Food Patterns Equivalents Database Research Articles

Association between dietary spermidine intake and depressive symptoms among US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2014

BackgroundSpermidine (SPD) has a number of advantageous effects, including life extension and neuroprotection. However, few observational studies have investigated the association of dietary SPD intake with depression. MethodsWe used data from the 2005–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the corresponding Food Patterns Equivalents Database (FPED). SPD content of food groups from published data were merged with the appropriate FPED data to estimate the SPD intake for each subject. Patients with Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores of 10 or above were thought to experience clinically relevant depression symptoms. Logistic regression, sensitivity analysis, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were used. ResultsAmong the 19,306 participants, the overall prevalence of depression was 8.72 %. After controlling for relevant confounders, individuals in the highest tertile or quartile of total SPD and SPD derived from fruits, vegetables, cereals, nuts, eggs and seafood had a significantly lower prevalence of depression (OR total SPD = 0.77, 95 % CI: 0.63–0.93); OR fruit-sourced SPD = 0.81, 95 % CI: 0.68–0.95; OR vegetable-sourced SPD = 0.72, 95 % CI: 0.61–0.85; OR cereals-sourced SPD = 0.73,95 % CI:0.60–0.88; OR nuts- sourced SPD = 0.80, 95 % CI: 0.71–0.91; OR egg-sourced = 0.72, 95 % CI: 0.62–0.84 and OR seafood-sourced SPD = 0.65, 95 % CI: 0.55–0.77) comparing those in the lowest tertile or quartile. ConclousionOur fndings reveal a negative association between dietary SPD intake and depression.

Nuts and seeds consumption impact on adolescent obesity: sex-specific associations from 2003 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

The nutritional benefits and immunological advantages of consuming nuts and seeds are well-established. However, the link between nuts and seeds consumption and the susceptibility of being overweight or obese among adolescents is not clear. This study aims to explore this relationship in adolescents aged 12–19. Using a weighted multiple logistic regression model, we analysed data of the Food Patterns Equivalents Database and the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2003 to 2018. We found a significant association between nuts and seeds consumption and a reduced odds of being overweight or obese in females. Specifically, females who habitually consumed nuts and seeds had lower odds of being overweight or obese (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.32–0.94). Additionally, we found an L-shaped relationship between nuts and seeds consumption and appropriate waist-to-height ratio in males. The findings suggest that nuts and seeds consumption may contribute to healthier physical development in adolescents.

The 24-hour food frequency assessment screening tool (FAST24): Development and evaluation of a novel dietary screener to identify foods associated with weight change

Brief screening questionnaires can identify 'at risk' behaviors in clinical settings. However, there is currently no screener for dietary intake specifically developed using foods associated with body weight change and increased risk for multiple chronic conditions and diseases. We developed a novel brief dietary screener, the 24-Hour Food Frequency Assessment Screening Tool Questionnaire (FAST24), to identify intake of foods associated with weight change. University students completed the FAST24 and the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool (ASA24) at two time points to assess acceptability and determine preliminary criterion validity against food categories from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Patterns Equivalents Database (FPED). 202 individuals (age 20.4±3.6 years; 65.7% females) completed the FAST24 in an average time of 2min compared to 24min for the ASA24. Over half of the food items from the FAST24 were matched to, and correlated with, standard USDA food pattern components (r's ranging from .15 to .58, p's<.05). Food items from the dietary data from the FAST24 were also highly correlated with the more intensive ASA24 application (r's ranging from .23 to .82, p's<.01), and were less time-consuming and burdensome to complete (p's<.0001). Findings support the continued refinement of the FAST24 as a rapid, valid primary care assessment tool for measuring USDA dietary intake patterns. Use of a short, simple screener such as the FAST24 has the potential for integration into large healthcare delivery settings to help establish a baseline for promoting relative behavior changes critical for long-term health and well-being.

Associations between Total and Added Sugar Intake and Diabetes among Chinese Adults: The Role of Body Mass Index.

Sugar intake has been linked to the global rise in diabetes. However, the unique diabetogenic effect of sugar, independent of weight gain, remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the associations between total and added sugar intake and diabetes status, and to test whether the sugar-diabetes associations were moderated or mediated by the body mass index (BMI). We performed a nationwide cross-sectional study on 12,889 Chinese adults who were enrolled in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) 2011. The data for the total and added sugar intake were measured using three consecutive 24 h recalls, and determined based on the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 28 (SR28), the Food Patterns Equivalents Database (FPED) 2015-2016, and the labeled ingredients and nutrient contents. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to analyze the associations between the total and added sugar intake and diabetes. A nutrient density model was used to adjust for the total energy intake. A mediation analysis for significant sugar-diabetes associations shown in multivariable logistic analysis (p < 0.05), and a subgroup analysis according to the BMI category were performed, to examine the mediating and moderating effects of the BMI on the sugar-diabetes association, respectively. We included 12,800 individuals, with a mean age of 50.5, in the final analysis. The means of the total and added sugar intake, total sugar (%E), and added sugar (%E) were 28.2 ± 0.2 g/d, 5.0 ± 0.1 g/d, 6.0 ± 0.0%, and 1.0 ± 0.0%, respectively. The overall prevalence of self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes was 4.0%. A significant association between the total sugar intake and an increased risk of diabetes was found (odds ratio [OR] =1.008, 95% CI 1.001-1.016). The mediation analysis showed a significant mediation effect through the BMI of the effect of the total sugar on diabetes status (p < 0.001), where 11.7% (95% CI: 4.7-35.7%) of the effect of the total sugar on diabetes was mediated through the BMI. The total sugar intake had a significant direct effect on diabetes around the BMI (estimated coefficient = 0.0004, p < 0.001). The overall total-sugar-intake-diabetes association remained significant in normal-weight participants in the subgroup analysis (OR =1.012, 1.000-1.024). In conclusion, although the BMI moderated and mediated the association between the total sugar intake and diabetes, the total sugar still showed some unique weight-independent diabetogenic effects. Our findings call for efforts to prevent and control diabetes by reducing sugar intake, and losing weight appropriately.

Association between nut consumption and frailty in the elderly: a large sample cross-sectional study.

Limited literature has addressed the impact of nut consumption in mitigating frailty. This study aimed to investigate the association between nut consumption and frailty among Americans aged above 60 years, employing two 24-h dietary recalls for analysis. The data sets of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2003-2018) and the Food Patterns Equivalents Database were utilised for a weighted multiple logistic regression model to evaluate the association between nut consumption and frailty in elderly adults. Furthermore, a restricted cubic spline model was employed to investigate the nonlinear relationship between nut intake and frailty. Besides, stratified and interaction analyses were conducted to explore the sensitivity of nut consumption in reducing the risk of frailty in diverse subgroups. The research study comprised 10,033 individuals aged 60 years or above, of whom 3591 were classified as frailty and 5302 consumed nuts. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis that adjusted for covariates, the weighted multivariate adjusted odds ratios demonstrated that the prevalence of frailty was lower in the nut intake group than in nonconsumers. The stratified analysis indicated that nearly all subgroups who consumed nuts had a significantly lower risk of frailty compared to nonconsumers, and an interaction was observed between nut intake and nonhypertensive populations. The optimal threshold for nut intake to decrease the risk of frailty was identified as 1.02 ounces. The study concluded that nut consumption has a constructive impact on averting frailty in elderly adults, particularly in nonhypertensive individuals. Nut intake of ~1.02 ounces per day is advantageous in improving the quality of life in elderly adults.

The Association of Food Groups and Consumption Time with Hyperuricemia: The U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2018.

Hyperuricemia (HUA) is associated with a wide range of diseases and increases the public health burden on society as a whole. In addition to genetic variation, diet plays a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of HUA as an important modifiable behavior. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether food groups and consumption time are associated with HUA. A total of 41,230 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2005 and 2018 were included in the study. All meals, including breakfast, lunch, and dinner, were obtained according to their corresponding Food Patterns Equivalents Database dietary data. The binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between food groups, food consumption time and HUA. We found that the intake of fruit (mixed in various forms) (OR = 0.942, 95% CI: 0.909-0.976) or freshly squeezed juices (OR = 0.915, 95% CI: 0.859-0.975), milk (OR = 0.839, 95% CI: 0.808-0.872), and eggs (OR = 0.881, 95% CI: 0.839-0.924), poultry (OR = 1.055, 95% CI: 1.033-1.077) and seafood high in n-3 fatty acids (OR = 1.068, 95% CI: 0.1.018-1.120) at dinner, eating refined grains at breakfast (OR = 0.954, 95% CI: 0.924-0.985) and dinner (OR = 0.962, 95% CI: 0.944-0.980), eating whole grains (OR = 0.908, 95% CI: 0.845-0.976) at lunch, consuming alcoholic beverages or foods at breakfast (OR = 0.748, 95% CI: 0.564-0.990)/lunch (OR = 1.118, 95% CI: 1.008-1.240)/dinner (OR = 1.127, 95% CI: 1.073-1.185) were associated with HUA. Eating particular meals at particular times of the day was related to a lower risk of HUA.

P14-089-23 Development of Food Patterns Equivalents Database for Use With WWEIA, NHANES 2017–March 2020 Pre-Pandemic

P14-089-23 Development of Food Patterns Equivalents Database for Use With WWEIA, NHANES 2017–March 2020 Pre-Pandemic

Consumption Patterns and the Nutritional Contribution of Total, Processed, Fresh, and Fresh-Lean Pork to the U.S. Diet

Pork has the potential to provide several macro and micronutrients to the diet, as it is a commonly consumed protein in the United States and across many cultures worldwide. There is an absence of clinical and observational studies that isolate the nutritional contribution of various types of pork intake from that of other red and/or processed meats. The objective of this study was to assess consumption patterns and the nutritional contribution of total, processed, fresh, and fresh-lean pork to the diets of participants aged 2+ years enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2018 data cycles. The recent National Cancer Institute method was used to disaggregate fresh and processed pork intake from the USDA Food Patterns Equivalents Database. The mean intake of total pork among consumers was estimated to be 79.5 ± 0.82, 54.2 ± 0.69, 54.6 ± 0.93, and 45.9 ± 0.73, g/d for men, women, boys, and girls, respectively. Total pork consumption subtly increased intakes of total energy and several macro and micronutrients, decreased diet quality (HEI-2015) scores (adults only), and consumption of other “healthful” food groups. Only subtle but clinically insignificant effects of pork intake on biomarkers of nutritional status were shown. These trends were largely driven by processed pork consumption and the co-consumption of foods such as condiments. Increasing the availability and education around fresh-lean cuts may help to increase intake of protein and other key nutrients across certain subpopulations, without adversely affecting diet quality and biomarkers of health status.

Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption is associated with worse cognitive functions in older adults: from the national health and nutrition examination survey and food patterns equivalents database

ABSTRACT Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) consumption (including individual SSB) and cognitive function from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and Food Patterns Equivalents Database (FPED) and whether it is age-dependent. Methods: Older adults aged 60 years old and over were included during the NHANES 2011–2014. SSB consumption was defined as the amount of added sugar obtained by connecting the NHANES and FPED. Cognitive function tests included the consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease test, Animal Fluency Test and Digit Symbol Substitution Test. We calculated z-score using the average of the total standardized scores on three cognitive tests to estimate the level of whole cognition. Multi-variable linear regression models and interaction analysis were conducted in this study. Results: For individual SSB types, increased carbonated soft drinks, sweetened tea, fruit drinks, energy drinks, and sport drinks were all significantly linked to declined cognitive function (P < 0.05), respectively. Nevertheless, interaction effects by age groups were not significant (P for interaction > 0.05). Discussion: SSB consumption (including individual SSB) was negatively associated with cognitive function, which was not age-dependent. Future studies may advance the knowledge in the field considering the association between SSB consumption and cognitive function.

Development of a metric Healthy Eating Index-2015 and comparison with the Healthy Eating Index-2015 for the evaluation of dietary quality.

BackgroundDiet quality indices can provide important information about relationships between diet and health independent of energy balance. The Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) is widely used and has been extensively evaluated. However, due to imperial units the HEI-2015 is difficult to apply in countries with metric systems. Our objective was to develop a metric version of the HEI-2015 and compare it to the original. The metric Healthy Eating Index-2015 (mHEI-2015) is intended to simplify the application of a dietary quality index in countries using the metric system.MethodsWe developed a metric database logic following the methodology of the HEI-2015, which allows the application to metric databases and was applied to Food Patterns Equivalents Database (FPED). The HEI-2015 was calculated for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018 and the scoring standards for each component of the mHEI-2015 was calibrated against it. For the assessment of agreement between indices, HEI-2015 and mHEI-2015 were calculated for NHANES 2015-2016 and a Bland–Altman plot was created.ResultsHealthy Eating Index-2015 and mHEI-2015 for the NHANES 2015-2016 averaged 52.5 ± 13.5 and 52.6 ± 13.2, respectively. The total scores as well as component scores of the indices were strongly correlated. The Bland–Altman plot revealed a high agreement of the total scores. An illustrated analysis of six different menu plans showed only minor differences between the HEI-2015 and mHEI-2015 component scores.ConclusionThe mHEI-2015 allows for superior analysis of metric dietary data to better examine the relationship between chronic diseases and diet. The streamlined metric methodology enables straightforward application to metric food databases and thus the development of country-specific indices.

Total and Added Sugar Intakes Are Increasing among Children and Adolescents in China: Findings from CHNS 1997-2011.

A high level of sugar intake has been linked to poor dietary quality and a wide range of chronic diseases. However, data on sugar intake are still scarce in China. This study aimed to provide time trends in the total and added sugar intakes among Chinese children and adolescents from 1997 to 2011. A nationwide ongoing open prospective cohort study of Chinese children and adolescents aged 3–17 years (n = 13,212) was conducted by using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) 1997–2011 (six 1-year cycles). An individual dietary intake was collected from three consecutive 24-h recalls during randomly allocated home visits. Data for total and added sugar contents were determined based on the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 28 (SR28), the Food Patterns Equivalents Database (FPED) 2015–2016, and the labeled ingredients and nutrient contents. General linear regression was used to estimate time trends. Over the 15-year period, total sugar and added sugar intakes increased among all age groups studied (3–17 years: total sugar increased from 11.2 ± 0.3 g/d to 28.1 ± 0.5 g/d, added sugar increased from 1.0 ± 0.1 g/d to 7.2 ± 0.3 g/d; 3–6 years: 9.5 ± 0.6 g/d to 25.1 ± 0.9 g/d, 1.3 ± 0.2 g/d to 6.9 ± 0.4 g/d; 7–12 years: 11.4 ± 0.5 g/d to 28.1 ± 0.8 g/d, 0.9 ± 0.1 g/d to 7.1 ± 0.5 g/d; 13–17 years: 11.8 ± 0.4 g/d to 31.4 ± 1.1 g/d, 1.0 ± 0.2 g/d to 7.6 ± 0.6 g/d) (all p for trend < 0.001). Adolescents aged 13–17 years had the highest total sugar intake, and children aged 3–6 years had the highest added sugar intake, except for 2011. Children and adolescents living in urban areas and who were overweight had much higher total and added sugar intakes than those residing in rural areas and of non-overweight/obesity. Furthermore, the dietary sources of total and added sugars have become more diverse over the study period. In conclusion, we observed a notable rise in total and added sugar intakes among children and adolescents across all age groups, both genders, both urban and rural areas, and all BMI categories, with dietary sources of total and added sugars becoming more diverse in China over 15 years.

The Relationship between Alternative Healthy Diet Index and Cognitive Function in the Older Adults: The Mediating Effect of Depressive Symptoms.

This study aimed to investigate the association between the alternative healthy eating index-2010 (AHEI-2010) with cognitive function and the mediating role of depressive symptoms in older adults using the data from the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The AHEI-2010 was calculated from NHANES individual food data and Food Patterns Equivalents Database (FPED) diet data. Cognitive function was assessed by the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s disease (CERAD, memory function indicator), Word Learning sub-test, digital symbol substitution test (DSST, processing speed indicator), animal fluency test (AFT, executive function indicator), and the comprehensive z-score (global cognition indicator). A weighted multiple linear regression model was used to explore the relationship between AHEI-2010 and cognitive function, and Karlson–Holm–Breen (KHB) method was used to explore the mediating effect of depressive symptoms. A total of 2644 participants were included in this study. Participants with higher AHEI-2010 scores were more likely to have higher scores in DSST, AFT, and comprehensive z-score compared with the lowest quartile. Depressive symptoms play a significant mediating role between AHEI-2010 and cognitive function. The proportion of mediating in CERAD, DSST, AFT, and comprehensive z-score was 14.14%, 9.10%, 9.15%, and 10.47%, respectively. This study found that higher dietary quality was associated with better cognitive function. In addition, depressive symptoms may be an important pathway linking diet and cognitive function.

Combined association of depressive symptoms and sugar-sweetened beverages consumption with low cognitive performance

BackgroundThe combined association of depressive symptoms and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) consumption with low cognitive performance is poorly understood so far. MethodsData from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2014 and Food Patterns Equivalents Database was used. Depressive symptoms were identified using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. The combinations of depressive symptoms/SSB were defined as a categorical variable comprising no depressive symptoms/low SSB, no depressive symptoms/high SSB, mild-to-severe depressive symptoms/low SSB and mild-to-severe depressive symptoms/high SSB. Cognitive function was measured by three tests. People whose score were lower than the gender group stratified lowest quartile were defined as low cognitive performance. Logistic regression model was applied to examine the combined association with low cognitive performance. Interaction analysis was conducted to verify the interaction with gender. ResultsThe combined associations of depressive symptoms and SSB consumption with low cognitive performance were significant. For the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease test, the combinations of mild-to-severe depressive symptoms/low SSB (ORs (95 % CI): 1.59 (1.01, 2.52)), no depressive symptoms/high SSB (ORs (95 % CI): 1.48 (0.96, 2.26)) and mild-to-severe depressive symptoms/high SSB (ORs (95 % CI): 1.74 (1.21, 2.53)) had significant or marginally significant associations with low cognitive performance to those with no depressive symptoms and low SSB consumption. LimitationThis is a cross-sectional study. ConclusionsThe combination of depressive symptoms and SSB consumption might be associated with low cognitive performance, which had gender differences. These evidences could help guide interventions that focus on dietary nutrition patterns or mood for low cognitive performance.

Contribution of Ultra-Processed Foods to Complimentary Foods and Beverage Intake Among U.S. Infants and Toddlers According to NOVA

ObjectivesTo describe processing degree of complimentary foods and beverages (CFBs) according to NOVA for infants and toddlers in the US and describe how each NOVA group contributes to nutrients and food groups of concern identified by the 2020–2025 US Dietary Guideline for Americans.MethodsUsing day 1 dietary recall data from 2013–18 NHANES, we classified reported CFBs for infants and toddlers aged 6–23 months (n = 1140) into NOVA groups [unprocessed, culinary ingredients, processed, and ultra-processed foods (UPFs)]. We calculated % contribution of each NOVA group to energy from CFB (not including energy from human milk and formula). We also estimated the % contribution of NOVA groups to intakes of iron, vit D, zinc, sodium, vit B12, choline, potassium, vit A, vit C, and calcium from USDA's Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies and total fruit, whole fruit, total vegetable, total grains, refined grains, whole grains, total dairy, milk, yogurt, total protein foods, added sugars, and solid fats from USDA's Food Patterns Equivalents Database. Complex survey design features were applied with SAS survey procedures.ResultsFor infants and toddlers aged 6–23 months, 42 ± 0.9% of energy intake from CFBs was classified as unprocessed, 3 ± 0.2% as culinary ingredients, 9 ± 0.6% as processed, and 45 ± 0.8% as UPFs. At least 35% of all selected nutrients were from UPFs. Iron (81 ± 0.01%), zinc (58 ± 0.01%), and sodium (57 ± 0.01%) had the highest contributions from UPFs. UPFs were the largest contributor to intake of total grains (83 ± 0.01%), refined grains (83 ± 0.01%), whole grains (81 ± 0.02%), yogurt (82 ± 0.04%), and added sugars (87 ± 0.01%). Total fruit (78 ± 0.01%), whole fruit (69 ± 0.02%), total vegetable (56 ± 0.02%), total dairy (74 ± 0.02%), and milk (94 ± 0.01%) were largely from unprocessed foods. Unprocessed foods and UPFs contributed similarly to intakes of total protein foods and solid fats.ConclusionsUPFs contributed the majority of added sugar intake to the diets of infants and toddlers in the US, but also contributed meaningfully to foods and nutrients that are under consumed, such as iron and whole grains. Degree of food processing as a dimension of dietary quality among infants and toddlers requires further consideration.Funding SourcesNone.

A Standardized Assessment of Processed Red Meat and Processed Poultry Intake in the US Population Aged ≥2 Years Using NHANES

BackgroundStandardized methods are needed to investigate intake patterns of processed meat subtypes, considering health concerns surrounding processed meat intake. ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to create a standardized method of disaggregating processed meat into processed red meat and processed poultry and describe intake patterns of the US population aged ≥2 y. MethodsTwo researchers independently manually disaggregated processed meat from the Food Patterns Equivalents Database into processed red meat and processed poultry based on available information from the Foods and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies. We created an SAS program (called Processed Meat Categories) to mimic the manual coding. We used the program to describe intake patterns and trends over time of processed red meat and processed poultry using 24-h recalls from 2007–2008 through 2017–2018 NHANES data with SAS survey-weighted procedures for complex surveys. ResultsThe SAS program had high agreement with the manual code (Pearson concordance correlation ≥0.95). Of the US population aged ≥2 y, 46.8% (95% CI: 45.3, 48.2%) reported consuming any processed meat, 42.5% (95% CI: 41.0, 43.9%) reported consuming processed red meat, and 11.3% (95% CI: 10.2, 12.4%) reported consuming processed poultry. Most [74.1 ± 0.13% (SEM)] processed meat reported was red meat compared with poultry, and 32.1 ± 0.01% of total red meat and 13.7 ± 0.01% of total poultry reported were processed. Prevalence of processed poultry intake increased from 9.5% (95% CI: 8.9, 10.1%) in 2007–2010 to 11.3% (95% CI: 10.2, 12.4%) in 2015–2018 (P < 0.0001), but mean intake amount did not change. Prevalence of processed red meat intake did not change over time, but mean intake decreased from 0.8 ± 0.03 ounce-equivalents in 2007–2010 to 0.7 ± 0.02 ounce-equivalents (P = 0.0058) in 2015–2018. ConclusionsThe Processed Meat Categories SAS program is a tool available for researchers to standardize estimates of processed meat subtypes for future dietary patterns research. Intake of total processed meat did not change in the United States, but intake amount of processed red meat decreased and the prevalence of processed poultry consumers increased.

Estimated Phytate Intake Is Associated with Improved Cognitive Function in the Elderly, NHANES 2013-2014.

Phytate, an antioxidant, may improve cognition by inhibiting iron catalyzed hydroxyl radical formation. Particularly in the elderly, this provides a potential dietary approach for mitigating age-related brain neuronal dysfunction and loss. In this study, we investigated the relationship between phytate intake and cognitive function in the elderly. We used data from the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the corresponding Food Patterns Equivalents Database (FPED). Phytate content of food groups from published data were merged with the appropriate FPED data to estimate the total phytate intake for each subject. Principal component analysis was used to develop a composite score from four cognitive function scores in NHANES data, and regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between this score and phytate intake. Median phytate intake was 0.65 (0.61, 0.71) g/day. It was low among females, non-Hispanic blacks, and people with history of at least one chronic disease (p < 0.05). In regression analysis adjusted for confounders, phytate intake was positively associated with cognitive function (β (95% CI) = 1.90 (0.73–3.07); p = 0.015). These results suggest that phytate may be associated with improved cognition, hence the need to consider including phytate-rich foods in the diet among the elderly.

P53 Contribution of Plant-Based and Animal-Based Sources to Protein Foods Intakes Among US Adults by Sex and Age

<h3>Background</h3> Recent focus of dietary recommendations has greater emphasis of reliance on plant-based proteins. Before applying broad recommendations, it is important to assess current consumption patterns of plant-based and animal-based protein sources among the US population. <h3>Objective</h3> To identify the proportion of US adults who consumed protein types, and their contributions to overall protein source intakes among US adults by sex and age. <h3>Study Design, Setting, Participants</h3> This cross-sectional study examined 24-hour dietary recall data for 35,309 participants from 2005-2018 NHANES. Participants were stratified by sex and age category (20-35, 36-50, 51-70, 71+ years). <h3>Measurable Outcome/Analysis</h3> Dietary data from the day of intake were used to estimate intakes from protein sources using the Food Patterns Equivalents Database (FPED). Mean intakes of ounce equivalents were generated for FPED protein food categories, aggregated to identify the proportions of protein food sources. Data were weighted to produce nationally representative means and 95% confidence intervals. <h3>Results</h3> On the day of intake, 93% of all participants consumed meat, poultry, or seafood. More adults in the older age groups consumed eggs, nuts/seeds, and seafood high in n-3 fatty acids; whereas, fewer adults in the older age groups consumed meat, poultry, legumes, and soy. On the day of intake, males consumed greater quantities of all protein food categories than all strata. At least 70% of the day's protein food intakes were consumed from meat, poultry, or seafood for all groups. While the proportion of eggs were consistent across all groups, meat, poultry, and seafood ratios decreased across age categories whereas plant protein ratios increased. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Current protein food consumption patterns among US adults were highest from meat, poultry, and seafood rather than plant proteins. While animal-based intakes were slightly lower in older age groups, intakes of plant-based protein sources remain low. Promoting plant-based protein foods may be challenging for many adults with low or absent intakes.

Usual intakes of food pattern components by U.S. children: WWEIA, NHANES 2013–2016

This research estimates adherence to the recommended Healthy U.S.-Style Pattern in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA), 2015–2020 by U.S. children using national dietary intake data from WWEIA, NHANES, 2013–2016. The sample included 723 and 1685 children age 2−3 years and 4−8 years, respectively. The Food Patterns Equivalents Database and the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies 2013–2014 and 2015–2016 were used to determine the consumption of Food Pattern components and select nutrients. Usual intake estimates were produced using the National Cancer Institute Method and compared to the DGA energy-specific recommendations based on age, sex, and assuming the lowest physical activity level. Children age 2−3 years had significantly (p < 0.001) higher percentages meeting the DGA recommended intake than 4−8 years for fruits (62 % vs 36 %), vegetables (11 % vs 5%), dairy (55 % vs 28 %) and protein foods (68 % vs 42 %). For components to limit, children age 2−3 years had significantly (p < 0.001) higher percentages who did not exceed the recommended limit for added sugar (50 % vs 20 %) and sodium (20 % vs 10 %). While age was a factor in adherence to DGA recommendations among younger children, minimal differences were seen by race/ethnicity and family income.

Estimating phytate intake from the US diet using the NHANES data

Phytate found in plant source foods has long been considered an antinutrient but recent studies have shown its beneficial antioxidant properties. Despite its health benefits, there are very few options for assessing phytate intake, especially in epidemiological studies. The aim of this study was to demonstrate an approach for estimating phytate intake from the US diet using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. We used data from NHANES 2009–2010 and 2013–2014 cycles and their corresponding Food Patterns Equivalents Database (FPED). To estimate phytate intake, the phytate content of nine food groups from the Food and Agriculture Organization/International Network of Food Data Systems/International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (FAO/INFOODS/IZiNCG) database were merged with the appropriate FPED data. Phytate intake values were first estimated at the food group level and summed up to obtain daily intakes using two different approaches depending on the FPED data chosen. The mean phytate intake was 738 ± 10 mg/day for 2009–2010 and 784 ± 16 mg/day for 2013–2014. Refined grains contributed 52–53 % while nuts and seeds contributed 11–12 % to phytate intake. This new approach will be useful for further evaluating the relationships among phytate intake, micronutrient status and other health outcomes in the US population.

Delineating the Nutritional Contribution of Animal Protein to Total Intakes Among Adults in the US

Abstract Objectives Recent health recommendations emphasize plant proteins and limiting animal proteins. Animal-based protein foods contribute to key micronutrient intakes beyond protein, such as zinc, iron, and vitamin B12. This study aimed to identify the contributions of foods containing meat, poultry, or seafood (MPS) in comparison to the day's total intakes. Methods Complete dietary data via 24-hour recalls from the 2005–2018 NHANES were analyzed among adults aged &amp;gt;19 years (n = 35,309). The Food and Nutrients Database for Dietary Studies and Food Patterns Equivalents Database were used to estimate nutrient intakes and food categories, respectively. Foods containing MPS were identified as those that included meats, cured meats, organ meats, poultry, and seafood. The contribution of nutrients from all foods containing MPS were aggregated for each participant. Nutrient intakes from the total day and from MPS intakes were assessed for the total population, as well as across sex and age categories (20–35, 36–50, 51–70, 71 + years). Data were weighted to produce nationally representative estimates of nutrient intakes. Results Over half of dietary protein consumed on the day of intake originated from foods containing MPS in all groups besides adults aged 71 years and older (48%). MPS foods contributed to the majority (&amp;gt;50%) of cholesterol, selenium, vitamin B12, niacin, zinc, and lycopene intakes, and moderately (&amp;gt;30%) contributed to sodium, choline, unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, phosphorus, vitamins B1 and B6, and iron intakes. On average, males consumed greater quantities and proportions of both total protein and MPS-specific protein foods, with a greater % of the day's micronutrient intakes from MPS foods. Conclusions While recent recommendations have emphasized the consumption of plant proteins, the nutritional contribution of MPS foods to total dietary intakes indicates a greater role in nutritional intakes than protein. MPS containing foods served as key contributors to essential nutrients. Promoting dietary guidelines that reduce the consumption of these foods should account for the intakes of such nutrients in making targeted efforts to balance nutritional status with other foci of health and disease. Funding Sources This research was supported by the Beef Checkoff program.