Food Processing Factories Research Articles

Trihalomethane formation potentials from the effluent of different wastewater treatment sources

Abstract Reused wastewater is commonly treated with disinfection to remove pathogenic microorganisms; however, this process generates disinfection byproducts (DBPs), such as trihalomethanes (THMs). This study aimed to investigate the levels of THMs and THM formation potential (THMFP) in treated wastewater originating from different sources i.e., domestic, food-processing industry and hospital. The samples from each source were collected three times between June and August 2023. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was evaluated from the samples prior to and after disinfection with chlorine over a period of 7 days. The results found that the concentration of DOC was highest in hospital effluent, with an average value of 5.60±0.16 mg/L followed by effluent from the food-processing industry and domestic, which had average DOC concentrations of 4.60±1.39 mg/L and 4.46±0.37 mg/L, respectively. The concentration of THMs in hospital effluent was found the highest at 6.91±0.88 µg/L followed by effluent from the domestic and food-processing industries, which exhibited amounts of 6.74±0.77 µg/L and 5.25±0.77 µg/L, respectively. In contrast, the food-processing factory had the highest concentration of THMFP at 299.39±26.54 µg/L, while the domestic and hospital effluent displayed a lower concentration of 133.64±36.86 µg/L and 51.48±9.01 µg/L, respectively.

The negative impacts of the restructuring of the abattoir industry in Great Britain on small abattoirs

This study examines the reasons why between 1979 and 2020 the number of abattoirs licenced to slaughter red blood livestock species in Great Britain fell from 1146 to 200, average throughput per abattoir increased, larger abattoirs specialised in the species slaughtered, and family owned abattoirs have been replaced by international companies owning multiple slaughterhouses and food processing factories. The study combines abattoir sector survey data with findings from a national survey of small abattoirs. Larger abattoirs have exploited economies of size and location to achieve the throughput necessary to supply multiple retailers and/or wholesale markets. Smaller abattoirs have exploited economies of scope to develop the bespoke butchering services needed to supply private kill customers. The high rate of closure of smaller abattoirs suggests the future of small-scale, locally based supply chains in which private kill services supply is threatened. The recently introduced Small Abattoir Fund offers grants towards the purchase of new equipment which will offer some relief. But smaller abattoirs must support their private kill customers by organising collection points for onward transport of livestock to the abattoir and local redistribution centres for meat and carcases.

Three-layer business model canvas of oil-water separation equipment in restaurants and food processing factories

A three-layer business model canvas was applied to clarify the environmental, economic, and social impacts of introducing oil-water separation equipment (OWSE) used in restaurants and food processing factories. Introducing high-performance OWSE can change the social structure of manufacturers and residents of sewerage development areas and provide economic benefits to companies. Based on the data of a ramen restaurant in Miyagi, Japan, evaluated the economic effect of introducing OWSE resulted in the total initial cost and maintenance was 1,032USD/year less than the cost of the sewage fee. Therefore, the proposed equation can be used to evaluate the economic effects of introducing OWSE.

Enhanced Purification and Disinfection of Restaurant Wastewater by Electro-coagulation Coupled with an Electro-oxidation Process: From Lab Scale to Field Scale

Several Covid-19 infection events have been reported in restaurant and food-processing factory scenarios. To block the transmission of waterborne pathogens and protect human’s safety, it is urgent to take action for the purification and disinfection of restaurant wastewater. Considering the requirement of restaurant wastewater treatment technology, such as limited spaces, low capital cost, simple to operate, and high efficiency, an integrated electro-coagulation (EC) and electro-oxidation (EO) process was put forward. The lab-scale system treatment results illustrated that the composition of restaurant wastewater underwent significant changes. The chemical oxygen demand value decreased from 1680 to 344 mg/L. Total phosphate, total nitrogen, suspended solids, petroleum, animal fat and vegetable oils, and anionic surfactants achieved a distinct decrease. Moreover, the removal of Escherichia coli and Phi6 illustrated the satisfactory disinfection performance of the EC–EO system. The acute toxicity of the EC–EO effluent was reduced compared to that of raw wastewater. Comparing the results of EC treatment with EO treatment, the EC process provided more significant contributions to the purification and disinfection of wastewater than the EO process. The oxidants generated in the EO process would ensure the residual purification and disinfection performance through the long sewer pipe. The physical–chemical parameters and disinfection performances of the field-scale EC–EO system met the requirement of “Wastewater quality standards for discharge to municipal sewers-GB/T 31962-2015”. However, a certain amount of disinfectant byproducts were formed in the effluent. Moreover, the techno-economic analysis further illustrated the feasibility of the integrated EC–EO system for the purification and disinfection of restaurant wastewater.

Growth performance of Listeria monocytogenes and background microbiota from mushroom processing environments

Interaction between Listeria monocytogenes and resident background microbiota may occur in food processing environments and may influence the survival of this pathogen in a factory environment. Therefore the aim of this study was to characterize the growth performance of microbiota isolated from the processing environments of frozen sliced mushrooms, and to investigate the competitive performance of L. monocytogenes when co-cultured with accompanying environmental microbiota. Acinetobacter, Enterobacteriaceae, Lactococcus and Pseudomonas were the most prominent background microbiota isolated from the processing environment of frozen sliced mushrooms. All individual microbiota strains were able to grow and form biofilm in filter-sterilized mushroom medium, with the mannitol-consumers Raoultella and Ewingella as top performers, reaching up to 9.6 and 9.8 log CFU/mL after 48 h incubation at room temperature. When L. monocytogenes mushroom isolates were co-cultured with the microbiota strains, L. monocytogenes counts ranged from 7.6 to 8.9 log CFU/mL after 24 h of incubation, while counts of the microbiota strains ranged from 5.5 to 9.0 log CFU/mL. Prolonged incubation up to 48 h resulted in further increase of L. monocytogenes counts when co-cultured with non-acidifying species Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter reaching 9.1 to 9.2 log CFU/mL, while a decrease of L. monocytogenes counts reaching 5.8 to 7.7 log CFU/mL was observed in co-culture with Enterobacteriaceae and acidifying Lactococcus representatives. In addition, L. monocytogenes grew also in spent mushroom media of the microbiota strains, except in acidified spent media of Lactococcus strains. These results highlight the competitive ability of L. monocytogenes during co-incubation with microbiota in fresh and in spent mushroom medium, indicative of its invasion and persistence capacity in food processing factory environments.

A method for efficient conversion of dehydrated cabbage waste liquid into high ester vinegar.

The utilization of wastewater in food processing factory has become one of the foremost essential and challengeable problems. In this study, cabbage wastewater was used for a mixed fermentation to obtain a high ester vinegar. The effect of fermentation conditions on the total acid content and total ester content of vinegar was investigated through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology analysis. Under the optimal fermentation conditions of10.61%inoculation amount, 4.9%initial alcohol content, 29.62°Cfermentation temperature, 75.21hfermentation time, and the exogenous esterification addition amount of 0.6%. The blending vinegar has a total acid content of 3.80g 100mL-1 and a total ester content of 30.52mgmL-1. The significant flavor components in the blending vinegar of the ethyl lactate with a pleasant aroma accounted for 22.15% and the ethyl acetate with a strong fruit aroma accounted for 11.37%.

Legal Issues Concerning Food Poisoning in Nigeria: The need for Judicial and Statutory Response

Food is essential to man's existence, giving the popular saying that a healthy feeding often determines a healthy living of an individual. However, it has been observed that given the high rate of food insecurity in Nigeria, it has resulted to a high influx of numerous food producers producing substandard products or food that could cause food poisoning. Given this, the study made use of a doctrinal and non-doctrinal method of research method in examining the causes and dangers of food poisoning in Nigeria, how effective statutory laws are, and judicial attitude towards cases of food poisoning. The study adopted an online survey questionnaire distributed to 347 respondents (randomly selected) living in various states in Nigeria. Analytical and descriptive statistics were used to analyze data generated from the online questionnaire. The study, therefore, found that most Nigerians have suffered from food poisoning arising from poor processing, storage, and preservation of harmful substances. It was therefore concluded and recommended that, there is a need for statutory response and judicial activism in curtailing the sale of food that could cause food poisoning. Furthermore, food inspector agencies should often conduct routine inspections of public and private food processing factories or vendors

Bioefficacy of Insecticidal Nematodes against Stored Grain Pests: An Overview

For protection of stored agricultural products in ware house, grain store and food processing factory from insect damage, control measures should be taken. Stored grain insect pests are difficult to control. Though chemical insecticides are effective in controlling pests, other environment friendly methods have been advocated. Entomopathogenic nematodes are potential bio control agent for management of insect pests. In this review research work done so far for management of stored grain pests has been highlighted so that further wok can be preceded.

Vetiver Floating Wetlands for Dyeing Effluent

As a result of industrialization, the degree of global water contamination has drastically grown in recent decades. Both rich and developing nations are seeing this worldwide trend, although the later are experiencing it more pronouncedly. Due to its extraordinary and distinctive morphological and physiological characteristics, the Vetiver Floating Wetlands (VFWs), which is based on Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides), has been successfully used as a phytoremediation tool to remediate both polluted water like municipal wastewater such as sewage effluent, landfill leachate, urban runoff, drainage channels, industrial wastewater such as food processing factories, and contaminated land (mine overburden and tailings, solid waste dumps). This study focuses on the use of hydroponics and floating wetlands to clean contaminated dyeing effluent. This study aims to find the efficiency of Vetiver Floating wetlands over various physio-chemical parameters in Dyeing effluent. The study was laid down in Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore in 2022 during the month of April- May. The effluent was diluted to different concentrations namely 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Various parameters were analyzed in these treatments in Dyeing effluent. The samples were collected at 15 days interval analyzed for one month. In Dyeing effluent, 50% concentration of the effluent showed better results over Vetiver Floating Wetlands and the removal efficiency was greater at this particular concentration.

A Hybrid Optimization Algorithm for Water Volume Adjustment Problem in District Heating Systems

Nowadays, the winter is getting harsher and harsher in Northern China. Thus, the centralized heating systems (CHSs) are playing even more irreplaceable, essential and critical roles in ensuring general public’s livelihood than never ever before. CHSs are normally composed of one or several combined heat and power (CHP) plants (units) and an extensive vein like district heating networks (DHNs) connecting with chemical plants, paper mills, food processing factories, hospitals, hotels, universities, prisons and residential complexes. A CHP plant in Northern China usually consumes coal to heat the cold water into steam to drive high-pressure turbines and low pressure turbines to generate electricity. Then the low-temperature steam is used to heat up the cold water in a main pipe into hot water travelling through the DHNs to provide heat to each end nodes. The returned water will be heated again for reuse and the surplus steam will be released into air through cooling towers. In 2020, China promised to the world that carbon dioxide will peak in 2030 and net-zero emission will happen in 2060. On the one hand, CHP plants need to guarantee enough hot water flowing within each household’s heating radiator. On the other hand, they should cut down on the consumption on non-renewable resources. Lowering water temperature, adjusting water volume and reducing water pressure will all contribute to energy-saving purpose. Lowering water temperature and reducing water pressure may cause too much heat losses during long-distance transmission in frigid winter. Therefore, a reasonable water volume adjustment becomes an advisable action comparatively. Here, we transfer the hot water supply volume optimization problem (HWSVOP) into a heat exchange station (HES) valve angle adjustment problem (SHWESVAAP). Then, a multi-objective mathematical model is established considering balancing the satisfactory degree of each household in residential quarters and the hot water volume (HWV) in the main pipe. And a hybrid polar bear optimization algorithm integrated with chemical reaction optimization (HA-PBO-CRO) is designed to optimize the valve angle (VA) in each HES. The comparative results between HA-PBO-CRO and non-dominant sorting genetic algorithm (NSGAII) demonstrate HA-PBO-CRO is superior to NSGAII with better Pareto frontiers on one hand and provide a critical reference supporting the management in a CHP plant to make a right decision on what to do to cut energy consumption while satisfying customers’ needs.

An Inexpensive CRISPR-Based Point-of-Care Test for the Identification of Meat Species and Meat Products.

The growing demand for and supply of meat and meat products has led to a proportional increase in cases of meat adulteration. Adulterated meat poses serious economic and health consequences globally. Current laboratory methods for meat species identification require specialized equipment with limited field applications. This study developed an inexpensive, point-of-care Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)-CRISPR/Cas12a colorimetric assay to detect meat species using a Texas Red-labelled single-strand (ssDNA) reporter. As low as 1.0 pg/µL of the porcine NADH4, the chicken NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) and the duck D-loop genes was detectable under white, blue and ultraviolet light. The test turnaround time from DNA extraction to visualization was approximately 40 min. The assay accurately detected pure and mixed-meat products in the laboratory (n = 15) and during a pilot point-of-care test (n = 8) in a food processing factory. The results are 100% reproducible using lateral flow detection strips and the real-time PCR detection instrument. This technology is fully deployable and usable in any standard room. Thus, our study demonstrates that this method is a straightforward, specific, sensitive, point-of-care test (POCT) adaptable to various outlets such as customs, quarantine units and meat import/export departments.

Mapping local food self-sufficiency in the U.S. and the tradeoffs for food system diversity

The demand for ‘local food’ by U.S. consumers has grown markedly over the last several decades, accompanied by confusion over how to define local food. Is ‘local’ food defined by the location of the farm, food processing factory, distribution warehouse, or all three? Is ‘local’ food defined by geographic, political, or biophysical boundaries? Is ‘local’ solely farm-to-table or can it include factories? This study evaluates food commodity flow ‘localness’ using jurisdictional boundaries and physical distance to investigate the potential for food system transformation and the tradeoffs inherent to ‘localizing’ food production. We take a supply chain approach by making data-driven distinctions between farm-based flows of food and industrial, energy and nonfood (IENF) crops, and manufacturing/distribution flows of food and agriculturally-derived industrial inputs. We analyze the diversity, distance (a proxy for environmental impact), political boundaries, population, weight, and price (net selling value) of food commodity flows. The diversity of a community's food supply has an optimal range of zero to four-hundred miles. We find tradeoffs between food system diversity and local food sourcing, sustainability, and self-sufficiency. As communities look to improve food system resilience, they will need to balance food-miles and the other values associated with local food.

Penerapan Metode Dempster Shafer Pada Sistem Pakar Diagnosa Penyakit Usus Halus

The small intestine is a food processing factory where nutrients are digested and absorbed completely when the small intestine is in good condition. However, many of us have an unhealthy small intestine, so the small intestine does not function properly. Health problems in the small intestine can occur from different factors such as the most dominant factor is food and drink, health awareness is still low, the habit of always wanting to live a practical life and lack of knowledge of healthy living and little knowledge about the problem of early symptoms of a disease. which is the main factor in treating the disease so that it becomes severe. If the patient is late in receiving information about his illness, the patient will be treated by the doctor too late. The doctor's knowledge can be implemented in an expert system system. The expert system method used to find diagnostic confidence uses the Dempster Shafer method. With the aim of making it easier for the public to find out what small intestine they suffer from and be able to check them early. Where the method of finding diagnostic confidence uses the Dempster Shafer method where the final result of this study produces an accurate diagnosis with a sample of symptom data used by 32% with Dianoses are less likely to suffer from Small Intestine Tract Blockage yang selalu ingin menjalani hidup secara praktis, serta cara berpikir yang cenderung mengarah pada kehidupan yang tidak sehat, dan gejala awal penyakit. merupakan bagian dari faktor. sakit.

Development of Novel Detection Method for Rutinosidase in Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.).

Contamination of rutinosidase is a major problem for rutin-rich food due to the hydrolysis of the functional compound rutin and generation of strong bitterness caused by the hydrolyzed moiety quercetin. This problem sometimes occurs between the trace and normal rutinosidase Tartary buckwheat varieties. Here, we developed a simple and rapid method for rutinosidase detection in ‘ripening seeds using UV light’ and in ‘dough using alum-flavonoid complexation’ from Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.). Normal rutinosidase seeds can be distinguished from trace-rutinosidase mature seeds and ripening young seeds using a rutin solution by comparing the muddiness, which corresponds to quercetin generation. In dough, we detected a threefold relative increase in rutinosidase activity corresponding to 1% contamination of normal rutinosidase flour with trace-rutinosidase flour within 65 min. These methods do not require expensive apparatuses and toxic chemicals and are therefore promising for detecting and preventing contamination by rutinosidase, e.g., in food processing factories.

Incorporating Environmental Protection Requirement in Industrial IoT Access Control Security Using Arduino Technology MQ2 and DHT11 Sensor Networks

This paper presents the development of environmental monitoring mechanism based on Arduino Sensor Technology for Industrial Internet of Things (Industrial IoT) Critical Infrastructure (CI) Protection in an Access Control role. Access control of hazardous substances is one of the most vulnerable aspects of Industrial IoT CI. The idea behind this study is to harden environmental security through live ecological monitoring of Temperature, Humidity and emitted hazardous substances or gases due to Industrial activities and processes in Smart CI places such as Nuclear Processing Plant, Thermal Generation Power Industries, Fossil Processing Plant, Military Chemical warfare plant, food processing factory, Agriculture Chemical Manufacturing Plant and many other CI industries. Live monitoring is one of the most important security requirements for any cyber-Access Control Mechanism. The literature revealed that similar systems were developed and implemented in different organizations and with different System Requirements and specifications. However, most CI industries have not automated environmental monitoring requirements and integrated the requirement into a broad institution security continuum. The consequence of neglecting environmental security is climate change. Furthermore, Toxic gas pollution affects millions of people around the world and contributes to about 5.4 percent of deaths worldwide. Pollution kills more people than the combination of malaria, AIDS, and tuberculosis hence the development of security mechanisms to monitor pollutants in the atmosphere. The main objective of this study was to develop a computer-based application for monitoring environmental hazardous substances such as extreme temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and Smoke in the atmosphere surrounding Industrial IoT CI Industries. The system development approach employed was the Arduino engineering process model. To achieve this objective, cheaper ecological sensor Networks that include MQ2 and DHT11 Arduino Sensors are connected to Arduino Uno Microcontroller through a solderless breadboard Arduino component. The backend database was MySQL Relational database management system. The developed prototype application produced a number of results including live monitoring of temperature, humidity, CO2, CO, Smoke, and many others. A system evaluation process was conducted and the result indicated 99.999% accuracy levels. The results, it evidence that the developed prototype application can improve environmental security in Industrial IoT CI institutions.

Aquaculture and Its Impact of The Covid-19 Pandemic on The Fish Processing Industry: Case Study from Local Community

The Indonesian government has facilitated farmers through the role of agricultural extensionists (AE). Covid-19 pandemic has caused heavily impacts on the fisheries sector especially on the socio-economic conditions of the stakeholders, e.g., fishers, fish farmers, traders, as well as consumers. This impact on aquaculture is about its production is largely influenced by the demand from the food service sectors, processing factories, and export. Movement restrictions of fish farmers and less demand from consumers needs to maintaining the stocks of cultured commodities becomes more expensive as most of the products could not be harvested. From the snow ball sampling methods and research interview, the covid-19 pandemic makes the fish processing industry decrease more than 56%. It impacts 3 main activities, such as reducing demand for fish, low prices due to cancellation of shipment by buyer and lack of technical service provider. This decrease has a positive impact on the community to overcome the existing problem, diversifying the product and recognize need for new strategies to identify marketing opportunities that use technology.

Biowastes of slaughterhouses and wet markets: an overview of waste management for disease prevention.

Slaughterhouse and wet market wastes are pollutants that have been always neglected by society. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, more than three billion and nineteen million livestock were consumed worldwide in 2018, which reflects the vast amount and the broad spectrum of the biowastes generated. Slaughterhouse biowastes are a significant volume of biohazards that poses a high risk of contamination to the environment, an outbreak of diseases, and insecure food safety. This work comprehensively reviewed existing biowaste disposal practices and revealed the limitations of technological advancements to eradicate the threat of possible harmful infectious agents from these wastes. Policies, including strict supervision and uniform minimum hygienic regulations at all raw food processing factories, should therefore be tightened to ensure the protection of the food supply. The vast quantity of biowastes also offers a zero-waste potential for a circular economy, but the incorporation of biowaste recycling, including composting, anaerobic digestion, and thermal treatment, nevertheless remains challenging.

Assessment of Safety Performance in Banana Alcoholic Beverage Processing Factories in Rwanda

Although the Rwandan competent authorities are putting effort to improve the safety of traditional banana alcoholic beverages, safety problems still exist. This study aimed to apply customized diagnostic tool to gain an insight into the performance of food safety in traditional banana alcoholic beverage factories as an evidence based to support the selection of suitable interventions for improvement to assure sustainability and meet growing market of traditional banana alcoholic beverages. Literature search was used to identify context factors, quality assurance and control activities that can influence safety of banana alcoholic beverage products and validated by processors through interview and participant observation. The data were collected in eleven factories located in Kigali city and four provinces of Rwanda using an assessment tool. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Office Excel. All factories have shown to operate in relatively high risk context (score 2-3), most of control activities were at basic level (score 1), whereas assurance activities were at relatively average level (score 1-2) which resulted into poor food safety performance (score 1). This shows that, the modern food safety practices can’t be applied in traditional food processing factories due to traditional methods and equipment, low level of science-based knowledge related to processing technology, food safety and hygiene. Therefore, there is a need to design modern equipment that are easy to clean and disinfect to replace traditional ones, to train technical staff on processing technology, safety and hygiene, and to change behaviors towards making decisions based on scientific knowledge.

A facile green reduction of graphene oxide using Terminalia Catappa leaves extract, it’s anti-microbial properties and adsorption behavior of food wastes

Food processing factories produce tonnes of by-products mainly includes polyphenols and foodprocessing wastewater which have several advantages like antimicrobial applications and UV protectingphenomena that can be utilized as nutraceuticals and these valuable by-products can be recovered tominimize solid waste disposal. In this study, we have discussed the eco-friendly reduction of grapheneoxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using Terminalia catappa (TC) leaves extract. Thesynthesized reduced graphene oxide is characterized by Fourier transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV Spectroscopy (UV), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), 3D opticalprofilometer, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Elemental analysis (EDAX). Further Antimicrobial properties of the produced reduced graphene oxide are investigated. To summarize, assynthesized facile reduced graphene oxide can be employed as a low-cost adsorbent for by-products fromfood industries.

An outbreak of Paragonimus westermani infection among Cambodian technical intern trainees in Japan, exhibiting various extrapulmonary lesions.

We encountered an outbreak of paragonimiasis among Cambodian technical intern trainees (TITs) at a food-processing factory in Fukuoka, Japan. The patients were 20-28years old, seven females and two males, who had been in Japan for one to four years. All of them had consumed raw or undercooked Japanese mitten crab they purchased at a local grocery store near their training place. CT images showed multiple lesions not only in the lungs but in the extrapulmonary organs as well, such as subcutaneous tissues, abdominal muscles, and mesentery, in most of the patients. Their medical records indicated that all of them acquired infection in Japan, not in Cambodia. Diagnosis was made serologically and the patients were treated with praziquantel successfully. Foreign workers and TITs are increasing in Japan so rapidly, that food borne-infections, including paragonimiasis, should be considered in people from developing countries who have exotic dietary habits.