Foliose Research Articles

Lichen diversity and abundance as affected by traffic volume in an urban environment

Diversity and abundance of seven species of epiphytic lichens were determined at 31 urban stations, representing different levels of general traffic and bus volume on the Halifax peninsula (Nova Scotia, Canada). General traffic ranged from 1,600 to ca 21,000 vehivles per day. Twenty-two stations were on diesel bus routes where bus traffic ranged from 42 to 480 vehicles per day. There was no significant correlation between traffic volume and abundance of the two most common foliose lichens ( Parmelia sulcata and Hypogymnium physodes). There was a significant correlation ( P < 0.01) between levels of bus traffic and both diversity and abundance of all lichen species at each station. Fructicose lichens common in rural districts are rare in the city, and are limited to streets with low general traffic density and are absent from bus routes ( Usnea spp. and Alectoria nidulifera).

Zur SO2-Resistenz von Flechten verschiedener Wuchsform

Summary To determine the SO 2 resistance of lichens pertaining to different groups of growth form their thalli were exposed to SO 2 in air (4 mg/m 3 ) (determination of total resistance) or were submerged in Na 2 S 2 O 5 solution (determination of plasmatic resistance). As a viability criterion the CO 2 exchange of the thalli was measured with an infrared gas analyzer before and after SO 2 exposure or sulphite treatment. 4 crustose lichens, 5 foliose lichens, 3 fruticose lichens and 1 foliose gelatinous lichen were tested. The resistance of the individual species as determined by the fumigation experiments and the sulphite treatment varies considerably, also within the usually employed growth form groups. An arrangement of the species in order of their plasmatic resistance results in another sequence than an arrangement in order of their total resistance. Of all the tested species the crustose lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum showed by far the highest plasmatic resistance. Although crustose lichens show a tendency to a greater resistance and fruticose lichens to a lower resistance to SO 2 gas, there is no high correlation between growth form and SO 2 sensitivity. Neither can crustose lichens be considered as generally more resistant than foliose ones nor can foliose lichens be considered as more resistant than fruticose species, because some of the tested lichens did not fit in this often accepted sequence of decreasing resistance. Some crustose lichens (e. g. Pertusaria corallina ) were for instance found to be more sensitive than foliose lichens (e. g. Xanthoria parietina ), several foliose lichens ( Parmelia glabratula, Lobaria pulmonaria ) were less resistant than beard-like lichens (Alectoria fuscescens, A. pubescens) . After SO 2 treatment the gelatinous lichen Collema cristatum is totally damaged. It is possible that anatomical-morphological features of the lichens influence the SO 2 resistance, and some results support this, however the species are still too manifoldly differenciated within the roughly defined growth form groups to reveal a high correlation between growth form and SO 2 sensitivity. It seems that lichens of moist and shady habitats are more easily damaged than those of dry sites. Epiphytic and silicate lichens apparently do not differ basically in their SO 2 resistance. Lichen species with a large ecological amplitude are best qualified for bioindicators of SO 2 pollution; lichens with a narrow ecological range are too sensitive to environmental changes not caused by SO 2 .

Effects of Light Intensity and Temperature on Nitrogen Fixation by Lobaria pulmonaria, Sticta weigelii, Leptogium cyanescens and Collema subfurvum

Effects of Light Intensity and Temperature on Nitrogen Fixation by Lobaria pulmonaria, Sticta weigelii, Leptogium cyanescens and Collema subfurvum

A classification of terrestrial vegetation near McMurdo Sound, continental Antarctica

Eleven plant sociations are reported from the McMurdo Sound region of continental Antarctica, and they are grouped in the Alga, Fruticose and Foliose Lichen; Crustaceous Lichen; and Short Moss Turf and Cushion subformations of the Antarctic Non-vascular Cryptogam Tundra formation. Their inclusion necessitated only minor modification of a vegetation classification developed in the maritime Antarctic.The most widespread vegetation consisted of sparsely developed communities of turf- and cushion-forming mosses in habitats ranging from dry cinder slopes to sand and gravel in seepage areas and by meltwater streams. The bryophyte colonies seldom exceeded 4 cm in depth, and although total plant cover within the communities locally reached 85%, it was more frequently under 5%. The Sarconeunim association appeared to tolerate more arid conditions than the Bryum association, whose communities occasionally merged with algal sociations occupying certain of the streams. Exposed rock habitats normally supported at most small scattered thalli of crustaceous lichens, well-developed lichen communities being rare.

Structure of the lichen Parmelia aurulenta

The foliose lichen Parmelia aurulenta Tuck. (Parmeliaceae) was examined using scanning electron microscopy and transmittance electron microscopy. The algal component was identified as Trebouxia and the physical relationship between algal cells and fungal hyphae was studied. An impression of the three-dimensional relationship between the two symbionts was obtained with the scanning electron microscope, and the sites of extensive crystal deposition were identified.

Importance of Nonbrowse Foods to Moose on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska

Food intake of three tame moose (Alces alces) was observed on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska during summer on normal range and during winter and spring on normal and depleted range. Plant species and bite sizes were recorded for 49,308 bites consumed. Food eaten varied between summer and winter, and moose ate a greater variety of forage than previously realized. Birch (Betula papyrifera) leaves comprised 56 percent (by number of bites) of the summer diet, forbs 25 percent, grasses, sedges and aquatics 10 percent, and willow (Salix spp.) 5 percent. Winter diet on range that had supported average moose densities for the area (15 per square mile) was 72 percent birch twigs, 21 percent lowbush cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) and 6 percent willow and alder (Alnus crispa). On depleted winter range, stocked for 18 months with abnormally high moose densities, birch twigs comprised only 22 percent of the diet. The bulk of bites taken were of lowbush cranberry (51 percent) and foliose lichens (Peltigera spp.) (23 percent). In May, moose consumed 10-30 times as much cranberry and lichen as birch. Availability of understory forage species during part of the winter is probably an important factor in supporting the very high moose densities found on this range. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 37(3):279-287 Analyses of moose range commonly stress abundance, production, and use of large woody shrubs (Aldous and Krefting 1946, Krefting 1951, Spencer and Chatelain 1953, Spencer and Hakala 1964, Houston 1968). This emphasis occurs because browse is the only food available to moose in winter over much of their range and winter range is classically considered a limiting factor for moose populations, and because range survey methods depend on the ease by which one can visually estimate browse conditions (Cole 1963). Emphasis on woody shrubs has persisted despite an impressive array of evidence that moose are extremely catholic in their tastes. Especially in spring and summer, they consume forbs, grasses, mushrooms, lichens, and practically all other floral components of their environment. Murie (1934) reported a great variety of foods taken on Isle Royale. Peterson (1955) listed more than 100 species and groups of plants taken at least occasionally by moose. Houston (1968), although stressing that browse was the most important food class during all seasons in Wyoming, demonstrated that moose ate significant quantities of grasses, sedges, rushes, and forbs in spring and

Statistische Analyse der rindenbewohnenden Flechtenvegetation einer Allee Tübingens

1. The bark-inhabiting lichen vegetation of maple trees ( Acer platanoides ) in the Steinlachallee (tree-lined road) in Tübingen comprises 14 species (table 1). 2. Some species occur more frequently together than random deviation suggests (significance level 5 %). They thus form communities whose composition alters with changing exposure. No same community is found at the different exposure zones (table 2 and fig. 3). 3. In certain cases the presence or abscence of lichen species along the Steinlachallee in centrifugal direction shows significant gradients (table 3). 4. Degree of lichen cover generally changes with exposure and distance from the city centre (table 4, fig. 4). 5. However, individual species are influenced differently by the two variables (fig. 10 and 11). Consequently, the significance of a particular species changes, as far as the cover of a given tree is concerned (fig. 6—9). 6. The ecological optimum of some species changes with exposure and their position in the transect, while other species keep their ecological optima constant independent of exposure and/or position in the transect (table 6, fig. 10, 11). 7. From this, conclusions can be drawn about the physiological optima and the competitive force of the participating species. In general, crustose lichens seem to displace foliose lichens from their physiological optima. 8. The apparent influence on the lichen vegetation is to a greater extent attributed to the city climate than to air pollution.

Experimentell-ökologische Untersuchungen an Flechten der Negev-Wüste: III. CO2-Gaswechsel und Wasserhaushalt von Krusten- und Blattflechten am natürlichen Standort während der sommerlichen Trockenperiode

Summary CO 2 gas exchange and water relations of crustose and foliose lichens were examined under natural conditions at the end of the dry period in their highland habitat of the Central Negev Desert: Caloplaca ehrenbergii (M uell . A rg .) A. Zahlbr ., Caloplaca aurantia (P ers .) H ellb . var. aurantia P oelt , Lecanora farinosa (F lk .) N yl ., Xanthoria isidioidea (B eltr .) R et G alun , Squamarina cf. crassa (H uds .) P oelt , Diploschistes steppicus R eichert and endolithic lichens inside limestone. Similar to the behaviour of the fruticose species Ramalina maciformis and Teloschistes lacunosus (Part II), the other life forms are also moistened sufficiently, as a result of nightly dew-fall, that an apparent photosynthetic CO 2 uptake is possible for a period of several hours following sunrise. Maximum rates of photosynthesis are peak values compared with known values from field measurements of lichens from other climatic regions. They reach the order of the highest rates of CO 2 assimilation of wild phanerogams, measured at the same time in the same habitat. Also the crustose and the foliose lichens are capable of absorbing enough water vapour in absence of dew condensation from the surrounding moist air at night so as to permit a short period of photosynthetic activity during the morning.

Single-Lobe Growth-Rate Patterns in the Lichen Parmelia caperata

The growth rate of a single lobe of Parmelia caperata was measured at intervals of 11 to 53 days for one year. Measurements were made on photographic prints enlarged to 20x, using white algae-free spots on the thallus surface as reference points. Growth occurred throughout the year but was most rapid in May-June (0.05 mm/day) when enlargement of the white spots indicated expansion of the fungal component. Each major lobe produces new lobes from two or more (up to 5 or 6) marginal bulges, but at maturity the more lateral bulges atrophy and only two or three apical lobes continue growth. Most vertical growth occurs within 1 mm of the lobe tips with cessation 1.5-2.0 mm back from the tip. Horizontal growth (increase in lobe width) is not so rapid as vertical growth and ceases when the lobe reaches about 2.5 cm in width. Lichens have a well deserved reputation as slow-growing plants. There is a large body of literature on growth measurements, going back almost 100 years, that substantiates this phenomenon. The most recent trend in this field of study is to determine seasonality of growth in more detail rather than simply prove all over again that lichens do grow (Phillips, 1963; Rydzak, 1966). European lichenologists, however, have been handicapped by long cold winters which are unfavorable for growth, and annual rates of radial increase are in general less than 3 mm per year for foliose species (Hakulinen, 1966). This same difficulty is met in northern United States where increases of less than 2 mm per year are found in the common foliose species (Hale, 1959; Brodo, 1965). In this instance one has little chance of detecting growth variation, say, in a week, for the amount of growth would not be significantly greater than the error involved in taking the measurement. The solution to this problem is obviously to find an area where lichens grow faster. Phillips (1963, 1969), for example, has been studying Parmelia conspersa and other foliose lichens in Tennessee, a region with mild winters, and has found growth rates high enough to show weekly variation. Total radial growth is 5-8 mm per year. Lichens in the vicinity of Washington, D.C., also grow quite rapidly with monthly rates as high as 1.5 mm. I have been measuring a number of quadrats, mainly of P. caperata and P. conspersa, for the past four years with a photographic technique, using prints enlarged to about 2x. At this magnification the smallest measurable increment (here considered the level of accuracy) is about 0.1 mm. Data on these quadrats and correlations with climatic factors over a four-year period are now being analyzed and will form the subject of another article. 1 This research has been supported in part by a research grant from the Washington Biologists' Field Club. 2 Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. This content downloaded from 40.77.167.32 on Sun, 31 Jul 2016 05:38:20 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1970] HALE: SINGLE-LOBE GROWTH RATES IN PARMELIA 73 FIGURE 1. The colony of Parmelia caperata selected for study. The lobe measured is indicated by arrows below the rule in millimeters. Photograph taken 27 April 1968. The purpose of this study was to investigate in greater detail and with high magnification the patterns of growth in a single lobe, something that has apparently never been done before. We need to know more about growth mechanisms, the extent of vertical, horizontal, and intercalary growth, and branching patterns in the thallus. These questions had to be answered before full confidence could be placed in the validity of growth measurements made from photographs enlarged two times. The lichen being investigated, Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach., grows abundantly on granite outcrops in the open oak-hickory forests on Plummers Island, Maryland, about 10 miles (16 km) west-northwest of Washington, D.C., in the Potomac River. This lichen does not grow in direct sun but prefers partially shaded rocks under the broken forest canopy. The average mean temperature for this region is about 370F (2.80C) in January and 780F (25.60C) in July. Annual rainfall totals about 40 inches (1016 mm) and falls throughout the year. Snow is infrequent and persists on the ground only a few days. The particular colony selected in this study (Fig. 1), about 6 cm in diameter, grows on a nearly level outcropping. Individual lobes were photographed with a Nikon F camera equipped with bellows attachment. At this magnification (3x on the 35-mm negative) a print enlarged to 8x10 inches gave a final magnification of about 20x. This content downloaded from 40.77.167.32 on Sun, 31 Jul 2016 05:38:20 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 74 THE BRYOLOGIST [Volume 73

Lichens found on Larix lyallii and Pinus albicaulis in southwestern Alberta, Canada

Fifty-two species of lichens were found on Larix lyallii Parl. and Pinus albicaulis Engelm. trees in 31 stands in the subalpine zone of the mountains of southwestern Alberta. The species belong to the following North American distributional elements: 25, Pan Boreal; 13, Arctic Boreal; 8, Cordilleran or Western Boreal; 2, Pan North American; 2, Eastern Boreal; and 1, uncertain.In Larix lyallii, quadrats occupying the lower 30 cm of the trunk were characterized by a Parmeliopsis hyperopta – P. ambigua – Cetraria pinastri union whereas quadrats in a region 40 cm deep, centered at 1.3 m from the base, were occupied by a Letharia californica – Alectoria glabra union. In Pinus albicaulis, the lower quadrats were characterized by a Parmeliopsis ambigua – Cetraria pinastri – Parmeliopsis hyperopta – Lecidea fuscescens union whereas the upper were occupied by a Parmelia sphaerosporella – Letharia californica – Lecanora varia – Alectoria glabra union.Forty-eight species occurred on the smooth to rough, more absorbent, bark of Pinus albicaulis compared with 32 found on the rough bark of Larix lyallii.Succession followed four stages: (1) the invasion of appressed foliose lichens on the tree bases, (2) the appearance of crustose species on the lower four feet of the trunk, (3) the invasion of foliose species on the trunk and branches, and (4) the appearance of fruticose species.

Annual Growth Rates of Three Species of Foliose Lichens Determined Photographically

Annual Growth Rates of Three Species of Foliose Lichens Determined Photographically

Review: Lichens of Ohio, Part 1. Foliose Lichens, by Conan J. Taylor

Review: <i>Lichens of Ohio, Part 1. Foliose Lichens</i>, by Conan J. Taylor

Lichens The Lichens of Ohio, Part I. Foliose Lichens Conan J. Taylor

Lichens The Lichens of Ohio, Part I. Foliose Lichens, by Taylor Conan J., Biological Notes No. 3, The Ohio Biological Survey, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 1967, 151 p., illus., $5.00. Lewis F. Ohmann Lewis F. Ohmann U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar BioScience, Volume 18, Issue 9, September 1968, Page 905, https://doi.org/10.2307/1294168 Published: 01 September 1968

Foliose and Fruticose Lichens of the Valley and Ridge Province of Alabama

Foliose and Fruticose Lichens of the Valley and Ridge Province of Alabama

Foliose and Fruticose Lichens of the Valley and Ridge Province of Alabama

Foliose and Fruticose Lichens of the Valley and Ridge Province of Alabama

Lichens from Har Meron (Jebel Jermak), Upper Galilee

Twenty species, collected for the first time from Har Meron in Israel, are reported and their worldwide distribution recorded. Insofar as they were determined, the lichen acids of these species are indicated and the crystals used for their identification illustrated. Har Meron (Jebel Jermak3) presents a challenge because no previous lichen collections from this mountain and its environs have been reported, and to our knowledge no lichenological research there has ever been made before. Har Meron differs physiographically from any other region in Israel. It is located about seven kilometers west of the city of Safad, and covers an area of approximately six square kilometers. Har Meron forms the peak of the mountain belt that extends from the southern foot of Mt. Lebanon to the desert of the Sinai Peninsula. It is composed of three summits the northern (1,208 m), the western (1,104 m), and the eastern (1,151 m) -which are about 1.6 kilometers apart. While the western slope is gentle, the northern and eastern ones are more abrupt. The climate is biseasonal, with winter precipitations only (mainly rain, occasionally snow). The total precipitation is the highest in Israel (annual average over 1,200 mm) and the temperature is the lowest (averages: annual 120C, max. July 190C, min. January 60C). The area discussed is notable by its rich flora (Zohary 1962). It comprises a mixture of deciduous species and evergreens, with Quercus calliprinos and Pistacia palaestina as the dominant representatives of the association. These are accompanied by other Mediterranean trees and shrubs such as Laurus nobilis, Phillyrea media, Rhamnus palaestina, Crataegus azarolus, and Cercis siliquastrum. Several other trees Quercus boissieri, Acer syriacus, Pyrus syriaca, Prunus ursina, Juniperus oxycedrus, and Sorbus trilobata are confined to this area and find here their southernmost limit of distribution. This Mediterranean part of the country affords a more suitable habitat for fruticose and foliose lichens than the rest of the country. In the following, the general distribution of each species mentioned is summarized, as far as the literature supplies such information. This reveals that many of the species collected from Har Meron 1 Grateful acknowledgement is made to the Israel National Academy of Science for a grant in support of this work. We thank Professor J. Poelt for his help in the determination of Lecanora muralis and L. radiosa var. subcircinata and Mr. A. Shub for the photographs of Figures 1-5. 2 Department of Botany, Tel-Aviv University, 155 Herzl Street, TelAviv, Israel. 8 Jebel Jermak is the Arabic name of this mountain; it is sometimes spelled Jebel Jannrmaq. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.114 on Thu, 26 May 2016 06:03:06 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 19661 GALUN & LAVEE: LICHENS FROM GALILEE 325 find their equivalents in various mountainous regions of the Mediterranean area while others have a wider range. Several of the species are limited in Israel to the summit of Har Meron; others are less specific. The number of species reported in this paper represents only a partial picture of the lichen flora of Har Meron. It should, therefore, be considered only a preliminary report upon the little explored lichen flora of that area. The formulae for the solutions used in the microcrystal tests and referred to in the captions for the illustrations of the crystals are the standard ones given by Asahina and Shibata (1954). The collections are deposited in the herbarium of Tel-Aviv University. ANAPTYCHIA CILIARIS (L.) Kjrb. in Mass., Mem. Lichenogr. 35. 1853. Lichen ciliaris L., Spec. Plant. 2: 1144. 1753. Collections: Common on trunks and branches of Quercus calliprinos, Pistacia palaestina, and Rhamnus palaestina. Reactions: K-, C-, PD-. Constituents demonstrated: None. Anaptychia ciliaris is apparently restricted to Europe, and is among the most common lichens in northern Europe (Kurokawa 1962).

Lichens as Microclimate Indicators in Northwestern Minnesota

In a pilot study conducted in northwestern Minnesota, different kinds of lichens showed characteristic patterns of distribution, correlated with height above ground, suggesting that they may be of value as indicators of microclimate. The study also indicated that mosses may feasibly be employed to indicate differences in moisture. Lichens covered on the average 35% of the bark of Quercus macrocarpa in the study area. Coverage was greatest in the prairie region and least in the transition region between prairie and forest. Although 21 kinds of foliose lichens were present, 81% of the cover was made up of Physcia aipolia, Candelaria concolor, Xanthoria fallax, and Ph. grisea. INTRODUCTION Plant indicators are commonly employed to define macroclimatic zones and have been used by farmers in selecting sites suitable for crop cultivation. According to Odum (1959), success in the use of plant indicators for these purposes depends on four factors: (1) choice of long-lived (and hence usually large) species, (2) choice of species with narrow rather than broad ranges of tolerance for the factors of environment under consideration, (3) correlation of data based on observation of several species, and (4) accumulation of field data over a period of years and/or at several localities. Assuming that these same principles may be applied to relationships between micro-environment and vegetation, a pilot study was conducted in northwestern Minnesota during the summer of 1963 investigating the feasibility of using corticolous lichens as microclimate indicators. The study also yielded data on the kinds and abundance of corticolous lichens in the area. Trees, shrubs, and perennial grasses have been the most widely employed macroclimate indicators. To indicate microclimate, however, small organisms must be employed. Rawson (1956) in his studies with algae has demonstrated that because small organisms are generally short-lived they are usually unsatisfactory for this purpose. Lichens are known to be long-lived plants despite their smallness and are therefore logical microclimate indicators. Since it has been observed that many lichens have very narrow ranges of tolerance for some environmental factors, e.g. pollution of the atmosphere by SO2 (Skye 1958), it is conceivable that various combinations of lichens might be useful in indicating microclimatic variation.

New Localities for Cavernularia hultenii in Eastern and Western North America

The foliose lichen Cavernularia hultenii Degel., previously known from Alaska, British Columbia, central Scandinavia, and Scotland, has been collected in Newfoundland as the first record for eastern North America as well as in Washington, Oregon, and California. 1 The second author received financial support for field work from the American Association of University Women. 2 Department of Botany, University of Helsinki, Finland. 3 Botanisches Institut der Universitit Marburg, Germany. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.111 on Wed, 03 Aug 2016 04:03:35 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 86 THE BRYOLOGIST [Volume 68 The small foliose lichen Cavernularia hultenii Degel., which is referred to the genus Hypogymnia by some authors (RisTinen 1943, Krog 1951, Dahl 1952), has been reported from North America, hitherto, only from Alaska (Degelius 1937, Krog 1962) and Queen Charlotte Islands (Weber & Shushan 1959). Elsewhere the lichen is known from the central parts of Norway and Sweden (Ahlner 1938, 1948) and from Scotland (James 1959, Swinscow 1960). In 1956 one of us found Cavernularia hultenii in Newfoundland (briefly mentioned in Ahti 1959, p. 16), and in 1961 the other author collected the species in Washington, Oregon, and California. The following are the new localities for C. hultenii in North America: CANADA. NEWFOUNDLAND: Burin Dist., 3 mi. W of Lamaline, abundant on Abies balsamea in low thicket along the seashore, Ahti 9158 (H, CAN, DUKE, NFLD).--Ferryland Dist., 5 mi. ENE of Portugal Cove South, abundant on Abies balsamea in stunted thicket in maritime heath, Ahti 2583 (H, CAN, LE). Northwest Pond road, ca. 10 mi. WSW of Cape Broyle, on stunted Abies balsamea, Ahti 2734 (H).-Harbour Main Dist., ca. 1 mi. E of Big Island Pond, Hawke Hills, on Betula (?) in moist forest, Ahti 2813 (H). -Placentia East Dist., 1.5 mi. SE of St. Bride's, on Nemopanthus mucronata shrubs in heath, Ahti 8877 (H, CAN). -St. Mary's Dist., N side of Northwest Pond, ca. 12 mi. ENE of Riverhead, on Abies balsamea in dense thicket, Ahti 2579 (H). 2 mi. E of Peter's River, on Abies balsamea in solitary thicket in treeless heath, Ahti 543 (H, CAN, HERB. HENSSEN). U.S.A. CALIFORNIA: Humboldt Co., Arcata, Samoa Peninsula, in pine barren behind the dunes, on twigs of Pinus contorta, Henssen 13639b. The same, on twigs of Vaccinium ovatum, Henssen 13640a. The same on twigs of Myrica californica, Henssen 13650a. OREGON: Lane Co., park near Florence, S end of Willamette Valley, on trunks of Pinus contorta in beach pine forest, Henssen 13609a. WASHINGTON: Jefferson Co., Hoh River Rainforest, as a pioneer on fence posts along the road, Henssen 13546a. The collections referred to above as numbers 13609a and 13640a will be distributed as exsiccate. The specimens are sterile except one, (Ahti 1958, H) from Newfoundland which bears a single young apothecium. Although not particularly looked for, C. hultenii was collected in seven localities in Newfoundland and it may therefore be expected to be common in similar situations near the coast in the most oceanic parts of the island, especially along the south coast. At Portugal Cove South, for instance, it was very abundant on the twigs of Abies balsamea in all the thickets examined. These very dense conifer thickets, seldom surpassing 15 to 18 feet in height, are very characteristic for the boreal coasts of eastern North America and frequently alternate with treeless maritime heaths in southern Newfoundland. On the Avalon Peninsula, where most of the known stations of C. hultenii are, the heathland covers 47.8% and the nonproductive forest (mainly balsam fir thickets) 16% (Wilton 1956). Cavernularia hultenii was not found in very tall forests, although some other oceanic species, e.g. Cetraria norvegica, were found in microclimatically suitable places even in the less oceanic forests of the interior. The common associates of C. hultenii in Newfoundland include Cetraria glauca, C. norvegica, C. ciliaris, Hypogymnia physodes, H. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.111 on Wed, 03 Aug 2016 04:03:35 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1965] AHTI & HENSSEN: CAVERNULARIA HULTENII 87

Foliose and Fruticose Lichens of the Piedmont Upland of Alabama

Foliose and Fruticose Lichens of the Piedmont Upland of Alabama

Foliose and Fruticose Lichens of the Piedmont Upland of Alabama

Foliose and Fruticose Lichens of the Piedmont Upland of Alabama