Foliar Application Of Growth Regulators Research Articles

Efficiency of paclobutrazol and gibberellic acid in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different doses of nitrogen fertilization

Application of growth regulators like paclobutrazol and gibberellic acid is a suitable way to prevent excessive nitrogen consumption. Therefore, this 2-year research was conducted in Karaj, Iran. This research was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a split-plot arrangement in 2019–2021. Treatments included nitrogen at three levels: (60, 105 and 150 kg ha−1) which were placed in the main plots. The second factor was the foliar application of growth regulators at three levels: [gibberellic acid (100 ppm), paclobutrazol (200 ppm) and control]. The results showed that application of paclobutrazol and gibberellic acid raised super wheat yield and quality compared to control. The highest biological yield (27.67 ton ha−1), was observed in the interaction of nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 + gibberellic acid in the second year, which was the same with nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 + gibberellic acid in the first year and also interaction of nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 + paclobutrazol in the second year. The highest grain protein (14.69%) was seen in nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 + gibberellic acid in the second year and nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 + gibberellic acid in the first year. Growth regulators usage and increasing the nitrogen content (150 kg ha−1), improved the yield and grain quality of wheat. Therefore, the interaction of nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 + gibberellic acid and nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 +paclobutrazol, were the best treatments of this study, due to the creation of suitable environmental conditions for wheat, and these treatments can be suggested to the farmers.

Impact of foliar application of growth regulators on fruit splitting, yield and quality of daisy mandarin (Citrus reticulata)

The experiment was conducted during 2021 and 2022 at the Fruit Research Station, Jallowal-Lesriwal, Jalandhar (Punjab Agricultural University), Punjab to study the effect of foliar application of growth regulators on fruit splitting, yield and quality of Daisy mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco). The different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) (10, 20 and 30 ppm), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (10, 20 and 30 ppm), ethephon (10, 20 and 30 ppm) and salicylic acid (SA) (100 and 200 ppm) along with control were applied at different developmental stages of Daisy mandarin. The results revealed that the application of salicylic acid at 100 ppm effectively mitigated the severity of fruit splitting in Daisy mandarin during both the seasons and highest fruit weight, number of fruits and maximum fruit yield were observed with foliar application of GA3 at 10 ppm. Regarding the fruit quality attributes including total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, juice and flavonoid content, exhibited superior results with the application of 10 ppm GA3 as compared to untreated plants. The results suggested that application of 10 ppm GA3 and 100 ppm salicylic was effective in enhancing fruit quality attributes and reducing the incidence of fruit splitting in Daisy mandarin.

Strigolactone-mediated amelioration of salinity stress in bread wheat: Insights from phytochemical and ion channels related genes expression analyses

Foliar application of growth regulators seems to alleviate the adverse effects of abiotic stresses in plants through different mechanisms such as antioxidative and gene expression regulation. As an important abiotic stress, salinity has an enormous negative impact on crop plants such as bread wheat. In the present study, exogenous strigolactone (GR24) was considered for its potential stress-mitigating effect in two contrasting wheats cultivars (‘Arta’ and ‘Karchia’) grown under 2,053,100 mM NaCl stress (10 dS m−1). Yield-related traits, oxidative (APX, POX, CAT, H2O2, MDA, GB and Proline), ionic indices (Na+ and K+ content in leaf and root), and the expression of a selected set of oxidative stress related genes (TaAPX, TaGPX, TaP5CS, TaNHX2, TaSOS1, TaHAK, TaAKT2 and TaHKT2;1) were surveyed in the flowering stage. Strigolactone application (10 μM) had a significant effect on the induction and improvement of biochemical and ionic features such as reducing the electrolyte leakage, H2O2 and MDA or increasing the grain yield, total protein, proline, GB and antioxidant enzymes (APX, POX) activity, of salinity-stressed plants. The gene expression analysis with real-time PCR showed transcriptional variation of selected genes in response to salt stress and GR24. Improved homeostasis in Na+ and K+ and their ratio was found to be correlated with the expression of the antiporter genes and the consequent reduction of ion toxicity. The findings of this study can improve our knowledge about complex mechanism of strigolactone plant hormone during salt stress in crop plans to mitigation of salinity stress.

Enhancing productivity and profitability of linseed (Linum usitassimum L.) through foliar application of growth regulators

Considering the profitability, two foliar applications of auxin @ 2.0 ppm (one each at vegetative & flowering stage) was found to be the best treatment having additional net gain of Rs. 6226/ha over control with acceptable linseed seed yield of 1087 kg/ha under rainfed mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh. However, the treatments involving GA, applied either alone or in combination with auxin although have higher seed yield over the other treatments but could not achieve better returns due to higher cost of GA product adding to higher cost of cultivation.

Effect of Foliar Application of Growth Regulators and Micronutrients on Fruit Yield and Quality of Mango (Mangifera indica Linnaeus) cv. Mallika in Paklihawa, Rupandehi, Nepal

Effect of Foliar Application of Growth Regulators and Micronutrients on Fruit Yield and Quality of Mango (Mangifera indica Linnaeus) cv. Mallika in Paklihawa, Rupandehi, Nepal

Cytokinins along with Osmoprotectant Trehalose Overcome the Deleterious Effect of Drought Stress on Wheat

Experiment was conducted to evaluate, how the foliar application of trehalose (tre) along with kinetin (kn) and benzyl adenine (BA) affect the wheat genotypes (HD2967, PBW660 and WH1105) under drought stress conditions. Trehalose, Kn and BA tested in laboratory studies for their best concentrations, were applied in field grown wheat under drought. Presently, significant reduction was observed in leaf area, relative growth, Hill reaction and harvest index and sharp increase was recorded in concentration of non-enzymatic antioxidants constituents at both stages except reduced ascorbic acid content showed decline at flag leaf stage along with the upsurge in the activities of enzymatic antioxidants of wheat under drought as compared to control or irrigated ones. Foliar application of growth regulators altered activities of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants at both vegetative and flag leaf stage and helps in mitigation of negative impact of drought by regulation of Hill reaction, leaf area and growth rate of wheat that tends to maintain the final harvest of wheat crop.

Foliar Application of Growth Regulators Mitigates Harmful Effects of Drought Stress and Improves Seed Yield and Oil Quality of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Foliar Application of Growth Regulators Mitigates Harmful Effects of Drought Stress and Improves Seed Yield and Oil Quality of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Foliar Application of Growth Regulators and Nutrients for Better Quality Aspects of Guava Cv Lalit

The guava has tendency to bears flowers and fruits throughout the years but quality of fruits is highly influenced improper crop management practices and bahar season. The fruits of ambe bahar is poor in quality due to lack of nutrients availability and irregular orchard management practices. To carry out this new strategy to sustain the quality of guava through combination of nutrients and growth regulators, the present study was carried out during 2018-19 in 20-years-old orchard on mrig bahar season using foliar application of zinc sulphate (0.5%), borax (0.5%), GA3 (50 ppm), and NAA (40 ppm) either alone or in combinations, comprised of 9 treatments and 3 replications under Randomized Block Design. The results revealed that plants treated with 0.5% Borax along with 50 ppm GA3 significantly increased the leaf nutrient composition (1.09% leaf N, 0.014 % leaf P, 0.89% leaf K, 28.50 ppm Zn and 23.70 ppm B). The qualitative parameters of guava fruits also increased by borax and GA3, over untreated control.

Foliar application of growth regulators and nutrients for enhanced yield attributes of guava cv Lalit

Azoreductase is an important enzyme for the reduction of the azo linkage of dye during the biodecolorization process. In the present study, the production of intracellular azoreductase from bacterial cultures Enterobacter dissolvens AGYP1 (ED) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa AGYP2 (PA) was achieved during biodecolorization of synthetic textile dye Acid Maroon V. When compared with PA, the enzyme activity of ED was 2.31 times greater. The partial purification of azoreductase revealed specific activity of the dialyzed enzyme 51.72 U mg-1 protein (ED) and 33.06 U mg1 protein (PA). Methyl Red served as the best substrate for the azoreductase enzyme with superior activity at optimal pH 7 and temperature 30 °C. 75-80% of azoreductase enzyme activity was maintained when Mg+2 and Ca+2 were present. The azoreductase activity was considerably increased with NADH as the most suitable electron donor. The kinetic study showed consequent Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and maximal velocity (Vmax) values of 50 μM and 2222 U ml-1 (ED) and 250 μM and 1000 U ml-1 (PA), respectively

Effects of various plant growth regulators and sowing methods on the growth, yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Rice (Oryza sativa L) is an important source of food, as the population of the world is increasing the additional supply of rice is requisite to feed the population. Moringa leaf extract, salicylic acid and zinc sulphate are excellent growth regulators used worldwide. A field experiment was conducted on rice at Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. Fine rice (super basmati) was sown by two methods (S1= transplanting method and S2= direct-seeded rice) supplied with three growth regulators G1= moringa leaf extract (30 times diluted), G2= salicylic acid (50 mg per liter) and G3= zinc sulphate (50 g per liter) as foliar applications and G0devised as control treatment. Foliar application of growth regulators to respective treatments was done at two stages (before and after flowering). Data regarding growth (crop growth rate, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance), yield (number of grains per panicle, thousand grains weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index) and quality (normal kernel, sterile kernel, amylose contents, protein contents and brown rice rate) were studied. Compiled results of the study showed that moringa leaf extract along with the transplanting method performed better in most of the parameters than all other treatments. Transplanting with salicylic acid gave better results in the normal kernel, amylose contents and protein contents whereas zinc sulphate gave better results in brown rice rate.

Growth Regulators Improve Outcrossing Rate of Diverse Rice Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Lines through Affecting Floral Traits.

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) provides an irreplaceable strategy for commercial exploitation of heterosis and producing high-yielding hybrid rice. The exogenous application of plant growth regulators could improve outcrossing rates of the CMS lines by affecting floral traits and accordingly increase hybrid rice seed production. The present study aimed at exploring the impact of growth regulators such as gibberellic acid (GA3), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on promoting floral traits and outcrossing rates in diverse rice CMS lines and improving hybrid rice seed production. The impact of foliar applications of growth regulators comprising GA3 at 300 g/ha or GA3 at 150 g/ha + IAA at 50 g/ha + NAA at 200 g/ha versus untreated control was investigated on floral, growth, and yield traits of five diverse CMS lines. The exogenously sprayed growth regulators, in particular, the combination of GA3, IAA, and NAA (T3) boosted all studied floral, growth, and yield traits in all tested CMS lines. Moreover, the evaluated CMS lines exhibited significant differences in all measured floral traits. L2, L3, and L1 displayed the uppermost spikelet opening angle, duration of spikelet opening, total stigma length, style length, stigma brush, and stigma width. In addition, these CMS lines exhibited the highest plant growth and yield traits, particularly under T3. Consequently, exogenous application of GA3, IAA, and NAA could be exploited to improve the floral, growth, and yield traits of promising CMS lines such as L2, L3, and L1, hence increasing outcrossing rates and hybrid rice seed production.

Non-Structural Carbohydrates, Foliar Nutrients, Yield Components and Oxidative Metabolism in Pecan Trees in Response to Foliar Applications of Growth Regulators

Foliar sprays of growth regulators have commercial potential for improving the performance of some of the parameters associated with alternate bearing in pecan trees. The objective was to evaluate the behaviour of alternate bearing through analysis of seasonal variations in buds and leaflets of non-structural carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch), mineral nutrients (N-total, P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+), yield components (nut weight per kilogram and kernel percentage) and oxidative metabolism (superoxide dismutase, hydrogen peroxide, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and antioxidant capacity) in cv. Wichita pecan trees in response to foliar applications of gibberellic acid (50 mg L−1), calcium prohexadione (500 mg L−1) or thidiazuron (10 mg L−1). The experiment was of a completely randomized experimental design with five replicates. Foliar growth regulator (GRs) sprays help maintain the concentration of non-structural carbohydrates in the leaflets and buds between the evaluation years. With the exception of K+ (12.9 and 10.9 g kg−1) and Zn2+ (45.1 and 30.5 mg kg−1), the GRs did not show any effects on the concentrations of the foliar mineral nutrients. The results suggest foliar sprays of gibberellic acid improve the performance of parameters associated with alternate bearing, including oxidative metabolism.

CONTROLLING OF FRUIT SPLITTING IN POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.) BY FOLIAR APPLICATION OF GROWTH REGULATOR AND NUTRIENTS

Various growth regulators have been used to improve the quality of different fruit crops. Foliar spray of macro and micronutrients play an important role in vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality. In the present study, the influence of foliar application of growth regulators and nutrients on fruit splitting and fruit quality was evaluated. For that purpose, Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), Potassium nitrate (KNO3) and Boric acid (H3BO3) at the rate of 40 ppm, 1% and 0.3% were used respectively. Spray of chemicals were applied in 2nd and 8th week from full bloom to yield in pomegranate cultivar ‘Golden pearl’. The experiment was designed under Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) comprised with seven treatments and replicated thrice. Fruit splitting was reduced (48.68%) significantly with application of KNO3 + Boric acid, while maximum fruit size (60.26 cm2), fruit weight (84gm), fruit grain weight (136.38gm), total soluble solid (TSS) 12.52% and yield (21.9kg/plant) were observed in KNO3 + Boric acid. Moreover, peel weight was increased in control (60.66 gm) and minimum was observed in 48.62 gm in KNO3 + Boric acid. Finally, it is concluded KNO3 %+ Boric acid reveled best results against fruit splitting % and other fruit quality parameters. These findings show that application of KNO3+ Boric acid significantly influences fruit quality of pomegranate when fruit are in the beginning stages of growth and development.

Impact of foliar application of growth regulators and micronutrients on yield and quality of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)

Impact of foliar application of growth regulators and micronutrients on yield and quality of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)

Quality and yield of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) as affected by foliar application of growth regulators

Quality and yield of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) as affected by foliar application of growth regulators

Effects of plant growth regulators on quality flower and seed production of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)

Effects of different growth regulators and their application time on production of quality flower and seed production of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) were investigated. Experimental factors include nine foliar applications of growth regulators viz., Control (no application), two doses each of GA3, salicylic acid, benzyl adenine, cycocel, and two application times viz., (i) application at 25 DAT, (ii) application at 50 DAT. Results suggest that foliar spray of 250 ppm gibberellic acid enhanced growth, and improved seed yield and quality parameters of marigold. Among the times of application tested, it was observed that application at 25 days after transplanting (DAT) gave superior values for all the flower and seed parameters under study.

Growth regulators – a biological means for stimulating photosynthetic activity, nitrogen fixation and the increase of the biological value of protein in forage peas (Pisum arvense L.)

Abstract. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of foliar application of growth regulators on photosynthetic activity, nitrogen fixation and the biological value of protein in two cultivars of winter forage peas – Mir and Vesela. For achieving the aim set, a three-year field trial was carried out in the Training and Experimental Fields of the Agricultural University of Plovdiv, on a plot untreated with commercial fertilizers. The following growth regulators were used: RENI, RENI D, Bormax, Manganese Chelate and Molybdenite, applied at the phenological stage of pea plant budding. The effect of those products on the studied characteristics was compared to the untreated control. The reported three-year results show that foliar applied growth regulators had a positive effect on photosynthetic and nitrogenase activity, as well as on the characteristics of the nitrogen fixation apparatus (total number of nodules, number of active nodules and weight of the nodules) and on the biological value of the obtained protein in both cultivars of winter forage peas.

Influence of Growth Regulators on Yield and Economics of Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L.) Cv. Balanagar

The field study was conducted on a well-established custard apple orchard of eight years age at Custard Apple Research Station, Ambajogai, Dist. Beed, during 2016–17, to study the influence of growth regulators on yield and economics of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) Cv. Balanagar. The experiment framed was concentrated to find out effective concentration of GA3 and NAA as well as their combination for getting high yield of custard apple fruits. In present study, it had been observed that the foliar application of growth regulators was found beneficial for increasing yield of custard apple fruits. While, the combine spraying of GA3 25 + NAA 10 ppm twice i.e. before flowering (second fortnight of may) and one month after the first spray is beneficial for getting higher fruit yield of custard apple cv. ‘Balanagar’ under Marathwada region of Maharashtra.

Effect of pre harvest foliar spray of growth regulators on pre and post harvest parameters in ornamental sunflower genotype M-17R

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of pre harvest foliar application of growth regulators on the pre and post harvest flower quality in ornamental sunflower during the year 2012-13, at College of Horticulture, GKVK campus, UHS, Bagalkot. At 60 DAS highest plant height was with GA3 @ 150 ppm (154.73 cm) followed by GA3 @ 200 ppm (146.20 cm) and GA3 @ 250 ppm (145.53 cm). Sodium silicate @ 250 ppm (4508.77 cm2) registered maximum plant spread at 60 DAS. Foliar application of GA3 @ 150 ppm (25.00) produced highest number of leaves which was at par with Sodium silicate @ 250 ppm, GA3 @ 200 ppm and GA3 @ 250 ppm recording 24.87, 24.80 and 24.67 leaves respectively. Calcium sulphate @ 200 ppm registered highest leaf area of (4930.30 cm2) which was at par with Sodium silicate @ 250 ppm, Calcium sulphate @ 300 ppm, Chlormequat chloride @ 500 ppm, Sodium silicate @ 350 ppm, and Chlormequat chloride @ 1000 ppm with 4792.64, 4735.04, 4721.75, 4503.05 and 4430.02 cm2 respectively.

Effect of pre harvest foliar spray of growth regulators on pre and post harvest parameters in ornamental sunflower genotype M-17R

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of pre harvest foliar application of growth regulators on the pre and post harvest flower quality in ornamental sunflower during the year 2012-13, at College of Horticulture, GKVK campus, UHS, Bagalkot. At 60 DAS highest plant height was with GA3 @ 150 ppm (154.73 cm) followed by GA3 @ 200 ppm (146.20 cm) and GA3 @ 250 ppm (145.53 cm). Sodium silicate @ 250 ppm (4508.77 cm2) registered maximum plant spread at 60 DAS. Foliar application of GA3 @ 150 ppm (25.00) produced highest number of leaves which was at par with Sodium silicate @ 250 ppm, GA3 @ 200 ppm and GA3 @ 250 ppm recording 24.87, 24.80 and 24.67 leaves respectively. Calcium sulphate @ 200 ppm registered highest leaf area of (4930.30 cm2) which was at par with Sodium silicate @ 250 ppm, Calcium sulphate @ 300 ppm, Chlormequat chloride @ 500 ppm, Sodium silicate @ 350 ppm, and Chlormequat chloride @ 1000 ppm with 4792.64, 4735.04, 4721.75, 4503.05 and 4430.02 cm2 respectively.