Folk Housing Research Articles

Спільні українсько-молдовські місця пам’яті в культурному ландшафті Орхейських Кодр Республіки Молдова

The article is based on the materials of an expeditionary journey in 2019 to Orhei district of the Republic of Moldova. The importance of local traditions formed in the conditions of Ukrainian-Moldovan intercultural coexistence and included into modern arsenal of cultural memory of both Moldovans and Ukrainians is emphasized. Especial significance of the cultural landscape of the territory as the collective memory retransmitter in this is noted. Owing to the analysis of the interconnections between the local community and the natural conditions of its residence, it has become possible to determine the features of folk housing, economic practices, rituals, etc. The formative importance of the former estate of the landowner K. Balioz in Ivancha village (Ivancea) in the mental construction of the local landscape is shown. At the same time, such structure is influenced significantly by the location of the settlement in the area of the Old Orhei (Orheiul Vechi), a unique natural and cultural zone, which is considered as an iconic place of Moldova. Numerous commemorative practices of Ukrainians, namely the creation of public organizations, the activities of local folk group, search for the up-to-date forms of self‑presentation, are important components of life of the Ivancha villagers. Besides, it is also an essential aspect of the development of ethnic self‑consciousness of the entire Ukrainian community of Moldova in general in the conditions of conscious harmonious intercultural coexistence and common places of memory.

UKRAINIAN ARCHITECTURAL MODERN STYLE IN THE WORKS OF IVAN LEVINSKY

The article considers the formative features of the formation of the Ukrainian architectural style (modern style) as a phenomenon that has accumulated both properties characteristic of the style of Western European countries, and national traditions of the formation of folk housing or sacred construction. Ukrainian architectural style (modern style) has become an outstanding phenomenon in the development of domestic and European architectural art. It has absorbed many features that have become common to the pan-European architectural heritage, with its features and differences in the varieties of its expression. During the XIX-early XX centuries, church buildings appear in temple architecture, and they were based on the foundations of a "modern" or "realistic" understanding of shaping. Therefore, there is a focus on national culture and traditions, in an innovative sound. Linearity and decorativeness are manifested in stylistic solutions and detailing of decorative elements and inserts. In Galicia, for the first time in 1894, a building was implemented that embodied the above-mentioned features and principles of the formation of the UAS (UAMS). And its creator was the famous architect and industrialist Ivan Levinsky, professor of Lviv Polytechnic.

ARCHITECTURE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN OIKUMEN: HE BIRTH OF THE MONUMENTAL FACADE (2 MILLENNIUM BC) AND ITS TRANSFORMATION INTO A PORTICO (FIRST HALF OF THE 1ST MILLENNIUM BC)

The article presents a general picture of the development of architecture of the Ancient World in the 3nd - 1st millennium BC. identified three main style-making cultures of the Mediterranean (Egypt, Mesopotamia with the Levant, the Aegean world with Antalya) which were formed in 3 thousand BC. and changing trends in the development of their architecture, the birth of the facade composition and its change from plane to spatial, which, according to the author, reveals historical development through architectural form – socio-cultural, worldview changes. At the level of 3 thousand BC. it is possible to state formation of a theme of a monumental portal: in Egypt and in the Mesopotamia. But meaningful construction of the facade, the creation of a presentable facade composition has not yet taken place. from the middle of 2 thousand BC in Egypt and Assyria, symmetrical planar façade compositions were formulated (paired pylons in the temple in Egypt and paired towers at the entrance arch portal in palaces and citadels in Assyria and the Hittites). This architecture stops the visitor not only in its form: small entrance opening against the dominant deaf array presents secrecy, remoteness and elitism of the content of the building. Instead, the traditions of secular open facade with a two-column loggia on the facade denote the megarons of the acropolises of the Aegean world and a bit-hilani house. An echo of such traditions can be considered two-column facades of Georgian traditional folk housing darbazi, which can be considered as characteristic of the region not only of the Caucasus. It should be noted as a change in the ratio of the area of the opening to the plane of the facade indicated the degree of elitism, esoteric or vice versa - democracy of a society and a certain type of building. It is established, as after long stagnation of development and conservation of achieved ideals in schemes of facade compositions noticeable changes occurred around 6-5 centuries. BC, when both in the Aegean region and in Antalya and Persia the formation of the composition of the open facade took place in monumental elite and sacred architecture. Mediterranean architecture opens up, becomes public, social, humane - it is time to form the space of a secular public city square surrounded by columned symmetrical portico facades - time of antique classical architecture.

Folk Housing Expedition in the Caucasus

Folk Housing Expedition in the Caucasus

Review: Essays in Early American Architectural History: A View from the Chesapeake, by Carl R. Lounsbury

Carl R. Lounsbury. Essays in Early American Architectural History: A View from the Chesapeake Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2011, 268 pp., 136 b/w illus. $38.50 (paper), ISBN 9780813932293 This collection of essays is an excellent example of the “new architectural history” that has been practiced during the past forty years by most scholars of American architecture, especially those focusing on the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries. This new architectural history was at first associated solely with scholars who studied vernacular architecture, but with the succeeding years, vernacular has become a broader term that also describes an approach to the study of architecture, regardless of a building's design origins or place in time. Although this approach to architectural history is no longer new, historians have yet to find a satisfactory term that describes the sea change that took place in the discipline during the last quarter of the twentieth century. In any case, the field of architectural history turned a corner and became the richer for it. This approach can be traced to two seminal works of the 1970s—Henry Glassie's Folk Housing in Middle Virginia (1975) and Abbott Lowell Cummings's The Framed Houses of Massachusetts Bay, 1625–1725 (1979).1 Glassie, a folklorist, employed the theories of semiology to investigate the idea that buildings are the results of complex, culturally embedded signs and symbols. Like …

Holistic Houses and a Sense of Place

ABSTRACTThis article discusses the process of refinding the initial location of the Bishop Museum’shale pili(Hawaiian pole and thatch house) and an archaeological investigation of the site’s surface architecture, use of space, and subsurface activities. The study touches upon themes relevant to representations of culture and place in museum exhibits, analysis of existing museum collections to holistically interpret material culture, and the history of anthropological collecting. Thehale pilirepresents a “hybrid” form, with elements of precontact Hawaiian folk housing and European concepts introduced in the postcontact period. This problematizes the notion of “traditional” when used in relation to indigenous cultures in settler societies and the practice of exhibiting unique examples of “authentic” housing in isolation. Such analyses increase our interpretive abilities for museum collections and exhibits in the long term, particularly in reunifying folk housing and other material culture with location, a sense of place, and locale.

Folk housing revisited

As Fred Kniffen observed, vernacular buildings identify culture and record our relationships with physical and social environment. Influenced by Kniffen, twentieth‐century cultural geographers used spatially correlated log homebuilding attributes as diagnostics. The present study used a qualitative meta‐study approach to evaluate studies citing such correlations in the eastern temperate forests of North America. Forty‐two studies involving sixty‐three geographic entities and twenty‐two attribute types were evaluated. The meta‐study's findings were consistent with an Eastern Woodlands regional model described by Kniffen, Terry Jordan, and Wilbur Zelinsky. A majority of the spatially correlated attributes involved building materials, cited cultural and/or environmental influences to explain their findings, and cited correlations at state/province or county scales. Today, identification of building culture undoubtedly continues to offer potential guidance to sustainability efforts, and, although untapped, vernacular building continues to offer potential as a key diagnostic.

The modification of North China quadrangles in response to rural social and economic changes in agricultural villages: 1970–2010s

In Chinese agricultural villages, housing provides multiple functions for rural households. With the transition of state policies and regional socio-economic development in China over the last 40 years, farmers have modified the layout and form of rural housing to adapt to the shifts in their livelihoods and lifestyles. Rural housing built by the remittances of migrant workers has produced negative externalities in densely populated agricultural regions, whilst in some villages, traditional housing has been demolished as part of settlement rationalization plans, with peasants relocated to apartment-style housing. These practices have been controversial and generated conflicts between peasants and local governments. Thus, rural housing has become a theoretical and practical problem in rural China that cannot be resolved with a “one-size-fits-all plan or policy”. Based on field surveys and interviews in three case villages, this paper examines how the form and layout of North China quadrangles (NCQs, or Huabei siheyuan), the four-sided folk housing built by people of the Han nationality in northern China, have been modified since the 1970s. We discuss the land use problems arising from the evolution of NCQs and options for solutions. We found that NCQs in agricultural villages have undergone several dramatic modifications: NCQs built during the collectivist agriculture era (1970s) were traditional in style but had reduced functions; NCQs built during the agriculture intensification era (1980s to mid-1990s) played an important role in agriculture production; and NCQs built in the cyclical migration era (mid-1990s to date) are typically modern and spacious. These modifications to the form of NCQs can be seen as adaptation and survival strategies of rural households in response to socio-economic transitions, their changing livelihoods, and changes in their needs over the course of their lives. Today, rural houses with varied qualities, abandoned houses, and empty plots of land coexist and intermingle together in rural settlements. To manage this chaotic situation, we suggest macro-level solutions with targeted measures to respect variations in farmers’ characteristics and interests and avoid impairing the diversity and adaptability of rural folk housing.

Green Building and Social Sustainability: Study on Mosuo Folk Housing in China

Culture as an important part of social sustainability, can influence on the energy saving as well. Fist because definition of good life and benchmark of comfort vary significantly in different culture. Second, as in the society like Mosuo, the understanding of home is different to majority of rest nations. The significance of architecture is much associated with cultural satisfaction instead of high standard of physical comfort. To make things better, in such built environment as Mosuo, culture is the main focus, and social relationship is always tightly bonded in a harmonious state. Another finding from this study is that Mosuos social system demonstrates an interesting ability at keeping a steady level of its population for a long time in China; where population explosion is a crucial problem. It is the typical pattern of Mosuo house that enables the distinct lifestyle of Mosuo people to be dynamic and perpetual. Considering from material choosing, house building and daily occupation, these indigenous homes present a low carbon, ecological dwelling with substantial cultural significance. Nowadays, technology is nearly regarded as the universal judgment standard. However, social sustainability has been paid attention by researchers in developed countries and its cross-discipline study with built environment is also a heated topic. This study showed a new angle that culture could contribute to the conception of sustainable life style and the consequent paradigm on a new form of green buildings.

<i>Material Culture in Anglo-America: Regional Identity and Urbanity in the Tidewater, Lowcountry, and Caribbean</i> (review)

Reviewed by: Material Culture in Anglo-America: Regional Identity and Urbanity in the Tidewater, Lowcountry, and Caribbean Clifton Ellis (bio) David S. Shields, editor Material Culture in Anglo-America: Regional Identity and Urbanity in the Tidewater, Lowcountry, and Caribbean Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2009. 368 pages. 136 black-and-white illustrations. ISBN 978-1-57003-852-5, $59.95 HB Scholars have been studying material culture for decades, and their labors have produced a remarkable body of literature, yet few have tackled the task of weaving a grand narrative of American history through material culture. Notable exceptions include The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities by Richard L. Bushman and Culture and Comfort: Parlor Making and Middle Class Identity by Katherine C. Grier. Regions are more often the focus of material culture studies such as Folk Housing in Central Virginia by Henry Glassie, Everyday Architecture of the Mid-Atlantic by Gabriel Lanier and Bernard L. Herman, and A Building History of Northern New England by James Garvin. By far the most popular approach to the study of material culture has been through essays, often collected into handy anthologies that are focused on particular established areas of concern to the historian, such as The Gender of Material Culture edited by Katherine Martinez and Kenneth L. Ames or Historical Archaeologies of Capitalism edited by Mark P. Leone and Parker B. Potter Jr. Of course, one of the most influential collections, especially for architectural historians, is the volume edited by Robert Blair St. George, Material Life in America, 1600–1860. The present volume, edited by David S. Shields, is a new, welcome addition to this growing collection of anthologies. These essays were first presented at an interdisciplinary symposium sponsored by the Program in the South Carolina Lowcountry and the Atlantic World at the College of Charleston. The symposium explored the cultural identity of the Tidewater, Lowcountry, and Caribbean during the colonial and early national periods. These three regions were distinct in geography, climate, and culture, yet shared common political and social institutions and were closely linked by commerce and an economic system based in chattel slavery. The symposium yielded the papers selected for this edited volume with a refined focus on the role of material culture in the creation of distinct identities of the three regions. The authors posed two questions fundamental to regional identities: to what extent was the material culture of these three regions creolized, and to what extent was the material condition of cities in these regions affected by local circumstances and/or by a larger metropolitan Anglo-Atlantic culture? The volume is divided into two sections. The nine essays of Part One, “Materializing Regional Identity,” center on the topic of creating separate but overlapping identities in the three regions. As one might expect, the climate, geography, and weather patterns of the New World were unprecedented in the experience of the first European settlers. In “Building for Disaster: Hurricanes and the Built Environments in South Carolina and the British West Indies,” Matthew Mulcahy makes a strong case for an environmental interpretation of the adaptation of metropolitan architectural styles and forms of colonial architecture to the awesome realities of New World hurricanes and earthquakes. Colonials drastically reduced the height of commercial and domestic structures, eschewed dormers, adapted low hipped roofs, and even invented a new building type with a distinct form, the hurricane shelter. Although maintaining an identifiable visual connection to metropolitan styles, the architecture of the British West Indies nevertheless developed as a distinct reinterpretation of forms and features of English architecture. Environment could be a strong factor in the modification of metropolitan forms and styles, but it was by no means the only or even the main cause. Louis Nelson in “The Diversity of Countries: Anglican Churches in Virginia, South Carolina, and Jamaica” and Carl Lounsbury in “Christ Church, Savannah: Loopholes in Metropolitan Design on the Frontier” offer two strong discussions of the ways in which metropolitan ideals were always subject to local social and political conditions. In “Colonial Castles: The Architecture of Social Control,” Eric Klingelhofer shows how West Indian planters quickly adapted the castle type that had been rendered defunct in England and France for...

Logan, 1968: "A Reminiscence"

recent meeting of the California Folklore Society at Utah State University, the first time in its 61-year history that it has assembled outside the Golden State, causes me to reflect on another meeting held in the same location 34 years earlier. Once upon a time the Utah Folklore Society joined with the Folklore Society for a regional meeting designed to consider material culture and customs exclusively. meeting was organized by Austin E. Fife of Utah State University at Logan, his wife, Alta, Henry Classic and Jan Harold Brunvand. Fifes were experts on cowboy songs and material culture, especially that of the Rocky Mountain West. Glassie was interested in folk and was on the Folklore Society's folklife committee. Brunvand was newly a professor at the University of Utah. conference was held in Logan, July 26 and 27, 1968, and it followed an intensive week-long course entitled American Folk Cultures and Their Crafts that had been taught by Austin Fife and Henry Classic. In conjunction with the course and the conference was an exhibit of American Folk Arts and Folk Life in the Merrill Art Gallery and the Special Collections Library of the University. exhibit consisted mainly of photographs and artifacts with explanatory labels. Austin Fife also wrote a short description of the exhibit, including not only reproductions of the photographs but also texts from some of the placards that accompanied the thirty-some components of the exhibition. He took this opportunity to introduce what were, at that time, the little known fields of Folklife and Folk Art by calling attention to the objects of material culture and their uses, such as woodsman's tools-axes for felling trees and spuds for stripping bark-and house types from dugouts to rock houses with their fences, often of barbed wire, and the mailboxes which connected them to society. Fife pointed out the stereotype of the old West that still exists in popular belief aided by the mass media. As an example he mentioned the Landor Hotel in Wyoming with its furniture utilizing cowhide, Indian-woven fabric and native wood. Fife also described the braiding of horsehair to make hackamores, hatbands and lariats as well as the braiding of human hair, which was at one time made into jewelry. He commented on gravestones and gravestone rubbings. He mentioned the use of native plants as folk remedies, an old practice but one that continues into the twenty-first century. preceding topics were rarely, if ever, dealt with by folklorists at this time. In contrast, Fife himself had devoted articles to them before and after the exhibition, several of which were reprinted in Exploring Western Americana (1988). According to Henry Classic the conference at Logan was the first meeting in the United States to have its range defined by material and social tradition. In 1969 a report of the conference was published in a paperback, Forms on the Frontier, Folklife and Folk Arts in the United States, edited by Austin and Alta Fife and Henry Classic. Partly because of a limited press run this volume is less well known today than it warrants. In editing the presentations Classic decided that the papers were more or less evenly distributed between the field of material folk culture and the field of custom and belief. He then divided material culture into two sections, the first, Architecture; the second, Arts and Crafts. Similarly, he separated Folk Custom and Belief; first, Medicine and Recipes, second, Folk Life, Customs and Ethnic Groups. volume consists of twelve abstracts and six full copies of all the papers that were read (as well as a plethora of footnotes). Four of the five presentations under architecture are abstracts. first is The Impact of the Georgian Form on Folk Housing by Henry H. Glassie, who at that time was the state folklorist of Pennsylvania, Director of the Ethnic Culture Survey of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum commission as well as editor of Keystone Folklore Quarterly. …

Monumentality and the Rise of Religious Authority in Precontact Hawai'i [and Comments and Reply

Changes in temple labor investment and sacrificial offerings indicate that the rise in religious authority of the Hawaiian chiefly hierarchy correlates with an increase in political centralization and the intensifying role of the chief as divine intermediary through time. Initially, temples were small public courts akin to traditional Polynesian shrines used to reaffirm genealogical ties. During a period of internecine warfare and political instability and conflict in the I5th century A.D., temples became extremely large, a practical symbol of the burgeoning power of elites as they used ritual labor obligations to reaffirm chiefly genealogical relationships and enhance class cooperation. After island unification in the i6th century, chiefly religious activity shifted to sacrificial ceremonies and the consumption of surplus goods and foodstuffs as a result of status competition. By the time of European contact in the igth century, divinely sanctified rituals associated with war and levying taxes were instituted to enhance the status and power of the paramount chief through personal displays of material wealth. The Hawaiian case appears to follow a common trajectory among complex societies, where religious authority is increasingly expressed through the political economy, and serves as a contextual model of a complex chiefdom undergoing rapid political stratification.

Uncommon Groundings: Fred B. Kniffen's Place in Current Cultural Geography

Fred Bowerman Kniffen's academic career started in the 1920s at a time when cultural geography in North America was getting underway. For more than 60 years, Kniffen played a prominent role in its formation and elaboration. His contribution centered on material cultural studies, particularly folk housing, and the patterns and processes of the diffusion of the cultural elements of ordinary people. However, Kniffen's legacy within contemporary cultural geography extends beyond these central concerns. This essay examines Kniffen's relation to mass or popular culture studies, material culture studies, Berkeley school cultural geography and the "new" cultural geography. It considers the bases for Kniffen 's appeal to a diverse following, and suggests why his contributions will not be soon outmoded.

Fred B. Kniffen: A Special Kind of Anthropologist

Fred Kniffen not uncommonly referred to himself as a kind of anthropologist–in contradistinction to another University of California, Berkeley product, Andrew Clark, whom he referred to as a kind of historian. Such a self-characterization serves as a guide that allows us to bring together Kniffen's training at Berkeley, his sympathy for the historical school in anthropology, his work on native Americans, and his classic studies of folk housing. In this review, we see how Kniffen used an objective concept of culture to attend to the question of areal differentiation in a manner that resulted in a unique perspective on how a people's living gets inscribed on the landscape. Such a perspective on the inscription of people's lives upon the landscape finds a place in the current concept of culture as text and thus demonstrates, once again, the special quality that Kniffen s work possesses.

Log Barns of Hispanic New Mexico

Barns for livestock, hay, or both animals and fodder constitute a significant element of northern New Mexico's Hispanic cultural landscape. The origin, antiquity, modifications in design through space and time, and related nomenclature of these barns suggest the region's complex intracultural history. Two types of barns, the tasolera and twin-crib structure, exemplify the Hispanic artisan's innovative nature. Diversity within the Hispanic vernacular architectural tradition, as is illustrated by barns, suggests several lessons for students of folk housing.

Tenn-Tom Country (review)

Southeastern Geographer Vol. 27, No. 2, November 1987, pp. 131-136 REVIEWS Tenn-Tom Country. James F. Doster and David C. Weaver. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1987. 239 pp., maps, tables, diagrams, photographs, appendix and index. $49.95 cloth (ISBN: 0-8173-0279-4) Tenn-Tom Country chronicles the cultural and economic character of the upper Tombigbee Valley of western Alabama and northwestern Mississippi . The epic culminates with construction of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway. As James Doster and David Weaver correctly suggest the "Tenn-Tom" Waterway ranks as "one of the great engineering accomplishments of all time, comparable in magnitude to the Panama Canal and Egypt's Aswan Dam." The authors seek to describe what the country and people are like, what have been the results of attempts to foster economic development in the region, and what has been done to protect and preserve the regional historic heritage. The organization of the book is generally chronological but Chapter 1, "Preserving the Memories of Early Times," pays tribute to some of the individuals whose efforts shaped and preserved the cultural history of the region. Chapter 2, "Nature and Artifacts," supplies an easily readable overview of the geology and archeology of the Tenn-Tom Country and Chapter 3, "Indians and Indian Countrymen, 1540-1820," reviews the early historical record. The antebellum years are particularly well surveyed in three chapters: Chapter 4, "White Planters and Black Slaves, 1820-1840; Chapter 5, "Flush Times, 1840-1860;" and Chapter 6, "Antebellum Homes of the Wealthy." Students of folk housing will be pleased to see the evolution of early homes within the region (e.g., double pens, dogtrots , and I-houses) included and woven into an evolutionary architectural milieu. The following three chapters: "Civil War and Readjustment, 1860-1870," "The New Economy, 1870-1890," and "Doldrum Days, 1890-1940" describe how a collapsed and sluggish economy struggled through a difficult period. For example Doster and Weaver address one of the most interesting questions about the quality of life in the South during the mid to late nineteenth century, the relationship between agriculture, trade, and diet. As the Black Prairie soils were depleted and farmers found it increasingly difficult to purchase supplies, merchants 132Southeastern Geographer would furnish supplies and perhaps some cash in exchange for a lien on the future crop. As the productivity of the upland Black Prairie soils declined, yields declined sharply and merchants demanded that more cotton be planted to better cover their liens. The production of meat and bread decreased. "Fatback pork from the North" replaced the lean locally produced meat. Doster and Weaver suggest: "Concentration on this and on wheat flour produced an ill-balanced diet, causing widespread dietary deficiencies and a disease called pellagra." The modern growth of industry is well illustrated in Chapter 10, "The Great Awakening: The Transformation since 1940." To many readers, the final chapter, "The Impact of the Waterway," may be the most intriguing because of the many social and economic problems and opportunities created by the Tenn-Tom Waterway. Opened since 1985 the main impact on the counties adjacent to the Tenn-Tom has been the employment of construction and maintenance workers. Long term impacts are expected to include use of numerous recreational areas for hunting, fishing, picnicking, boating, and camping. The authors also suggest another somewhat unexpected benefit of the waterway. The U.S. Corps of Engineers was pressured by various interest groups to develop an environmentally sensitive technology. The authors suggest that as a result of the criticism surrounding the Tenn-Tom, the Corps developed an improved "capacity to perform great works with a minimum disturbance to the ecology and culture of an area." The decision to build the waterway was surrounded by controversy but the reader is provided with only sketchy explanations ofthe dispute. On what evidence did the 1961 "economic study" base its favorable recommendation to build the waterway? What was the crucial testimony in the Environmental Defense Fund suit against the Corps of Engineers? What was the cost of the waterway projected to be? What was the value of all the projected benefits? Now that the waterway is finished, how do the benefits compare with the costs? Is the Tennessee...

Louisiana Toponymic Generics Delimit Culture Areas

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Delaware Vernacular: Folk Housing in Three Counties

Delaware Vernacular: Folk Housing in Three Counties

SOUTHERN FOLK HOUSING: A REPLY AND CRITIQUE

SOUTHERN FOLK HOUSING: A REPLY AND CRITIQUE

Folk Housing in Middle Virginia: A Structural Analysis of Historic Artifacts

Folk Housing in Middle Virginia: A Structural Analysis of Historic Artifacts