Folk Ideas Research Articles

DÁSTANLARDA BATİRLAR TUWİLǴANNAN KEYINGI XALİQLİQ TÚSINIKLER

In the article, the author provides information about folk ideas after the birth of heroes in epics. In most Karakalpak folk heroic epics, rituals performed after the birth of a child acquire a vital character. That is, more attention is paid to such rituals as circumcision, circumcision, choice of name, wedding, in order to reveal the image of the future hero. This indicates that the roots of the Karakalpak folk epic are associated with ancient times.

Rooted in turbulence: arguing ethnicity in folk narratives about violence

Abstract This article begins with a folk idea, or stereotype, attached to the Hui Muslim minority in China: that of being violent. The analysis focuses on how ideas of ethnicity are contextualized in folk or popular narratives about violence. Specifically, cases presented in this article are narratives where different aspects of violence feature either positively or negatively: as a collective ethnic mark of being unreasonable, as martial spirit, as fighting prowess and so forth. This article argues that differently contextualized ideas of being violent or narratives about violent events enable Hui and non-Hui to not only establish ethnic turfs, but also to co-exist and merge ethnic boundaries, rendering ethnic borders open to redrawing and straddling.

Восточный текст и подтекст русской паремиологии

The article examines the geocultural image of the East, which has developed in Russian linguaculture. The purpose of the work is to systematize the conceptual and substantive characteristics of the Eastern world displayed by proverbs, to identify the axiological load of the Eastern-marked paroemias. The involvement in the study of the material of canonical proverbs, which accumulate centuries-old folk experience and fix the priorities of everyday consciousness, allows the authors to see the specifics of folk ideas about the Eastern world against the background of philosophical and aesthetic reconstructions of the image of the East, performed to date on the material of fiction of the 17 th – 20 th centuries. Transformations of proverbs and neoparoemias with an oriental cultural component, which function in the Internet space, make it possible to trace the dynamics of the geocultural image of the East, the specifics of its interpretation from the positions of the modern native speaker. This seems relevant in the context of the activation of the eastern vector of Russian state interests. As a result of the conducted research, conclusions are drawn about the deactualization of most of the paroemias based on phantom representations and real historical facts of interaction between Russians and the peoples of the East, trends in the use of oriental images in modern formation and transformation of phraseological units and paroemias are revealed. Special attention is paid to the paroemia The East is a delicate matter, which originates from cinematography. An unlimited range of its transformations is shown, thus forming a single paroemiological nest, which in the future can be described in an innovative paroemiological dictionary.

РУССКИЙ УЧИТЕЛЬ В КАРЕЛЬСКОЙ ДЕРЕВНЕ В КОНЦЕ XIX — НАЧАЛЕ XX ВЕКА: ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИНКУЛЬТУРАЦИИ И АДАПТАЦИИ

The aim of the article is to show the spheres in which the enculturation of Russian teachers took place in the Karelian rural society of the late 19th — early 20th centuries, during the period of rapid growth of this professional group. Teachers, along with other representatives of the emerging rural intelligentsia — priests, feldshers, agronomists, as well as rural administration workers — constituted an ethno-dispersed group of Russians in the territory of Karelia. The novice teacher, carrying out the “Kulturtrager mission”, had to fit into the local society, to gain the understanding and trust of the Karelian peasants in order for the school to solve the problem of strengthening the position of Orthodoxy, role of the Russian language and enlightenment of the Karelian population, to win their loyalty through “soft power” as opposed to forced Russification. To that effect different personal strategies were implemented, the poles of which can be considered to be, on the one hand, acceptance of Karelian cultural peculiarities and enculturation, which became the basis of the adaptation process, and, on the other hand, distancing from the locals, maladaptation and social deformation. Adopting local taboos and behavioral rules, mastering the Karelian language, adjusting school pedagogy to the basic folk ideas of child rearing are typical components of social and professional adaptation of the Karelian village teacher. Based on the reports of teachers and school inspectors, teachers’ publications in the press, travelers’ notes and other sources, it is shown that in everyday life there was a spontaneous, largely situational borrowing of elements of ethnic culture, while in the professional sphere advanced teachers consciously took account of local cultural specifics, which resulted, in particular, in the adjustment of the school calendar and disciplinary practices at school.

Образ Ильи Муромца в сравнительно-историческом и историко-функциональном аспектах

Introduction. Bylina is an ancient Russian epic song about the life and heroic deeds of Russian heroes, as well as about events or remarkable episodes in the national history of the 11th–16th centuries. Cycles of epics about Ilya Muromets are formed on the basis of ancient legends, united by the origin and character of the main character. It is not the name of the hero, but artistic plots inherited from the distant past that form the basis on which the historical epic develops. The purpose of the article is to identify the conditions for the formation and transformation of epic stories about Ilya Muromets. Material and methods. Classic works of Russian literary criticism and folkloristics, individual plots of the Russian epic and the epic of neighboring peoples are analyzed. Comparative-historical and historical-functional research methods were used. Results. The scientific work examines the history of the development of the image of the Russian hero Ilya Muromets as a gradual “democratization” of the hero of the ancient Russian epic. A wide range of works of Russian, Belarusian, Serbian, Adyghe, Georgian, Ossetian folklore is analyzed. The points of view of folklorists of the 19th–20th centuries on the history, existence, methods and means of broadcasting the poetic biography of Ilya Muromets are presented and interpreted.; their scientific methods and approaches. Epic plots are traced, united by the name of Ilya and having not only an “external” but also a deep internal connection, determined by folk ideas about the hero, his entire appearance, growing on the basis of the entire set of artistic plots. The Conclusion is drawn about the “reworking” in Russian epics of the motifs of magical-heroic fairy tales, the heroic epic of the peoples of the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia and other ethnic groups.

ФОЛЬКЛОРНІ МОТИВИ ІСТОРИЧНИХ РОМАНІВ ІВАНА КОРСАКА

The article examines the folklore elements from creative work of the modern Ukrainian writer Ivan Korsak, namely the historical novels «The Conqueror of Europe», «The Crown of Yurij II», «The Finger-ring of Hanna Barvinok». The tradi-tional meaning of folklore symbols and their interpretation in I. Korsak’s novels are compared. The functions of excerpts of folklore texts are included in the novel «The Finger-ring of Hanna Barvinok» have been clarifi ed.Folklore, folk beliefs, and traditions have been the basis of fi ction since their inception. In modern Ukrainian literature, folklore expresses ancient national identity.The creativity of the Ukrainian writer Ivan Korsak represents the implementation of folklore elements in a fi ction with the aim of expressing the national and mental component. Ivan Korsak’s novels are used for traditional folk ideas about the animal and plant world. Ornithological images have a symbolic meaning. In Ivan Korsak’s historical novels, the bird performs the function of a mediator, that is, an intermedi-ary between heaven and earth. Defi cation of nature, spiritualization and endowment with extraordinary, sometimes mystical properties is a characteristic of the Ukrainian mentality. It is usually embodied in dreams, delusions, visions.Folk creativity is the basis of the depiction of national identity in the literary style of I. Korsak. This is important for the novel «The Finger-ring of Hanna Barvinok». This is related to the literary and folklore activity of Oleksandra Bilozerska, because it has known that her work belongs to the ethnographic and domestic school. The de-tailed depiction of Hanna Barvinok’s folkloristic activities in the novel is also testifi es to its importance for the general idea of the work.The article proves that folklore expresses national identity in Ivan Korsak’s nov-els. Author uses traditional folk symbols and beliefs, as well as world religious my-thology in creative works. Excerpts from Ukrainian folk songs and legends recorded in the novel «The Finger-ring of Hanna Barvinok» show the great importance of Oleksandra Bilozerska’s folklore activity

HALKBİLİMSEL METAETİK KURAM ILE HACI BEKTAŞ VELÎ’NİN BESMELE TEFSİRİ’NDE CÖMERT OLMAK VE HIRSIZLIK YAPMAK ETİK DEĞERLERİ

Developing technology in our age has opened the doors of a virtual-digital world to humanity. However, the negative effects of this development were seen in a short time. Tradition has been moved away and ethical values have begun to be lost. In order to bring the lost ethical values in Turkish society to new generations with a folkloric point of view, we have introduced Folklogical Metaethics Theory with an interdisciplinary approach in the fields of folklore, ethics and metaethics, and we have developed the method of Folklore Grounding Metaethics Analysis. The works of Hacı Bektaş Veli are very rich in that they contain cultural products that will be useful in updating our ethical values in Turkish folk philosophy, where our ethical understanding shaped by religious tradition is reflected in ethical codes in accordance with our cultural ergonomics. In this study, Hacı Bektaş Veli’s Basmalah Commentary was chosen in order to look at our cultural richness from a different perspective. The subject of the study is to reveal the place of the ethical values of generosity and stealing in the narrative of the Basmalah Commentary of Hacı Bektaş Veli, which is in the category of religious traditions of the theory in folk philosophy. It is aimed to make an exemplary study on the application of Folklogical Metaethics Theory to the works of Hacı Bektaş Veli by revealing the folk ideas in the folklore sense and the propositions in the metaethics sense of the storytelling. Keywords: Folklore, Theory, Metaethics, Basmalah Commentary, Hacı Bektaş Veli.

Historical roots of the ethnoecological culture of the Uzbek people: Traditionality and modernity

In this article, based on historical sources and field ethnographic research, the ecological culture of the Uzbek people, which has an ancient history, is analyzed. It focuses on the classification and analysis of the causes of the ecological views of our people that have been formed over the centuries, passing into culture, folk ideas about the conservation of nature, religious ideas about the elements of nature.

Young Scholars Conference “Slavic World: Community and Diversity”. Moscow, 23–24 May 2023. Section “Linguistics”

Young scholars from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Smolensk, Kazan, Minsk (Republic of Belarus), Budapest (Hungary) took part in the “Linguistics” section. A wide range of topical issues of Slavic linguistics were discussed in four thematic sessions. The first was devoted to contact linguistics and language policy issues. The results of field and corpus research were presented. The speakers paid special attention to issues of epigraphy in ethnically mixed regions. Language policy in Upper Silesia after World War II was also discussed. The analysis of the accent system of the Upper Sorbian language and the study of contact phenomena in the Czech language were based on corpus material. The next session brought together reports that developed the problems of ethnolinguistics and toponymy of Slavic areas. The features of the folk culture of the Macedonians, Bulgarians, and Eastern Slavs were highlighted. Chinese folk ideas about the crane were presented against the background of associations that arise in connection with this bird among modern Belarusians. On the second day of the conference, issues of grammar, lexicology and pragmatics were discussed. Borrowings in the Czech and Bulgarian languages were examined, the pragmatics of the headlines of the modern Polish press were analyzed, archaic and innovative phenomena in the system of Slovenian clitics were discussed, strategies were proposed to help the teacher of the Russian language in a Serbian-speaking audience explain the correspondences between Russian and Serbian verbs of speech. The final session was devoted to the language of written and printed documents, as well as the diachronic study of the semantics of some lexemes. The features of the Slavic translation of the life of St. Gregory of Sinai, the graphic and orthographic features of the Apostolus Christinopolitanus of the 12th century were discussed in detail, and a strategy for studying biblical quotations in Church Slavonic grammars of the 16th–17th centuries was proposed. Versions of the origin of the adjective “хороший” (“good”) and the adverb “зря” (“in vain”) were also analyzed. Active discussion of reports within the framework of discussions in the hall and during informal communication between sessions indicates the relevance of the scientific event.

КОМУНІКАТИВНИЙ АКТ ВІДМОВИ В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ ЛІНГВОКУЛЬТУРІ: ПРАГМАКОГНІТИВНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ

The article is devoted to the problem of implementation of the communicative act of refusal (CAR) in the Ukrainian lingual culture, determining of its lingual and pragmatic features. CAR is characterized as a non-cooperative communicative act that can pose a threat to the face of communicators. The main goal of the work is to identify those communicative strategies and tactics, with the help of which the CRA is carried out in the Ukrainian communicative-pragmatic space, to determine their linguistic parameters and to find out those features of the Ukrainian ethnopsychic type that presuppose the choice of the certain communicative strategy and tactics. The research was carried out on the material of the postmodern texts of the famous Ukrainian writer Yury Andruhovych: “Moscowiada” and “Recreations”. Three main strategies used in CRA are being distinguished – implicit, indirect and direct. An implicit rejection strategy involves the use of evasion from a direct answer, changing the topic of conversation, a counteroffer, the use of ironic statements, and interrogatives. An indirect strategy is carried out with the help of the tactics of using offensive expressions and “why-questions”, as well as the tactics of referring to subjective reasons. A direct refusal implies a direct negative response. Among the strategies, the implicit strategy of refusal prevails, which can be explained by the negative politeness of a Ukrainian who does not tolerate violence against his/her will and is good at defending his personal “red lines” to the last. Probably, this lingual-pragmatic feature has its explanation at the deep-thesaurus level of the Ukrainian lingual personality and is conditioned by such a spiritual value of Ukrainians as freedom-loving. Thus, according to Ukrainian folk ideas, freedom is more valuable than money and even life itself; this idea is also confirmed by the Ukrainian paremic material and the psycholinguistic experiments conducted at the time.

К изучению семантико-мотивационных связей лексики со значением отвращения, неприязни

The article discusses the origin of some Russian dialectal lexical units that convey the feelings of disgust and dislike. Applying the method of semantic and motivational reconstruction, the author focuses on mechanisms and models of the development of semantics of negative emotional attitude. The study provides semantic and motivational interpretation of more than 9 dialectal lexical units, including rachit’, glyano, chelyadinnyy, chomkiy, chmyra, chmonitsya, toromko, pritoromko, nazola, etc. When analyzing the given words, in order to prove one or another research decision, the author draws semantic and motivational paral-lels citing words that demonstrate a similar course of the meaning development. For example, for words car-rying the meaning of disgust and dislike, the enantiosemy mechanism was found to be productive, as is the case of the wordrachit’, meaning ‘to disdain’, which the author considers to originate from the meaning ‘to want, desire’. In some cases, where necessary, word-building and etymological remarks are provided. Forlinguistic facts whose etymology is established, the relevant data are provided, commented and, where possible, supplemented by the author of the article. Group semantic and motivational reconstruction allows interpretation of a number of lexical units meaning disgust and dislike with a sufficient degree of complete-ness and argumentativeness. As a result of the study on the semantic and motivational relations of dialect linguistic facts, the article provides a reconstruction of some folk traditional ideas of dislike and disgust, in-formation on folk ideas of ethics and etiquette is given.

Dreaming in Inner Mongolia: Northern rural Chinese folk models of dream interpretation

In this report I analyse various folk ideas that the Chinese often applied to their own dream interpretations. Understanding the context and meaning of a Northern Chinese folk dream model provides insight into Northern ideas of causation, anxiety, and the efficacy of a vision. It also provides additional support that China during the Republic (1912–1949) and Maoist (1949–1978) eras was more of a shame rather than a guilt culture.

"Color" Сomponent of the Frequency Dictionary of the "Armenian Text"

The aim of the study is to reconstruct the "Armenian" local text of Russian poetry, its color segment. The research material is a corpus of poems by Russian poets of the XIX–XXI centuries dedicated to Armenia. The object of study is the poetics of color as an important component of the image of Armenia, the subject of study is color naming. The methodological basis was an interdisciplinary approach combining linguistics, literary studies and computer methods of text processing. To describe the poetics of color, language material is processed and a frequency dictionary is compiled. Data interpretation is performed at the level of the entire corpus and within the subcorpuses of individual authors. This is how data on individual and national pictures of the world are compared and considered against the background of Armenian folk ideas about color. The scientific novelty of the research consists in compiling an original alphabetical-frequency dictionary of color names in the "Armenian text" of Russian poetry and in describing the poetics of coloristic elements. It is proved that in the general linguistic picture of the "Armenian text" and in most of the individually authored artistic worlds, the blue color and its shades confidently dominate. The semantics of color in Russian poets when describing Armenia does not coincide with the ethnic representations of Armenians. The study is promising for the comparative study of both local texts and national linguistic worldviews. The peculiarity of the "Armenian text" is the construction of a color picture of the world based on the perception of the color of soils, stones, rocks and the mountains themselves, as well as impressions of paintings by Armenian artists, first of all, Martiros Saryan.

The power of folk ideas in economic policy and the central bank–commercial bank analogy

ABSTRACT This article argues that policy-makers’ non-expert or ‘folk’ ideas can affect policy outcomes in a way that challenges the assumption of economic policy-making being guided by expert ideas emanating from the realm of economics and other sciences. To substantiate this argument, the article invokes literatures on audience costs as well as on economic folk theories to highlight the power of analogies and fallacies in the formulation of policy. While political economists have focused exclusively on the power of the ‘household analogy’ in the area of fiscal policy, much less is known about its monetary policy equivalent, which the article introduces as the ‘bank analogy’. Empirically, the analogy is assessed in the context of what is arguably a least likely case for the power of folk ideas to hold: the European Central Bank's governance of its balance sheet, the most powerful balance sheet in Europe.

Folk Thoughts in Bharathiyar Songs

Bharathi is admired by the people as the National Poet, World Poet, and Mahakavi. Bharathi had many dimensions as a poet, writer, journalist, freedom fighter, and social reformer. Bharathiyar's songs contain many truths that endure across space and time. There are two types of songs. One is to pour out thoroughly with simplicity in the minds of the laity. Another thing is that the learned poets create slanderous words with sharp edges. There is no doubt that the poetry of the other poets is superior, but all his works are somehow indebted to folk literature. This is a fact known in all folk literature. There is evidence to show this in the history of Tamil literature. Bharathiyar, who wondered, 'there is no wonder like song in this world', loses himself whenever he listens to folk songs. The world should know them. The study aims to create awareness about Bharathi's works and folklore among the younger generation by studying the folk ideas in his works.

Ideas about fate and predestination in the culture of the Turkic peoples: folklore and literary context

The article analyzes the motive of «fate» taking into account its linguocultural specificity, reveals the components of the motive of fate in the Tatar traditional culture. The mythological roots of the folk idea of fate are revealed, the ethno-cultural contexts that influenced its formation are considered. The purpose of the study is to study the mental essence of the motive of fate in its projection in Tatar literature, folklore and traditional culture. In the ideas of the Tatar people about fate, mythological, pagan and Muslim values and traditions are intertwined. The image of the deity of Fate-« Ala atiyɣ jol tӓnri mӓn» is recorded in one of the early runic manuscripts of the ancient Turks «Yryk bitig» (VIIIIX or IX-X centuries). The earliest examples of folklore about fate are presented in the dictionary of Mahmud al-Kashgari «Divan lugat at-Turk» (XI century], the motif of fate is reflected in the Turkic literary monuments: «Kutadgu Bilig» («Blessed Knowledge») by Yusuf Balasaguni (XI century BC), in the medieval Tatar literature «Kyssa-i Yusuf» («The Legend of Yusuf») by Kul Gali (XIII century), «Tukhfai Mardan» («Gift to young men») by Muhammedyar (XVI century], etc. Yazmysh is the future, which is written by the Almighty to each person before birth, in folklore it is revealed as inevitability, predestination. The word «yazmysh» is derived from the word «yaz» (to write). In the poem «Tuhfai Mardan» by Muhammedyar, the image of scribes «betkuchelar» is created, who write down the predestinations of the Almighty. The main categories in the mental behavior of the Tatar people are «fate» («yazmysh», «kadar», «tәkdir», «өlesh», «yazu», «kүrәchak», «nasyp»), «patience» («sabyr»), «noble behavior» («adep»). The motive of fate, both in folklore and in ancient and medieval literature, is revealed in several aspects: the predestination of fate and the impotence of a person in front of it, and at the same time the desire to know and change fate with the help of various rituals and ceremonies.

Ethnofuturism and myth-making in the fine arts of the peoples of the Ural-Volga region

This paper discusses the manifestations of ethnofuturism in the visual arts of the peoples of the Ural-Volga region and their relationship with myth-making. The results of the study showed that ethnofuturists, like myth-makers, touch upon the main periods in the history and culture of the people and strive to creatively rethink, interpret and evaluate the role of this or that event or cultural phenomenon in its fate, thereby creating a new version of ethnic history and / or a new model of the cultural system, different from the accepted scientific version. The multitude and variety of creative interpretations of the same images and plots leads to a large number of meanings and subtexts in the works of artists, which in no way can fully contribute to the revival of ethnic identity. A great creative flight from realism to surrealism is a consequence of the absence of clear stylistic boundaries in ethnofuturism, which were not laid down by the founders of the direction. The absence of boundaries and the will of creative flight introduce ethnofuturism into the sphere of myth-making, which manifests itself in the creation of images and plots not on the basis of folk ideas and images, but mostly on the basis of images rethought and interpreted by artists, which in some examples do not even allow identifying their belonging to a certain ethnic group.

CINEMA in Linguistic Worldview of Russian North Villagers

Folk ideas about cinematic art and cinematography are studied. The recordings of the speech of the inhabitants of the Vologda Territory, made by the author of the article in the period from 1988 to 2021, as well as citation material recorded in the published issues and card file of the Dictionary of Vologda Dialects, are analyzed. A relatively late entry of cinema into the everyday life of the northern village is established (late 60s — 70s of the XX century). The priority of human biological survival in difficult natural conditions determines the attitude towards cinema as a form of spending free time in accordance with the routine of daily and calendar peasant work. The device of the village society serves as a kind of “filter” for the perception of the plotthematic, character and aesthetic components of cinema: the rural viewer perceives the sphere of cinema as bright and attractive, but nevertheless redundant for village life and unsafe for public morality. Only that which is within the circle of interests of the peasant, that is of value or anti-value for him, is verbalized. The traditional nature of the dialectal picture of the world is manifested, on the one hand, in the desire to enter a new form of “urban culture” into the circle of rural entertainment, and on the other hand, in the use of well-established lexical and phraseological means and genre forms in the practice of discussing the subject, axiological and actional components of the cinema sphere.

Etiology of diseases and human behaviour in folk ideas of the Semeiskie of Buryatia

he article presents the results of the ethnological study of the diversity of the Semeiskie folk ideas about the cause-and-effect relations between human behaviour and occurrence of certain diseases that can be cured by magic. The study was carried out on the basis of ethnographic facts available in the scientific literature and the author's personal archive. In the process of description of the ties of interest, it became clear that there is a clear link between the cause of a disease and human behavior in the Semeiskie ideas. The behaviour of the patient itself and other person, ordinary people and those having supernatural powers can be the etiology of diseases. In the ethnoculture of the Old Believers of Buryatia, disease-causing behaviour can be both everyday (routine) and ritual. The etiology with everyday behaviour reflects the popular idea of punishment for violation of a prohibition. Etiology with ritual behaviour refers to harmful magic. Further, the folk knowledge about behavioural (anthropic) etiology was used as a basis of classification for distribution of diseases into groups. Comparison of the obtained grouping with others showed a lot of coincidences and made it possible to conclude that in the Semeiskie ethnoculture, disease-causing ritual behaviour is more dangerous to health than disease-causing everyday behaviour. In general, the results of this study convince of the possibility of using the folk ideas about the etiology of diseases as a differentiating feature for arrangement of folk medical facts in ethnology. The description of this kind of ideas revealed the coincidence of the Semeiskie tradition with the well-known worldview universals.

Folk ideas about the diseases sent (based on the material of the Arkhangelsk dialects)

The article is devoted to the consideration of the linguistic and cultural semantics of the diseases sent, namely uro, prizo, moat and kila, based on the material of Arkhangelsk dialects extracted from the data of the card index of the Arkhangelsk Regional Dictionary and the author's own field records. The data of etymological and other dialect dictionaries are involved. The meanings of the analyzed words are being clarified. The aim of the study is a comprehensive description and systematization of culturally significant information about the evil eye and corruption, presented by dialect texts, and reconstruction of a fragment of the traditional linguistic picture of the world associated with folk medicine. The article uses the method of cognitive analysis of linguistic material and the ethnolinguistic method. The field of folk medicine, to which the evil eye belongs, has repeatedly aroused the interest of dialectologists. However, despite this, much still remains beyond the scope of their research. The subject of our consideration is also poorly studied. There is a change in the semantics of uro ́cov and prizórov associated with the loss of the internal form of the analyzed words, indicating the method of malicious influence. The content of the concept of kila is clarified, namely, the possible manifestations of this disease are indicated. The cause of the evil eye or damage, as a rule, is tense social relations between fellow villagers. The analysis of dialect material demonstrates that the folk culture of a villager turns out to be filled with mythological and religious ideas about the world. Belief in the evil eye, conspiracy, corruption, supernatural forces, the perception of illness as an expression of the evil will of a person still characterize the attitude of a villager.