm-to-fork life cycle assessment (LCA) was employed via OpenLCA 2.0.4 to assess three primary environmental impacts (global warming, land use, and water use) across the population. Thirteen distinct dietary patterns were analysed: total population, rural, urban, self-reported (omnivore, flexitarian, pescatarian, vegetarian, and vegan), and data-derived ('meat-focused', 'dairy/ovo-focused', 'vegetable-focused', 'seafood-focused', and 'potato-focused'). Mean calculated diet-related GHG emissions were 5.52 kgCO2eq person-1 day-1, with the 'meat-focused' diet representing the highest (6.62 kgCO2eq person-1 day-1) and the vegan diet being the lowest (2.0 kgCO2eq person-1 day-1). The 'meat-focused' diet was also associated with the highest per capita land use. The estimated mean water usage was 104 L person-1 day-1, with the 'potato-focused' diet using the most water and the pescatarian diet using the least. Future (2050) dietary scenarios compared to 'business-as-usual' patterns were projected; findings suggest substantial environmental impact reductions could be achieved if segments of the Irish population transition to vegetarian, vegan, and 'vegetable-focused' diets. The authors consider that employing data-derived dietary patterns (as opposed to "traditional" dietary classification) in LCA studies may yield increasingly accurate results, as dietary definitions vary significantly between individuals.

Fine-scale assessment of blue-water dependence via crop rotation systems in South Asia under a changing climate

Abstract Cropland productivity in South Asia (SA) relies on both blue-water (i.e., irrigation from surface and groundwater) and green-water (rainwater stored in the soil) supplies. The blue-water dependence index (BDI), which reflects the fraction of blue water in total crop water demand of a certain location, is a crucial indicator for managing freshwater resources effectively, ensuring sustainable food production systems and adapting agricultural practices to climate change. The knowledge of BDI for SA croplands at fine spatial scales is limited. Here we present a comprehensive modeling framework for fine-scale BDI assessment using an evapotranspiration-based approach to calculate crop water demand. A novel hierarchical decision tree approach was employed to identify major crop rotation systems, forming the basis for estimating regional crop water demand. We produced annual crop rotation maps at 250-m spatial resolution for 18 years (2003–2020) with an overall accuracy of 78.60%. Our results based on the national-scale analysis reveal that croplands in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh have an averaged BDI value of 0.32, 0.65, and 0.39, respectively. Notably, cotton and sugarcane crops have the highest BDI (≥ 0.42) in SA. Future climate data under different scenarios indicate that the BDI in tropical croplands is expected to decrease, while arid to semi-arid croplands will require more irrigation water to support optimal crop growth. In light of the future variability of BDI, our research further implies a few candidate strategies for climate change mitigation in SA that include enhancing water management infrastructures, developing climate-resistant crop varieties, and relocating crop cultivation areas with transboundary cooperation.

Problematic use of sustainability claims in recent scientific literature on crop gene technologies: toward improving practices and communication.

There is growing interest in the role of agricultural genomics, including biotechnology, in enhancing the "sustainability" of food production systems. However, as "sustainability" becomes more frequently linked to the goals of agricultural genomics, a critical question arises: what claims are made about "sustainability" and how is the concept of "sustainability" defined in the scholarly literature on agricultural genomics? Using a structured analysis of the recent scientific literature, this article investigates increasingly frequent claims about "sustainability," including how this term is defined and measured in the field of agricultural genomics. It argues that more transparent definitions and clearer metrics, tied to appropriate scholarly literature, are crucial for improving the coherence, impact, and credibility of research in agricultural genomics.

Navigating the nexus: unraveling the impact of sustainability and the circular economy on food safety

Sustainable food production systems can be achieved through a circular economy, yet the whole system remains susceptible to various known, emerging, or even unknown/novel food safety hazards and contaminants. These upcycled foods can introduce related risks for human or animal health and ecological balance. These potential risks can be effectively mitigated by adopting integrated smart “safe-by-design” approaches. These multi-effective strategies can cascade far beyond consequences by addressing all potential food safety risks at each stage of the food supply chain, even at the post-consumption stage. Sustainability through circularity without harming food production systems can be achieved by integrating and harmonizing evidence-based risk control strategies, fostered with extensive and objective-oriented research and development and preemptive ideological relationships with relevant stakeholders. The current review aimed at addressing the possible occurrence and risks associated with potential emerging or unknown hazards/contaminants linked to various production systems, along with relevant mitigation strategies. It also highlights the importance of implementing quality control measures and safety precautions throughout the food supply chain to prevent the occurrence and propagation of hazardous substances. Agricultural production systems can be transformed into sustainable entities by vigilant monitoring of end-products quality through the use of upcycled technologies.

Genomic Evaluation of Harvest Weight Uniformity in Penaeus vannamei Under a 3FAM Design Incorporating Indirect Genetic Effect

Harvest weight uniformity is a critical economic trait in the production of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Social interactions among individuals can significantly influence both uniformity and productivity in aquaculture. To improve harvest weight uniformity through selective breeding, it is essential to accurately partition the genetic component of social effects, known as an indirect genetic effect (IGE), from purely environmental factors. Since IGEs cannot be estimated when all individuals are kept in a single group, a specialized experimental design, such as the grouping design with three families per group (3FAM), is required. With this experimental design, the shrimp population is divided into multiple groups (cages), each containing three families. Individuals from each family are then evenly subdivided and placed in three cages, thereby enabling the estimation of both direct and social genetic effects. Additionally, integrating genomic information instead of relying solely on pedigree data improves the accuracy of genetic relatedness among individuals, leading to more precise genetic evaluation. This study employed a 3FAM experimental design involving 40 families (36 individuals per family) to estimate the contribution of direct and indirect genetic effects on harvest weight uniformity. The genotypes of all tested individuals obtained using the 55K SNP panel were incorporated into a hierarchical generalized linear model to predict direct genetic effects and indirect genetic effects (IGE) separately. The results revealed that the heritability of harvest weight uniformity was low (0.005 to 0.017). However, the genetic coefficient of variation (0.340 to 0.528) indicates that using the residual variance in harvest weight as a selection criterion for improving uniformity is feasible. Incorporating IGE into the model increased heritability estimates for uniformity by 150% to 240% and genetic coefficient of variation for uniformity by 32.11% to 55.29%, compared to the model without IGE. Moreover, the genetic correlation between harvest weight and its uniformity shifted from a strongly negative value (−0.862 to −0.683) to a weakly positive value (0.203 to 0.117), suggesting an improvement in the genetic relationship between the traits and better separation of genetic and environmental effects. The inclusion of genomic data enhanced the prediction ability of single-step best linear unbiased prediction for both harvest weight and uniformity by 6.35% and 10.53%, respectively, compared to the pedigree-based best linear unbiased prediction. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating IGE and utilizing genomic selection methods to enhance selection accuracy for obtaining harvest weight uniformity. This approach provides a theoretical foundation for guiding uniformity improvements in shrimp breeding programs and offers potential applications in other food production systems.

Closing economical and sustainability gaps for China's wheat, maize, and rice production: A county level energy analysis approach.

Closing economical and sustainability gaps for China's wheat, maize, and rice production: A county level energy analysis approach.

Current diagnostic techniques primarily used in veterinary diagnostics of Salmonella

This review paper briefly overviews various methods used to detect and identify Salmonella, a common foodborne zoonotic pathogen in veterinary medicine. Salmonella bacteria is mainly found in food products and, when ingested, causes severe gastrointestinal symptoms. Due to the ongoing presence of pathogenic Salmonella in food production systems, it poses a serious public health threat. Therefore, a constant need remains to enhance identification and detection methods capable of identifying this pathogen and preventing outbreaks. The conventional and widely-used culture-based method can be considered the gold standard. However, it is time-consuming and laborious, as is traditional serotyping by slide agglutination. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) offers faster detection with higher specificity by identifying Salmonella antigens or antibodies. However, some laboratories prefer other methods due to limited sensitivity and the time it takes to establish an immune response. Therefore, methods like subtyping or advanced molecular techniques have evolved over the years: polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods and next-generation sequencing (NGS) provide rapid and accurate identification of Salmonella.Unlike PCR-based methods that target specific genes, NGS provides a sequence of complete genomes. Mass spectrometry andFourier transform infrared spectroscopy are also used, while biosensors are still in the early stages of technological development. This paper discusses the progress of identification and detection approaches for Salmonella, emphasising their basic principles, applications, and performances, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

Assessing toxicological risk of nanoplastics contaminants in food and feed from ingestion pathway to human diseases

The extensive use of plastic without an effective management system is linked to significant environmental pollution issues. The fragmentation of various types of plastic waste leads to the formation of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs). NPs, measuring less than 0.1 μm pose a latent danger to the human food chain caused by the ability to traverse biological membranes than MPs, potentially leading to various chronic diseases. The widespread distribution of NPs across diverse environmental matrices and their subsequent infiltration into food and feed chains precipitates various emerging health concerns. NPs contaminate food production systems and leach from plastic packaging, infiltrating organisms at various trophic levels. Seafood, processed foods, and drinking water serve as vectors for absorption and accumulation in human tissues. The pervasive contamination pathway poses substantial risks to human health through multiple exposure routes, primarily ingestion. It can lead to cytotoxicity, inflammation, genotoxicity, and apoptosis. This review summarizes the implications of NPs exposure that triggers various diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), kidney dysfunction, liver disease, heart problems, brain disorders, reproductive issues, and cancer. Currently, no established method exists to treat NPs that humans may have already ingested. Hence, it is urgent to mitigate the harmful effects of NPs through the development and implementation of innovative, efficient, and sustainable environmental decontamination strategies. This discussion highlights several advanced remediation techniques that can effectively reduce the toxicity of NPs in environmental systems, thus mitigating their associated risks.

Study on agricultural carbon emission efficiency calculation and driving path of grain production department in China

Agriculture plays a pivotal role in China’s environment, economy, and society, standing as a pillar in the country’s shifts toward lower carbon emissions. This is important, especially in food production, where sustainable prac-tices protect the environment and ensure food security and quality. Therefore, understanding the factors affect-ing carbon emission efficiency is highly practical for speeding up emission reductions and improving efficiency throughout the entire food supply chain. This study uses the Super Slacks Based Measure (SBM) model to evalu-ate the efficiency of carbon emissions in 30 provinces (including municipalities and autonomous regions) in China from 2013 to 2022, emphasizing the food production sector. Through the Technology Organization Environment (TOE) framework, an integrated analysis is crafted to explore ways to enhance carbon emission efficiency. The set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) method is applied to examine these pathways from a perspective offering unique insights tailored to the food production field. The findings reveal that agricultural carbon emis-sion efficiency surpasses the average in half of the provinces studied, yet notable discrepancies exist among them. In the eastern regions, efficiency values tend to be higher compared to the western areas, impacting the sustain-ability of regional food production. The research identifies four patterns that drive agricultural carbon emission efficiency: those led by technical conditions, attention structure synergy, agriculture support structure synergy, and overall development synergy. Enhancing efficiency involves factors such as adopting technologies promoting digital economy development, investing in agriculture financially, embracing eco-friendly agricultural practices, and optimizing the agricultural industrial structure. These aspects have implications for food science and the broader agricultural sector. Additionally, the study uncovers a substitution relationship between technological and environmental conditions that influence efficiency. These findings provide an overview of the pathways that enhance provincial agricultural carbon emission efficiency from an interactive perspective. This study is helpful to expand the understanding of the TOE framework, enrich the research results in the field of low-carbon agri-culture, provide insights for provinces in the stage of efficiency improvement, and provide theoretical support for carbon emission reduction in grain production in various provinces. The research aims to guide policymakers, food scientists, and agricultural stakeholders in China toward optimizing carbon efficiency in food production systems to support global climate change mitigation efforts while ensuring food supply.

Comparative risk assessment of different agro-industrial wastewaters in an arid environment: lessons from Antinaco-Los Colorados Valley, Argentina.

Agro-industries generate significant volumes of wastewaters that cause environmental pollution due to they are discharged in soil or surface water. In particular, arid environments are especially vulnerable to this impact as they are characterized by water scarcity, high temperature, and unproductive soils. Thus, this study aimed to assess the comparative toxicity of winery, olive oil mill, table olive, tomato processing, and walnut shelling wastewaters from an arid region on aquatic and terrestrial organisms, and its relationship with physicochemical characteristics, and sodification and salinization indexes. The seed germination and root elongation toxicity test on Raphanus sativus and the immobilization Daphnia magna test were carried out in the whole effluent toxicity framework. Also, the salinity and sodicity risks of these wastewaters were evaluated. The most toxic wastewater was produced in the table olive industry, whereas the most harmless wastewater was produced in winery. Even after treatment, the wastewaters derived from table olive industry presented the highest risk of sodification and salinization. Toxicity was associated with high levels of sodicity, salinity, and polyphenols, but low values of BOD/COD ratio. The best wastewater quality for soil irrigation was found in the wine and tomato processing industries. Therefore, the comprehensive use of salinity and sodicity risk indicators together with toxicity tests improves the wastewater assessment to reuse them in food production systems as an alternative water source in arid lands.

The future potential of controlled environment agriculture.

The production of high-quality food needs to increase to feed the growing global population. Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) systems in a vertical farm setting-in which several layers are stacked above each other, thus increasing the area for growth-can substantially boost productivity for crops, algae, mushrooms, fish, insects, and cultured meat. These systems are independent of climate, weather, and region, offering reduced environmental impact, although they come with high energy demands. An easy-to-understand, quantitative performance assessment of the theoretical potential for these 6 CEA systems is proposed here. It compares them against the world's main food production system: field production of maize, wheat, rice, and soybean. CEA could play a pivotal role in the global food supply if efficiencies in energy, control of growth environments, and waste stream utilization are vastly improved. Technological advancements, targeted policy support and public engagement strategies will be necessary to significantly reduce production costs and increase public acceptance.

Transforming plant-based alternatives by harnessing precision fermentation for next-generation ingredients.

Global levels of critical food insecurity continue to rise as the projected population is expected to reach approximately 10 billion in 2050. Meeting the growing demands for food protein, improved nutritional quality, and environmental sustainability requires transitioning from animal-sourced products. Plant-based products have emerged as the most prominent and major alternative solution toward improving the current food production system; however, plant-based products come with their flaws. Generating flavorful, nutritious, and high-protein products derived entirely from plant sources typically lacks consumer acceptance. However, the growing field of precision fermentation within food systems offers a substantial field toward enhancing and revolutionizing current plant-based products to derive more nutritious, flavorful, and textural analogs. Precision fermentation entails genetically modifying microorganisms such as yeast, bacteria, microalgae, fungi, and more to generate specific products such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, and flavonoids. Precision fermentation is critical for closing the nutritional and flavor gap between plant and traditional animal-based products. This process provides controlled production of key ingredients that may improve the final product's safety, quality, sustainability, and sensory value. Currently, the most well-known example of precision fermented products integrated into plant-based foods is the heme protein integrated into plant-based burgers, but there is even greater potential. This review highlights the current production of food ingredients through microbial sources that enhance the organoleptic and nutritional quality of plant-based alternatives. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli through the poultry production chain in Argentina.

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli through the poultry production chain in Argentina.

Prevalence, antibiotic resistance patterns, and genetic characterization of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in chicken samples from Tangerang, Indonesia

Abstract Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli poses a significant threat to both human and animal health. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of ESBL-producing E. coli in poultry-related samples from Tangerang, Indonesia. A total of 264 samples were collected from farms (70 fecal, 90 egg, and 4 water samples) and markets (50 meat and 50 egg samples). ESBL-producing E. coli were isolated using selective media and confirmed through PCR. Twenty ESBL-producing E. coli isolates (7.6%) were recovered from chicken feces and eggs. ESBL production was further confirmed by PCR detection of the blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaSHV genes. The blaSHV gene was most prevalent (70%), followed by blaCTX-M (20%) and blaTEM (15%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against 13 antibiotics revealed varying resistance levels: tetracycline (57.1%), ampicillin (33.3%), ceftazidime (28.6%), ceftriaxone (23.8%), enrofloxacin (23.8%), gentamicin (23.8%), chloramphenicol (9.5%), ciprofloxacin (9.5%), sulfamethoxazole (9.5%), and amoxicillin (4.8%). No resistance was observed for cefoxitin, doxycycline, or meropenem. Notably, 76.2% of isolates were resistant to 1–5 antibiotics, while 9.5% were resistant to 6–9 antibiotics. These findings highlight the presence of multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing E. coli in the poultry production chain in Tangerang, with a high prevalence of clinically important ESBL genes. This raises concerns about potential transmission to humans and underscores the need for improved antibiotic stewardship in veterinary practices and enhanced surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in the food production system to safeguard public health.