Food Advertising Research Articles

Australian local government policies on creating a healthy, sustainable, and equitable food system: analysis in New South Wales and Victoria

ObjectiveTo analyse local government (LG) policies concerned with creating a healthy, sustainable and equitable food system. MethodsAll relevant policies on LG websites were identified and analysed against a framework of 34 recommendations for LG action on food system issues. ResultsA total of 13 of 207 (New South Wales 128, Victoria 79) LGs had dedicated food system policies. Most actions on food system issues were in general (non‐food specific) policies. Most LGs acted on food safety, sustainable local food production, food waste, drinking water access and food system‐related education. Few used economic measures to support the consumption of healthier foods, restricted unhealthy food advertising, developed and implemented dietary guidelines in LG‐managed settings or influenced the opening of unhealthy/healthy retail food outlets. ConclusionsLGs undertook a range of actions relevant to creating a healthy, sustainable and equitable food system. Strategic opportunities for LGs include regulating the sale and marketing of unhealthy food and ensuring policy coherence. Implications for public healthLGs can be supported to act further on food system issues, including through ‘joined‐up’ state and federal policies. Further research should address how relevant LG policies can be developed, implemented and monitored effectively to address the complex challenges created by contemporary food systems.

Studying The Language Style in Advertising Slogans for Food and Beverages Aired on Indosiar and ANTV TV Channels

The objective of this study is to examine the language style and semantic meanings of food and beverage advertising slogans on television. The research approach utilized is descriptive qualitative, utilizing recording and note-taking techniques. The study concentrates on the language style used in food and beverage advertising slogans on Indosiar and ANTV television stations from January to June 2022. The findings of the research reveal that the language style used in food and beverage advertising on television is quite diverse, with hyperbolic language being the dominant style. The preparation of advertising slogans employs a variety of language styles with the intention of influencing and attracting consumers to purchase the promoted product.

Hubungan Antara Teks dan Konteks dalam Iklan di Televisi

This research is motivated by the author's interest in advertising language. Where advertising is one of the communication tools used to attract consumen or invite the audience to buy a product. This is what interests the author to analyze the relationship between text and context in advertisements. The sentences contained in advertisements on television are used as a source of research, because in advertisements on television there are texts and contexts that are used to make it easier for audience to understand the intent or purpose of the advertisements they watch. This is intended so as not to be wrong in buying or consuming a product. The problem of this research is how is the relationship between text and context contained in advertisements on television. This study aims to determine the relationship of text and context in advertising on television. The data collected by the researcher will be described, analyzed, and concluded in detail so that it can be see how the relationship between text and context in television advertisements is. Researchers divides advertisements into three categories, namely advertisements for food products, beverage products and beauty products. The theory used in this study is the theory of the relationship between text and context proposed by Wijana and Rohmadi (2009). The method used is descriptive qualitative research method. The data sources of this study were obtained from advertisements that aired on television stations, namely: SCTV, RCTI, Trans 7, ANTV, TRANS TV, INDOSIAR, and GTV. The technique used is by listening to the advertisements that appear on television, then browsing on YouTube on the internet network to make it clearer in terms of sound, being able to repeat when observing the advertisement images, and making it easier to analyze the data. The results of the study indicate that there is an appropriate relationship between text (speech) and context (state/situation) in advertisements for food, beverage and beauty products. Where the text (speech) spoken is in accordance with the situation described. In addition to the relationship, this study also succeeded in finding food and beverage product advertisements where the text and context were not related. This is because the text (speech) is not in accordance with the context (state/situation) described. Finally, the research shows that there is an advertisement in which the text (speech) and context (state/situation) have no relationship. This is indicated by the text (speech) that is not in accordance with the context (state/situation) described.

Tindak Tutur Ilokusi Dalam Bahasa Iklan Di Stasiun Televisi Nasional

Illocutionary speech acts are used to say or inform something, and can also be used to do something. There are many utterances in advertisements on national television that contain illocutionary speech acts. The problem of this research is how illocutionary speech acts are used in advertising language on national televisi stations. This study aims to describe, analyze and interpret illocutionary speech acts in advertising language on national television stations. theory that the author uses theory Dewa Putu Wijana (1996) and Tarigan (2009:42). The method used in This description in the form of words sentences on food and beverage adservation stations using observation using observation, listening, note taking, documentation, and data analysis techniques. The results of this study indicate that the types of illocutionary speech acts in food and beverage advertisements on national televisi stations are assertive speech acts with a total of 48 uttterances, directive speech acts with a total of 4 utterances, commissive speech acts with a total of 5 utterances, expressive speech acts with a total of 4 utterances. The result from all data is 61 utterances.

'I Knew I Should Stop, but I Couldn't Control Myself': a qualitative study to explore the factors influencing adolescents' consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and sugary snacks from a socio-ecological perspective.

To explore the factors influencing Taiwanese adolescents' consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and sugary snacks from a socio-ecological perspective. This study adopted a qualitative design by using face-to-face, in-depth interviews guided by a semistructured questionnaire. Eight junior high schools in New Taipei City and Changhua County, Taiwan, September to November 2018. Fifty-nine participants aged 12-14 years participated in this study. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. This study identified four themes to address the multifaceted factors that influence adolescents' consumption of SSB and sugary snacks. At the intrapersonal level, physiological factors, psychological factors, individual economic factors and taste preferences were mentioned in connection with people's consumption of SSB and sugary snacks. Positive or negative influences of parents, siblings, peers and teachers on SSB and sugary snack intake were identified at the interpersonal level. The availability of SSB and sugary snacks at home, their availability in vending machines or in school stores in the school environment and participants' access to convenience stores and hand-shaken drink shops in the broader community influenced SSB and sugary snack consumption. Additionally, food culture and food advertising were identified as influencing societal factors. Overall, this qualitative study determined not only that the consumption of SSB and sugary snacks is influenced by intrapersonal factors but also that interpersonal, environmental and societal factors affect adolescents' increased sugar intake. The findings are helpful to broaden the options for designing and developing interventions to decrease SSB and sugary snack consumption by adolescents.

Exposure to Food Marketing via Social Media and Obesity among University Students in Saudi Arabia.

This study investigated the associations between obesity and unhealthy food/drink intake with both the frequency of social media platform usage and food/drink marketing exposure on social media. Data were obtained from 316 university students aged 18–29 years at two universities in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. These participants completed online questionnaires with sections on demographics, anthropometric measurements, social media platform usage, food marketing exposure via social media, and unhealthy food consumption. All of the participants, 20.3% and 13.6% were overweight and obese, respectively. Snapchat was the most popular application (85.8%), followed by Instagram (75%), YouTube (61%), Twitter (51%), and TikTok (50%). The obese participants were more likely to purchase foods/drinks after watching relevant social media advertisements than their non-obese counterparts (p < 0.04). Moreover, those who purchased foods/drinks more frequently after watching such advertisements consumed higher amounts of potato chips (p < 0.01) and fast foods (p < 0.03). Finally, those who used Snapchat, TikTok, and Instagram tended to have higher consumption rates for potato chips (p < 0.02), fast foods (p < 0.01), sweets (p < 0.02), and sugary drinks (p < 0.04). Public health policymakers in Saudi Arabia should consider regulating unhealthy food and drink advertisements on social media platforms, especially those targeted at younger generations.

Food Insecurity and the Association between Perceptions and Trust of Food Advertisements and Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods among U.S. Parents and Adolescents.

Adolescents exposed to food and beverage advertisements (FBAs) typically low in nutrient density can be influenced in their food choices, eating behaviors, and health. This study examines the association between perceptions and trust of FBAs (key predictor) and the outcome of daily consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) in parent-adolescent dyads, with risk of food insecurity as a potential moderator. Cross-sectional data from the Family, Life, Activity, Sun, Health and Eating (FLASHE) study was used to test actor and partner effects using structural equation modeling. The final model was adjusted for parent sex and education level, and effects were compared between dyads at risk of food insecurity (n = 605) and dyads not at risk (n = 1008). In the unadjusted model, actor effects (parent: b = 0.23, p = 0.001; adolescent b = 0.12, p = 0.001) and parent-partner effects were found (b = 0.08, p = 0.004). The final comparative model produced similar results for dyads not at risk of food insecurity (parent actor: b = 0.27, p = 0.001; parent partner: b = 0.10, p = 0.01; adolescent actor: b = 0.11, p = 0.003). For dyads at risk of food insecurity, only actor effects were significant (parent: b = 0.22, p = 0.001; adolescent: b = 0.11, p = 0.013). These findings suggest that parents’ favorability towards FBAs influence parent-adolescent unhealthy food consumption, and that this association is different when accounting for risk of food insecurity.

Population exposure to alcohol and junk food advertising during the 2018 FIFA world cup: implications for public health.

BackgroundAdvertising alcoholic drinks and food high in fat, sugar, and salt (HFSS) is a driver of alcohol use and HFSS consumption, among children and young people. Whilst advertising legislation and broadcasting regulation protect children from alcohol and HFSS imagery, the 2018 FIFA World Cup, which attracted a global audience, was sponsored and partnered by alcohol and HFSS brands. This study investigated the exposure of viewers to HFSS and alcohol imagery in a selection of group matches, and the final match, of the FIFA 2018 World Cup.MethodsThe frequency and duration of appearances (to the nearest second) of branding from two sponsors (McDonald’s and Budweiser), one official partner (Coca-Cola) and the official sports drink (Powerade) were recorded during all active play in live coverage of a sample of 13 matches (Six in Group A, which included the host nation, Russia, which has stringent alcohol promotion regulations in place; six in Group G, which featured England; and the final) broadcast in the UK. We used census and viewing data to calculate gross and per capita impressions generated by this imagery in the UK population.ResultsThe 13 matches included 1262 min of active play and a total of 1806 appearances of alcohol and HFSS food advertisements, delivering approximately 7.5 billion branded HFSS impressions, including 759 million to children (age < 16 years), and 3.3 billion alcohol impressions, including 385 million to children, in the UK. Appearances of HFSS and alcohol brands were not statistically different between the games in either group.ConclusionUK advertising legislation and broadcasting regulations intended to prevent exposure to alcohol and HFSS imagery and advertising in UK television was circumvented completely by sponsorship arrangements in the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Preventing this exposure therefore requires revision of existing advertising and broadcasting controls to include sponsorship.

Testing a Mobile App for Participatory Research to Identify Teen-Targeted Food Marketing: Mixed Methods Study.

BackgroundMobile apps are not only effective tools for promoting health to teenagers but are also useful for engaging teenagers in participatory research on factors that influence their health. Given the impact of food marketing messages on teenagers’ food attitudes and consumption choices, it is important to develop effective methods for capturing the food advertisements targeted at this population to assess their content.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to test the feasibility and usability of a mobile app, “GrabFM!” (“Grab Food Marketing!”), designed for teenagers to facilitate monitoring of self-identified targeted food marketing messaging.MethodsA mixed methods approach, including quantitative user response rates and qualitative focus group discussion feedback, was used in the evaluation process.ResultsA total of 62 teenagers (ages 13-17) completed GrabFM! app pilot testing over a 7-day data collection period. Teenagers submitted a total of 339 examples of food marketing, suggesting high feasibility for the app. Participants also took part in focus group discussions about their experience, providing positive feedback on usability, including ease of use and design aesthetic appeal.ConclusionsThe GrabFM! app had high feasibility and usability, suggesting its efficacy in capturing accurate data relevant to the teenage population’s experience with food marketing messaging.

Adolescents’ media usage and self-reported exposure to advertising across six countries: implications for less healthy food and beverage marketing

ObjectivesThe study objectives were to examine: (1) adolescents’ media viewing habits, (2) associations with media viewing and self-reported exposure to unhealthy food and beverage advertising and (3) differences in trends...

JURIDICAL REVIEW OF FOOD PRODUCTS THAT DO NOT INCLUDE AN EXPIRATION DATE IN INDONESIA

The title of this study is Juridical review of food products that do not include an expiration date. In Indonesia The research method in this study used a normative juridical approach. The results of the study were analyzed using a qualitative normative analysis method. The results of the study indicate that business actors who do not include an expiration date from a private law perspective are violating Article 8 paragraph (1) letter g and letter i of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. Consumers have rights, as evidence in this matter can be seen with the imposition of a criminal sentence in the form of imprisonment and the confiscation of the products that are circulated for destruction, as regulated in Article 62 paragraph (1) in conjunction with Article 8 paragraph (1) letter g and the letter i of the Law. Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. Other regulations governing expired food are Article 97 paragraph (3) of Law Number 18 of 2012 concerning Food and Article 3 paragraph (2) P.P. Number 69 of 1999 concerning Food Labels and Advertisements.

Linguistic Landscape Analysis of Food Advertisement in Makassar

The focus of this research is on Makassar's linguistic landscape of food advertisements. The study's goals are to determine the language used in food advertisements in Makassar city and to describe the roles of the Makassar language employed in food advertisements. This study uses the descriptive qualitative method. The data are analyzed based on Canoz and Gorter’s theory (2006). The findings show that English is the most frequently used language in food advertisements in the city center of Makassar. The other languages utilized in advertisements include Indonesian, English, Makassar, and Mandarin. This study also found the function of using English in advertisements is a promotional medium and the identity of each store. Additionally, using a foreign language has a trendy and stylish impact, which improves product quality, intrigues buyers, and attracts their attention. Even though many offers in advertisements are not understood by consumers, all of the functions indicated by all informants allude to the benefits of utilizing English in their product advertisements, notably the increased sales value.&#x0D; Keywords: Linguistic Lanscape Analysis, Analysis Food Advertisement, Analysis Advertisement

Can Food and Beverage Advertising Questionnaire Predict Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents from Low- and Middle-Income Countries?

Background: Information about the reliability and validity of questionnaires in low- and middle-income countries remains scarce. Objective: To test the reliability and predictive validity of a food and beverage marketing/advertising questionnaire for South American children and adolescents. Methods: A sample of 330 children (3-10 years old) and 215 adolescents (11-18 years old) was included from seven South American cities: Buenos Aires, Lima, Medellín, Montevideo, Santiago, Sao Paulo, and Teresina. The questionnaire consisted of seven questions about food and beverage marketing/advertising and decision influence. We assessed the reliability using temporal stability (2-week interval) and internal consistency. We assessed the predictive validity based on the risk of excess weight. Results: In children, reliability agreement from κ coefficients ranged from 63.7% to 86.3%, and Cronbach's α (internal consistency estimate) ranged from 0.14 to 0.75. In adolescents, the reliability agreement ranged from 78.9% to 85.7%, and Cronbach's α ranged from 0.14 to 0.76. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two factors for both age groups. The predictive probabilities for excess weight ranged from 22.3% to 61.1% in children and from 24.9% to 64.1% in adolescents. Conclusions: The screen/marketing media questionnaire is a reliable and valid measure for the pediatric population from low- and middle-income countries. This subjective tool provides a feasible screening measure for the influence of advertising on children and adolescents at risk of overweight and obesity.

Factors Influencing Adolescents' Dietary Behaviors in the School and Home Environment in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

BackgroundMalnutrition affects many adolescents in Ethiopia. Over one-third of adolescent girls and two-thirds of boys are thin. Overweight and obesity in Ethiopia is mostly a concern in urban populations of higher wealth quintiles. Urbanization and globalization of diets is shifting food environments. The objective of this study was to assess whether food environments in and around schools in urban Ethiopia influence dietary diversity, quality, BMI status or perceptions of adolescents.MethodsTwelve high schools were selected in Addis Ababa (private/government). From each school, 20 pupils aged 15–19 years were randomly selected (n = 217) and interviewed about assets in their households, their diets (categorized into 10 food groups of the Minimum Dietary Diversity, the Global Dietary Recommendations scores and four categories of the NOVA classification based on level of processing) and their use of pocket money. In addition, food environment audits were conducted within the school compound and a 0.5 km radius around each school and types of food outlets.ResultsOn average there were 436 food outlets and 246 food or drink advertisements around each school. The majority of the advertisements (89.9%) were of ultra-processed foods, mostly sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Most were positioned on food outlets (89.1%). SSBs or sweets were visibly on display in 26.3% of the outlets and fresh fruits and vegetables in 17.9% of outlets. Dietary diversity of adolescents was poor with an average of 3.6 food groups out of 10 consumed in the last 24 h. Ultra-processed foods and beverages were consumed by 23.5% of adolescents. The majority of adolescents spent their pocket money on SSBs, sweets or fried foods. Our analysis found that higher assets in adolescents' households were associated with higher dietary diversity and consumption of healthy food groups. We found no association between the food environment and dietary indicators or the BMI-z-score.ConclusionWhile the school food environments investigated were not conducive with promoting healthy dietary behaviors, we cannot conclude that these environmental factors directly influence adolescents' diets. The pervasive advertising and availability of unhealthy foods and beverages requires policy action for healthy school food environments.

Added Sugar and Oral Health: A Position Paper of the Brazilian Academy of Dentistry.

Excessive sugar consumption is the main cause of dental caries. Dental caries is highly prevalent and negatively impacts the quality of life at all stages. Furthermore, sugar consumption is associated with other noncommunicable conditions and diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this paper is to propose recommendations at the individual and population levels for health professionals, families, educators, stakeholders, and public officials to reduce the burden of dental caries and other noncommunicable diseases that are caused by the excessive sugar intake. A systematic search was performed in PubMed and Cochrane databases to investigate the effectiveness of strategies and policies aiming to reduce sugar consumption as well as the impact of different patterns of sugar consumption on the occurrence of dental caries. Reference list of the identified papers and practice guidelines were manually reviewed as well. Based on the best evidence available, the Brazilian Academy of Dentistry recommends not to offer sugars to children younger than 2 years of age, and to limit total sugar consumption to <25 g per day after 2 years of age. Furthermore, families should be informed to limit sugar exposure, sugar-free areas should be available, content of food labels and advertisement should be regulated, taxation of products with sugar should be introduced, and reformulation of foods and drinks to reduce concentrations of sugars should be considered.

Junk food, sugary drinks and XL portion sizes: advertising on convenience stores near primary schools in Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand

ABSTRACT There are no government policies in Aotearoa, New Zealand (NZ) sufficient to protect children from unhealthy food and beverage marketing. Repeated exposure to advertising can have long-term impacts on children’s dietary preferences, ultimately increasing the risk of non-communicable diseases in adulthood. An important food environment for children is the area around their school. This study aims to describe outdoor food and beverage advertising on convenience stores within 500 m of all primary schools (n = 371) within the Auckland region. Images of advertisements were captured from Google Street View. A total of 3693 advertisements were collected from 296 stores. The majority (n = 2628, 78.2%) of advertisements were classified as marketing to children. Convenience stores in areas surrounding low decile schools (n = 1170, 51.8%) had twice as many advertisements than areas around medium (n = 561, 24.8%) or high (n = 529, 23.4%) decile schools. Approximately half (n = 1863, 50.5%) of advertisements were for unhealthy food or beverages, and less than ten percent (n = 350, 9.4%) were for healthy products. These findings highlight the need for policies to reduce children’s exposure to unhealthy advertising in their school food environment.

A review of food and nutrition communication and promotion in Ghana

Dietary perception, behavior, and nutritional status can all be influenced by exposure to information. Behavior change communication that is appropriately designed and implemented is critical for motivating optimal dietary behavior. On the other hand, inadvertent or deliberate misinformation can drive unhealthy dietary behaviors. As part of the process to develop food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) for Ghana, this rapid evidence review examined the nature, extent, sources, and medium of food and nutrition information dissemination and promotion in Ghana. PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Open Access Theses Dissertations (OATD) databases were searched systematically using keywords to identify relevant peer-reviewed and grey literature. The review included 31 documents, after excluding 1,302 documents for ineligibility (based on irrelevant title, abstract, and duplicates). Limited reporting of undernutrition was found in print and electronic media. Unhealthy foods, including sugar-sweetened beverages, snacks, yogurt, instant noodles, candy/chocolate, and ice cream were frequently advertised through various communication media. Children are highly exposed to food advertisements, which target them. Promotional characters, animation, billboards, and front-of-store displays; product-branded books, and toys are common strategies for food marketing and advertisement in Ghana. The most frequently reported sources of health and nutrition information were television, radio, social media, health professionals, families, and friends. Children and adults experienced changes in food preferences and choices as a result of exposure to food advertised on television. The commonly used traditional media were radio and television; printed newspaper use has declined tremendously in the past decade. Social media use (particularly WhatsApp, Facebook, and YouTube) is highest in urban areas, and is growing rapidly; young adults are the most active users of social media platforms. Experts recommend regulation as a mitigation for nutrition miscommunication and inaccurate promotion. The current review highlights the need for regulation of food marketing, and advertisement to safeguard a healthy food environment in Ghana. Key words: advertisement, promotion, diet, regulation, social media, food, Ghana

Environmental risk factors for cardiovascular diseases using geographic information systems in an urban slum, Bengaluru

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD), a growing epidemic, is influenced by various environmental factors, and the potential connection is not studied adequately. Objective: Hence, our study was aimed at assessing the environmental risk factors for CVD and assessing perceptions about the same among the adults residing in an urban slum, Bengaluru. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using a validated environmental assessment tool – Environmental Profile of Community Health. It consists of two parts: (i) an assessment of the physical environment for CVD-risk behaviors and (ii) a questionnaire to collect residents' perceptions of their community's environmental risks for CVD. Results: The community had two environmental risk factors for CVD-tobacco stores and fast-food restaurants. The community had ten convenience stores, all of which sold tobacco products. Vegetables and fruits were available, and the community also had a park for recreation. We interviewed a total of four study participants with a mean age of 38.5 ± 5.4 years. All participants reported that they have seen people smoke outside public places and inside residences. They felt that society disapproved of women and children smoking while men were excluded. Study participants have reported seeing tobacco and junk food advertisements. Tobacco was easily accessible and available to all ages. Conclusions: The urban community was not CVD-friendly. Awareness regarding risk factors for CVD was good. Adequate urban planning, policy-level advocacy, and tailor-made lifestyle changes for patients are the key to preventing CVD.

Evolving Food Choices Among the Urban Indian Middle-Class: A Qualitative Study

One of the leading risk factors for an escalating obesity burden in India is non-nutritious choices. Underpinned by the nutrition transition theory, this qualitative inquiry was designed to understand the urban middle-class Indian consumers’ views about processed foods and rapidly changing food choices. The study consisted of two phases, the first phase consisted of focus group discussions pertaining to the definition and conception of processed foods and the second phase consisted of interviews regarding the changing food environment. A convenience sample of Indian consumers aged 40–65 years were recruited from Mumbai and Kochi to participate in focus group discussions (FGD1 – nine participants and FGD2 – seven participants) and semi-structured face-to-face interviews (N = 22). Both discussions and interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the transcribed data. Features of processed foods mentioned were chemical and physical processing, prolonged shelf life and poor nutritional quality. Factors influencing food choices and consumption of processed foods reported by participants could be categorized into changes in the socio-cultural environment and changes in the food environment. Changes in the socio-cultural environment included globalization and urbanization, long work days and sedentary living, rise in income levels and decrease in household cooking. Changes in the food environment included increased availability and accessibility of processed foods, replacement of traditional Indian diet with Western food, food as indicators of status, food advertisements and convenience. These results are consistent with nutrition transition theory and provide useful direction for public health policies aimed at promoting healthy diets.

Involvement Theory with Market Segmentation: Effect of False Functional Food Advertising on Purchase Intention.

In certain cases, people’s health can be compromised or medical treatment delayed as a result of their misplaced belief in false advertisements and purchasing of functional foods. These advertisements can be divided into three distinct types of claims: nutrition, health, and reduction in disease risk. This study analysed how, after consumers realise advertising violations, their intention to purchase functional foods with different claims are affected by the degree of consumer involvement (product, advertising, and situational involvement) and region of residence. A total of 1046 survey responses were collected for analysis. The results reveal that both product and advertising involvement influence purchase intention through the mediation of situational involvement. Residents in nonnorthern regions of Taiwan exhibited a greater effect of overall involvement on purchase intention than did those in the north. In addition, products and advertisements with health claims had a stronger effect on purchase intention than did those with nutrition and disease risk reduction claims. The results indicate that, for functional foods and advertisements with nutrition and health claims, the effects of overall involvement on nonnorthern residents’ purchase intentions were greater than those on the northern residents, but for functional foods with disease risk reduction claims, the effects were greater on the northern residents’ purchase intentions.