Food Consumption Data Research Articles

Unhealthy Dietary Pattern Associated with Common Mental Disorders in Adults and Older Adults: A Population-based Study

Background:: Mental and behavioral disorders are influenced by biological, psychological and social factors, especially income, gender, age and family environment, indicating that physical health is directly associated with mental health. In this perspective, food consumption is highlighted as a risk factor for mental health, as healthy behaviors, along with a good quality diet, can reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression. Objective:: The objective of this a study is to investigate the association between CMD and dietary patterns, among other lifestyle and socioeconomic factors. Method:: Cross-sectional population-based and household study conducted with 1574 individuals aged over 20 years, of both sexes, residing in Teresina and Picos, Piaui, Brazil. Sociodemographic, lifestyle and food consumption data were collected. The instrument used to identify the presence of CMDs was the Self Reporting Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20). Dietary patterns were obtained using the Principal Component Analysis method. Results:: Individuals of female sex, separated, with low education, smokers and lower level of physical activity had a higher prevalence of common mental disorders. As for the eating pattern, after adjustments, individuals who adhered to the unhealthy eating pattern had a 9% higher prevalence of CMD. Furthermore, adherence to the white meat standard represented 12% higher prevalence of CMD. Conclusion:: The results showed that, regardless of other socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, adherence to a more monotonous eating pattern in foods, characterized by the mainly consumption of animal protein and the lack consumption of foods like fruits and vegetables, as well as a less healthy one, characterized by the consumption of ultra-processed foods, increases the risk of developing CMD.

Dietary exposure to high-intensity sweeteners by the Brazilian self-declared diabetic population and general Brazilian population

Due to an increasing use of high-intensity sweeteners in foods and potential health implications of high levels exposure, the intake of high-intensity sweeteners present in the diet of the Brazilian population and the self-declared diabetic population, based on national consumption data from the 2017-2018 Family Budget Survey (POF), was estimated. The occurrence of the high-intensity sweeteners was established by labeling foods obtained in physical stores and online, in two scenarios: average and maximum concentration. Food consumption data were derived for the self-declared diabetic Brazilian population and the Brazilian population for average consumers and consumers only, stratified by: sex, age, habitation, and regions from Brazil. For consumers only of the general Brazilian population, the intake of sodium cyclamate, steviol glycosides, and sucralose exceeded the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), mainly in adolescents (131.3%, 117.2, 123.0% of respective ADI). The estimated intake for the diabetic population was below ADI in all scenarios calculated. The most exposed diabetic population to sodium cyclamate and sucralose were female (69.6% and 59.4% of respective ADI) and the elderly (79.2% and 70.1% of respective ADI). The Brazilian population, mainly high consumers, was more exposed to high-intensity sweeteners than the self-declared diabetic population.

Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) dietary exposure is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort

Aims/hypothesisThe aim of the present study was to investigate the association between dietary exposures to dioxins, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. MethodsThis prospective cohort study with a median 11.7 years of follow-up, included 318,416 individuals recruited in 21 centers in eight countries. Dietary intake of dioxins and PCBs was calculated by combining EPIC food consumption data with food contamination data from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). To identify incident cases of T2DM, a thorough review of various sources including self-reported information, linkage to primary and secondary care registers, drug registers, hospital admissions, and mortality data was conducted. Associations between dietary intake of dioxins and PCBs and T2DM were evaluated using multivariable Cox regressions. ResultsHigher T2DM risk was observed for higher estimated dietary intake of non-dioxin-like PCBs (NDL-PCBs; HR per 1 SD increment = 1.03 [95%CI 1.01;1.04], and HR (Q4 vs Q1) = 1.15 [1.08;1.22], P-trend < 0.001). The results were consistent in analyses stratified by gender, body mass index, country, median follow-up, or self-reported hypertension and hyperlipidemia, as well as when adjusting for fat intake. No consistent association was observed between dioxins+DL-PCBs intake and T2DM risk. Conclusion / interpretationResults obtained in this large European prospective study indicate a positive and linear association between dietary intake of NDL-PCBs and risk of T2DM. This association remained consistent across various stratified and sensitivity analyses. Further studies are warranted to better understand the biological mechanisms underlying this association.

Current and potential contributions of large-scale food fortification to meeting micronutrient requirements in Senegal: a modelling study using household food consumption data

IntroductionMicronutrient deficiencies are common among women of reproductive age (WRA) and children in Senegal. Large-scale food fortification (LSFF) can help fill gaps in dietary intake.MethodsWe used household food consumption data...

Bouillon fortification as a strategy to address inequities in micronutrient adequacy of diets in Nigeria.

Bouillon is a widely consumed condiment in many West African countries, including Nigeria. Although Nigeria has mandatory fortification standards for multiple food vehicles, bouillon fortification could help address remaining gaps in micronutrient intake. Using household food consumption data, we used the nutrient density method to model the additional contribution of bouillon fortified with vitamin A (40-250µg/g bouillon), folic acid (20-120µg/g), vitamin B12 (0.2-2µg/g), iron (0.6-5mg/g), and zinc (0.6-5mg/g) for meeting micronutrient requirements of women of reproductive age (WRA) and children aged 6-59 months. Accounting for existing fortification programs, our results showed that, except for iron, the prevalence of inadequacy was substantially higher among WRA and children living in poorer and rural households. Given the ubiquity of bouillon consumption, bouillon fortification has the potential to virtually eliminate vitamin A, folate, and vitamin B12 inadequacy, reduce the prevalence of zinc inadequacy by over 20 percentage points, and improve equity in the micronutrient adequacy of diets across socioeconomic strata and urban and rural residence. Our results also suggested that designing a bouillon fortification program would require careful planning to balance reductions in inadequacy with the risk of high intakes. This evidence provides important input into decisions around bouillon fortification in Nigeria.

Association between Higher Intake of Flavonols and Lignans and Better Mood: Evidence from Dietary and Biomarker Evaluation in Healthy Individuals.

The aim of this study is to investigate associations between (poly)phenol consumption, circulating (poly)phenol metabolites, and mood states in healthy individuals. The study included 333 healthy individuals. Mood state was assessed with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule questionnaire. Dietary (poly)phenol intake wasestimated matching food consumption data collected using aFood Frequency Questionnaire(FFQ) with a comprehensive in-house (poly)phenol database. A total of 102 (poly)phenol metabolites werequantified in fasting plasma and 24h urine samples by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry using a validated method. A higher intake of lignans, flavanones, and flavonols estimated from FFQs was associated with positive mood after adjusting for age and sex (β: 0.118 to 0.134). A total of 11 urinary (poly)phenol metabolites, including lignan and flavonol metaboliteswere associated with less negative mood (β: -0.387 to -0.205). No association was found between mood and plasma (poly)phenols. A higher consumptionof lignans flavanones and flavonols isassociated with a better mood, while certain urinary metabolites are associated with less negative mood. The lack of associations between fasting plasma (poly)phenols and mood may be due to their transient nature incirculation compared with 24 h urinary metabolites, which reflect longer-term exposure.

Nutritional Status and Food Habits of Child Labor in Rangpur City, Bangladesh

Background: In Bangladesh, the harsh reality of child labor persists, with over 8 million children engaged in such work. This not only deprives them of their childhood but also has severe implications for their mental and physical health. This study seeks to investigate the daily food intake and nutritional status of child laborers in Rangpur City, shedding light on the broader health impacts of child labor in this region. Methods: The study employed a structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurements to assess the socioeconomic status and dietary habits of participants. Pretesting ensured questionnaire accuracy, while daily and weekly recall methods captured comprehensive food consumption data. Socioeconomic inquiries included income, education, employment, and family details, providing a holistic understanding of participants' circumstances. Results: The survey highlights that most working children are aged 12-14, predominantly employed in mechanics and sales, working long hours under precarious conditions for low wages, primarily to support their families. Despite some attending primary school and receiving employer-provided meals and medical aid, these children struggle with inadequate education and nutrition, and a high incidence of workplace accidents. Conclusion: Child laborers have often poorer nutritional status than the average person. They are not provided with a proper diet. Consequently, they are dealing with various health problems.

Consuming Habits Fast Food and the incidence of obesity in elementary school students

Obesity has become a global pandemic throughout the world and is declared the largest chronic health problem, making it a major public health problem, including for school-aged children. The aim of this research is to identify the relationship between consumption fast food and the incidence of obesity in elementary school students. Design approach cross-sectional with a student population in one of the elementary schools in Manado City. The number of respondents was 162 people with the criteria being aged 6 years and over and having consent from their parents, taken using techniques quota sampling. Fast food consumption data was collected using a paper-based questionnaire, while the incidence of obesity was measured by BMI. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test with significance values p ≤ 0.005. The research results showed a significant relationship between consumption frequency fast food with the incidence of obesity in students (p &lt; 0.001). It is recommended for schools to provide school canteens that comply with health standards and for parents to prepare a healthy breakfast for children

Increased food crop diversification and gathering of wild plants associated with women's dietary diversity in Chad.

Women of reproductive age are particularly vulnerable to low-quality diets due to their higher micronutrients needs. The minimum dietary diversity for women (MDDW) is a proxy for micronutrient adequacy in this group of women. Its relationship with other aspects that lead to malnutrition is not fully elucidated and depends on the context. In this study, we assessed the prevalence of MDDW among women of a rural area in Chad and its association with socioeconomical, agricultural, dietary and food security data. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Following a multistage cluster sampling, 984 women of reproductive age were randomly selected and interviewed in March 2019. We obtained food consumption data through unquantified 24 h recalls and computed MDDW as consuming at least five out of 10 predefined food groups. We constructed a Food Production Diversity Score (FPDS) with crop and livestock information. We obtained multivariable logistic regression models including different covariates. MDDW was achieved by only 33% of women in the sample. In our final model, we identified a significant association of MDDW with the FPDS and gathering ofwild plants. Women in households with the highest FPDS had 70% more chances of achieving MDDW than those with the lowest FPDS. Gathering wild plants doubled these chances. Areas of cultivated land,Water, Sanitation and Hygiene resources, and a high level of food security, measured with the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale,were also significantly related to the achievement of MDDW. This illustrates the importance of nutrition-sensitive policies, also considering biodiversity and food production diversification.

Determination and evaluation of canthaxanthin and β-apo-8’-carotenoid ethyl ester in chicken eggs and meat in Tianjin

Canthaxanthin and β-apo-8’-carotenoid ethyl ester are widely used as feed additives in poultry feed for enhancing the color of poultry products. The excessive intake of the two colorants can cause health damage. According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of canthaxanthin and β-apo-8’-carotenoid ethyl ester are 0.03 mg/kg·bw and 0.015 mg/kg·bw, respectively. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (UPLC-DAD) was used to determine two colorants in chicken eggs and meat. A PRiME HLB solid-phase extraction cartridge was used to extract and clean-up the sample. BEH C18 column was used as the separation column, with water containing 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.05 mg/kg, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.1 mg/kg. The recoveries were between 90% and 104%. The daily intake of two colorants in chicken eggs and meat was evaluated based on the detection data, food consumption data and weight data of the population. The mean estimated daily intake (EDI) values of canthaxanthin through chicken eggs and meat were 1.09 µg/(kg·bw·d) and 0.013 µg/(kg·bw·d), respectively. The mean EDI value of β-apo-8’-carotenoid ethyl ester through eggs was 0.44 µg/(kg·bw·d). The results showed that eggs were the main contributor to the daily intake of two colorants. The mean hazard quotients (HQ) values of two colorants through chicken eggs and meat was within a safe range.

Dietary exposure assessment for volatile N-nitrosamines from food and beverages for the U.S. population

Detailed analysis of dietary nitrosamine exposure for the U.S. population has been limited, yet it is critical for evaluating the amount of nitrosamines in the American diet. The dietary exposures to N-nitrosamines from consumption of food and beverages were estimated for the U.S. population aged 2 years and older and children aged 2 to 5 years using 2-day food consumption data from the publicly available, combined 2015–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and data on residual volatile N-nitrosamine levels in food available from our recent comprehensive literature review. The estimated eaters-only mean dietary exposure to N-nitrosamines ranged from 0.1 µg/person/day for U.S. children aged 2–5 years to 0.2 µg/person/day for the U.S. population aged 2 years and older. For the U.S. population aged 2 years and older, over 40% of the daily dietary exposure to N-nitrosamines resulted from the consumption of processed cured meats.

Body Composition, Nutrition and Hydration Profile of Paralympic Athletes

Paralympic athletes are separated from healthy athletes by having various diseases/disabilities and using auxiliary equipment. This study was planned to compare paralympic athletes' hydration, body composition, and nutritional status. For this purpose, a comparison of branches, sex, and nutritional habits on training day and non-training day were examined by 66 professional athletes from the Turkish Physically Disabled Sports Federation included in the research. Demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, nutritional habits, and physical activity data of individuals were collected. Dietary, physical activity, and water balance scale records were determined to evaluate the nutritional, physical activity, and hydration status of these athletes, respectively. Food consumption data were analyzed with the Nutrition Information System (BeBis) in detail; energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, water, vitamin D, vitamin B12, calcium, magnesium, and iron were examined. Measuring mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) is a good indicator of skeletal muscle protein mass. While women’s MUAC was 28.9±3.8 cm and men’s MUAC was 30.7±7.0 cm, respectively. When the reference values recommended for healthy athletes are met, it has been observed that protein, carbohydrate, iron, and calcium didn’t meet the recommendations. Carbohydrate, dietary vitamin D, calcium and magnesium values were found to be higher on the training day than on the non-training day (p0.05). The hydration status of the athletes was found to be inadequate in all conditions of gender, branch and the presence or absence of training.

Application of EFSA EU menu database and R computing language to calculate the green chlorophyll intake in the European population

The growing evidence of the health benefits of chlorophyll pigments and the claims that could arise from industry and academia require data on their common dietary intakes. This study presents data on the chronic intake of green chlorophyll in 23 European countries using standardised methodologies to manage food consumption data within the EU Menu methodology. A mean intake of 207.12 mg of green chlorophylls/(d × person) for the adult population was calculated, considering significant covariates. The hierarchical cluster and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) techniques were applied to analyse intake disparities by region and age groups, identifying common food sources of green chlorophylls, such as olive oil, kale, and spinach. This paper presents a modern mathematical approach for obtaining novel information from existing databases of food composition data. Future challenges include building a comprehensive chlorophyll composition database for foods and extending the estimation to non-green chlorophyll pigments and metallo-chlorophyll food colourants.

The healthy eating index for older adults: adaptation of the 2015 healthy eating index considering dietary guidelines for healthy aging.

The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) is a comprehensive measure to assess diet quality. Because of the various factors that influence the nutritional status of older adults, there is a need to adapt an index that assesses the quality of the diet considering the dietary requirements of aging and health promotion. This study aimed to adapt the HEI for older adults, considering their needs for healthy eating. Food consumption data was collected by means of three non-consecutive 24-hour food recalls (R24h). For the adaptation of the Healthy Eating Index for Older Adults (HEI-OA), the components and scoring methodology of HEI-2015 were maintained and Brazilian food intake recommendations for the older population were used, which are in line with international recommendations. The validity of the HEI-OA was assessed by four ideal diets, Mann-Whitney's test, Spearman's correlation analysis and Cronbach's coefficient. Content validity of the HEI-OA was confirmed by the maximum score for diets recommended to older adults and by the score between groups with known differences in diet quality. The HEI-OA total score did not correlate with total energy intake (TEI - total energy value: r = -0.141, p > 0.05). The total HEI-OA score showed a statistically significant correlation with several nutrients. These correlations allowed identifying that these nutrients are closely related to the components of the HEI-OA. The internal consistency value for the HEI-OA total score was 0.327, similar to the 2005 and 2010 versions of the HEI. The HEI was successfully adapted for use with older adults, presenting validity and reliability. The HEI-OA can be used to assess diet quality in line with international dietary guidelines for healthy aging.

Dietary patterns and risk of developing asthma among pre-schoolers

BackgroundEarly childhood dietary patterns have been identified as potential factors that can influence the development of asthma in children. The objective of the study was to determine the association between dietary patterns, identified through PCA, and asthma in pre-schoolers. MethodsThis unmatched case-control study used data from 3 145 pre-schoolers participating in the parent population-based observational study conducted in a District Municipality, Province. The study consisted of 189 pre-schoolers (63 with asthma, 126 controls) between 1 and 8 years. We identified primary dietary patterns by conducting a PCA on reported food consumption data from the Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (QFFQ). Multivariate logistic regression models determined the relationship between food patterns and asthma. ResultsThe results of our study identified four primary dietary patterns that defined the dietary preferences of the pre-schoolers: Meat general and dressings pattern, Healthy dietary pattern, Sugary and /or sweetened drinks pattern, and Mixed dietary pattern. The consumption of sugary and sweetened drinks, (adjusted OR 7.0, 95% CI: 2.3-21.1-1; p=0.00) as well as a Mixed dietary pattern, (adjusted OR 4.0, 95% CI: 1.4-11.1; p=0.03) were positively associated with a higher probability of developing asthma. A Healthy dietary pattern (adjusted OR 0.02, 95% CI: 0.00-0.09; p=0.00) was negatively associated with an increased likelihood of presenting with asthma. ConclusionsIn the current study, a Healthy dietary pattern was negatively associated with an increased likelihood of presenting with asthma. Diet modification may be a potential intervention to impact the increasing prevalence of this disease.

Association between dietary (poly)phenol intake and the ATHLOS Healthy Ageing Scale in the Polish arm of the HAPIEE study.

Inverse association between (poly)phenol intake and age-related disorders has been demonstrated; however, little is known whether they affect comprehensively assessed healthy aging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between the intake of (poly)phenol (including selected classes and subclasses) and healthy aging scores related to biopsychosocial aspects of health and functioning. A cross-sectional study was performed using data on 9774 randomly selected citizens of Krakow (Poland) who were 45-69years of age. Dietary (poly)phenol intake was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire and matching food consumption data with the Phenol-Explorer database. The healthy aging scores were estimated from the ATHLOS Healthy Ageing Scale (HAS) developed by the Ageing Trajectories of Health-Longitudinal Opportunities and Synergies (ATHLOS) consortium. Beta coefficients were calculated using multivariable linear regression models. In multivariable adjusted models, there were significant positive associations between the ATHLOS HAS score and intake of total (poly)phenols (b per increase of 100mg/day = 0.081; 95% CI, 0.050; 0.112) and among main classes of (poly)phenols with phenolic acids (b = 0.139; 95% CI, 0.098; 0.180). Intake of remaining classes of (poly)phenols (flavonoids, lignans, stilbenes, and others) was not related to the ATHLOS HAS score. Among individual classes studied, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, flavones, and dihydrochalcones were associated with better healthy aging. The findings suggest the beneficial effect of total dietary (poly)phenol and some classes and subclasses of (poly)phenol intake in terms of healthy aging in Poland. These findings should be confirmed in other settings and with prospective data.

Inadequate intakes of fatty acids attributed to the ultra-processed foods consumed by Portuguese population: The upper project

Background and aimsPopulation-based studies suggest an inverse relationship between the dietary share of ultra-processed foods (UPF), as defined by NOVA classification, and the overall dietary nutritional quality. However, few studies have evaluated the impact of ultra-processed foods on the fatty acid profile of the diet. The aim of this study was to assess the association between consumption of UPF and the fatty acids profile of the diet in Portugal. Methods and resultsCross-sectional data from IAN-AF 2015–2016 were used for this study. Food consumption data were collected through two 24-h food recalls, and food items were classified according to the NOVA system. For both adults and elderly, the contents of total fatty acids (TFA), saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans fatty (TRFA) were higher in the fraction of UPF, compared to the other three NOVA groups, while [monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)+, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)/SFA] ratio was lower. The UPF population attributable fraction (PAF) demonstrated that if the dietary contribution of UPF was reduced to levels observed in the first quintile, statistically significant reductions in the prevalence of inadequate intakes of fatty acids would be observed for adults [TRFA (PAF 98.37%, 95% CI 87.27–99.79) and SFA (PAF 37.26%, 95% CI 25.46–47.19)] and for elderly [TRFA (PAF 94.61%, 95% CI 77.59–98.71) and PUFA (PAF 98.28, 95% CI 48.22–99.94)]. ConclusionsIn this study the consumption of UPF was associated with a worse fatty acids profile in the Portuguese diet, adding evidence regarding the negative impact of UPF on diet quality.

Domestic fish for more versatile and safer consumption EU‐fish IV

Abstract Fish is an important part of nutrition and well‐being. The challenge of Finnish wild fish is contaminants which accumulate in some species in higher concentrations, partially limit the usability of the fish in the food/feed market and weaken the assessment of the state of the marine environment. The aim of this study was to obtain data on the amounts of nutrients and contaminants in domestic fish species that are commercially important or should be increased in use according to national plans. The aim was also to produce information for updating the national fish use recommendations. The concentrations of contaminants in Finnish fish were mostly below the maximum levels set by the EU. The trend of dioxin and PCB compound concentrations in the Baltic Sea has been declining since the 1980s, and the concentrations in Baltic herring appear to have settled around or below the maximum levels in all sea areas and size classes. The PFAS concentrations in the studied fish samples were within the maximum limits, except for Baltic herring in the Archipelago Sea and the Bothnian Sea. Additionally, the PFAS concentrations in Baltic herring rose quite sharply between 2009 and 2023. During the current study, PFAS concentrations in Baltic herring from the same sea area and size classes increased significantly from autumn 2022 to spring 2023. The seasonal trend was suspected to be related to the fish's diet, but factors affecting PFAS concentrations in fish, such as the impact of seasons and fitness (function of weight and size of the fish), need further investigation, and PFAS concentrations in Baltic herring should be monitored. PBDE concentrations in Finnish fish were found to be very low, although they exceeded the environmental quality standard. Mercury concentrations in fish, except for two samples, were lower than the maximum levels set by Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915. The proportion of methylmercury in total mercury was 56–94% in different fish species. Inorganic arsenic concentrations in all fish samples were below the detection limit of 0.01 mg/kg. The highest concentrations of omega‐3 fatty acids were measured in Baltic herring and vendace. Fish caught from marine areas had higher vitamin D concentrations than those from inland waters, and there was significant variation in concentrations within fish species. With current food consumption and concentration data, the health benefits of fish consumption outweigh the health risks associated with contaminants in fish for all age groups. The greatest health benefits are seen in those over 45 years old, where fish consumption reduces the burden of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and breast cancer, as well as overall mortality. On a national scale, the current use of domestic and imported fish is estimated to reduce the disease burden annually by nearly 70,000 disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs). As a conclusion, the health benefits of fish consumption outweigh the harms of contaminants in all age groups. Increasing the consumption of fish in accordance with nutritional recommendations would benefit the health of the population. For children and expectant or breastfeeding mothers, a diverse fish consumption is useful. The safe use recommendations of the Finnish Food Authority help this risk group to direct their fish consumption to fishing areas and fish species with the lowest amounts of contaminants.

The potential contributions of bouillon fortification to meeting micronutrient requirements among women and preschool children in Senegal: A modeling study using household consumption and expenditure survey data.

To reduce micronutrient deficiencies, Senegal mandates the fortification of refined oil with vitamin A and wheat flour with iron and folic acid. Expanding Senegal's large-scale food fortification programs to include fortified bouillon could help fill the remaining gaps in dietary micronutrient requirements. Using 7-day household food consumption data collected between 2018 and 2019, we assessed the potential contributions of bouillon fortified with vitamin A (40-250μg/g bouillon), folic acid (20-120μg/g), vitamin B12 (0.2-2μg/g), iron (0.6-5mg/g), and zinc (0.6-5mg/g) for meeting micronutrient requirements of women of reproductive age (WRA; 15-49 years old) and children (6-59 months old). Most households (90%) reported consuming bouillon, including poor and rural households. At modeled fortification levels, bouillon fortification reduced the national prevalence of inadequacy by up to ∼20 percentage points (pp) for vitamin A, 34 pp (WRA) and 20 pp (children) for folate, 20 pp for vitamin B12, 38 pp (WRA) and 30 pp (children) for zinc, and ∼8 pp for iron. Predicted reductions in inadequacy were generally larger among poor and rural populations, especially for vitamins A and B12. Our modeling suggests that bouillon fortification has the potential to substantially reduce dietary inadequacy of multiple micronutrients and could also help address inequities in dietary micronutrient inadequacies in Senegal.

Estimation of intake and quantification of hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide in adolescents in Sweden.

Blood samples (n = 600) from participants in the Swedish dietary survey Riksmaten Adolescents 2016-17 were analyzed with respect to hemoglobin (Hb) adducts from acrylamide (AA) and its metabolite glycidamide (GA) as biomarkers of internal dose/exposure. The results are presented from statistical analyses of food consumption data (2-day dietary recall and questionnaires) and measured Hb adduct levels. The estimated exposure as well as consumption data were examined in relation to non-dietary factors such as sex, age (group medians of 12, 15, and 18 years), place of residence (urban/rural), smoking status, and parental education level. The median AA adduct level was estimated to be 34 pmol/g Hb (range 14-225). No significant difference was found for place of residence, parental education, sex, or age. A significant difference was found between the median adduct levels of daily smokers (n = 8) and never smokers (n = 323) in the older age groups, but not between occasional smokers (n = 47) and never smokers. The median differences between daily smokers and never smokers were 76, 40, and 128 pmol/g Hb for AA, GA, and AA + GA, respectively. The median AA intake for the whole group of adolescents, as estimated from dietary recall data combined with reported concentrations in food, was 0.40 μg/kg bw/day. The corresponding median intake estimated from measured Hb adduct levels of AA was 0.20 μg/kg bw/day. A significant, although low, positive Spearman correlation was found between the two intake estimates (p-value = 8 × 10-3; ρ = 0.11). From the estimated intake of AA from food frequency questionnaires, significance was found for the 15-year-old children with higher AA adduct levels observed at higher consumption frequencies of fried potatoes/French fries. AA is considered a genotoxic carcinogen. For the estimated intake of AA for any age group and method (dietary recall or AA adduct), both a calculated margin of exposure as well as lifetime quantitative cancer risk estimates indicate health concern. A future study on food consumption designed with respect to AA exposure would provide a better understanding of the correlation between consumption and exposure and should give a more reliable estimate of the contribution of dietary AA to the overall cancer risk.