Fodder Beet Roots Research Articles

Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of the Second Serve of Root Crop Pile Components

Abstract Fodder beet root crops in the autumn-winter period are one of the main types of juicy fodder for dairy livestock. Mechanized harvesting of fodder beet roots is a rather complex and energy-consuming technological process. The criteria that meet the requirements for the operation of root-harvesting machines are first of all the quality of digging and separation of impurities from root crops. The purpose of the work was improvement of the process of mechanized digging of fodder beets by an adapted digging-transport combined working body based on analytical and empirical research of the second feeds of constituent components of the dug pile of root crops. Based on the results of experimental studies, empirical regression equations were developed, which functionally describe the change in the second supply of the excavated components of the pile of root crops, depending on the speed of the root-harvesting machine and the rotation frequency of the drive shaft of the adapted digging-transport combined working body. Based on the comparative analysis, it was found that the discrepancy between the theoretical and approximated experimental values of second feeds is 5–10%. The results of the study are a further step in improving the method of optimizing the parameters of working bodies for digging and cleaning root crops from impurities.

Results of the experimental investigations of fodder beets harvesting technologies

At the first stage of implementing the technology of mechanized harvesting of fodder beets, there are certain difficulties in harvesting them from turning lanes and inter-row passages, which make up 10 to 15% of the field area. In addition, taking into account the specifics of the agrobiological properties of fodder beet root crops, after cutting of the hemlock, a significant number of roots (up to 5%) knocked out of the soil remain in the interrows, which are subsequently crushed by the wheels of the root harvester, that is, lost or damaged. The purpose of the work is to reduce losses and damage of fodder beets during their mechanized harvesting. The description of the technology of dividing the field into corrals and mechanized harvesting of fodder beets and technical means for their implementation is given. It is established that the application of the proposed fodder beet harvesting technology makes it possible to reduce their losses and damages on average from 1.7 to 2.2 times and from 1.5 to 1.6 times respectively.

Method of step-by-step development of a mathematical model of the process of separating impurities from root crops

Harvesting root crops, such as large sugar and fodder beetroots, and long-term chicory roots is a technologically complex and ambiguous technological process. It consists of different structural successive technological operations of pruning, digging roots, cleaning the dug heap from impurities, loading clean roots into the hopper or in vehicles moving near the root harvester. The aim of the study is to increase the efficiency of the process of harvesting roots by analyzing existing approaches to mathematical simulation of the technological process of separating impurities from roots. The developed mathematical model allows describing at the highest-level more precisely the process of gradual separation of variously structured components of impurities from root crops by each cleaning working body, which are constituent units of technical systems of root-harvesting machines. The proposed mathematical model can be used to optimize the parameters of the working bodies and other processes, in particular for the separation of the harvested grain heap, preparatory processes of seed, and so on.

The results of root crop cleaner experimental research

This article contains the results of the experimental research on the quantity of root tubers let through to the creasing rollers through the clearance between the worm screw and the feeding transporter working branch in the combined root crop cleaner. It also describes the experimental set and the technique used for dummy tuber root transportation research, with the size of root tubers 0.05; 0.1; 0.15 and 0.2 m in diameter. The experimental research has been held basing on the PFE 24 type planned experiment realisation. The variable factors were transporter speed (variation extremes of 1.2…1.8 m/s), worm pitch (variation extremes of 0.5…0.7 m), clearance gap between the worm screw and transporter (variation extremes of 0.05…0.1m), worm screw angle speed (variation extremes of 7…15 rad/s). The work provides the regression equations that characterize the dependency of the amount or tubers being let through the worm screw to the creasing rollers from the size characteristics of fodder beet root tubers. A graphic dependency analysis has been held and it set the root crop cleaner parameter and work modes best for the maximum quantity of root tubers ran through the device.

ОЦЕНКА ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ КОРМОВОЙ СВЕКЛЫ ПОД ВЛИЯНИЕМ РЕУЛЯТОРОВ РОСТА В УСЛОВИЯХ НЕЧЕРНОЗЕМНОЙ ЗОНЫ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Intensification of agricultural production provides the development and introduction of new, progressive, and cost-effective practices, including plant growth regulators. The effect of various growth regulators on the productivity of fodder beet of the Eckendorf yellow variety type was studied in the conditions of the Central-Non-Chernozem region of the Russian Federation in an experimental field in the Kaluga branch of Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy in the period from 2019 to 2021. The studies found that the level of productivity of fodder beet under the action of various growth regulators relative to the control variant significantly increases during pre-sowing seed treatment on 5–10,9% and when using phytoregulators by vegetation on 4,8–11,5%. The most significant increase in productivity and the yield of absolutely dry substances of root crops were noted in an intensive version of the technology using growth regulators Biodux and Zircon. The yield range for three years with these regulators was in the range of 560–561 c/ha, the yield of ACB was 72,5–72,8 c/ha during seed etching, and 559–564 c/ha and the yield of ACB72,5–73,1 c/ha during foliar treatments. In general, the percentage increase in the content of absolutely dry matter of fodder beetroots relative to the control variant with the use of growth regulators was 0,24–0,25%, the increase in the yield of feed units for variants with pre-sowing use of growth regulators was 3–6,6 c/ha or 4,9–10,9%, with foliar application – 2,8–7 c/ha or 4,6–11,5%. Thus, the research work for 2019–2021 proved the effectiveness of modern growth regulators in the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation.

In vitro fermentation of fodder beet root increases cumulative gas production of methane and carbon dioxide.

The relationship between proportion of fodder beet root (FB: Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris L.) in a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) diet and gas production was investigated in vitro. Cumulative gas production and fermentation products were measured in calibrated glass syringes using a factorial arrangement (4 x 6), of dry matter proportion of FB (0, 15, 35 and 50% DM: 0FB, 15FB, 35FB and 50FB, respectively), and incubation time (0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h). Concentrations of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) produced both in fermentation and from bicarbonate buffering of volatile fatty acid, were also calculated. The proportion of FB root linearly increased volume of gas (mL) produced per g dry matter (DM) and per g organic matter (OM) with gas accumulation 14.8% greater for 50FB compared to 0FB at 24-hours of incubation (P<0.001). The concentration of propionic and butyric acids also increased relative to the proportion of FB (P < 0.001). Stoichiometric calculations indicate that FB increased CO2 released from both buffering and fermentation processes but reduced the fractions of methane in gas (17.6, 17.4, 17.0 and 16.8 ± 0.4% for 0FB, 15FB, 35FB, and 50FB, respectively, P< 0.001). However, the greater OM content of FB increased the total volume of both CO2 and CH4 produced. Results suggest that FB altered the thermodynamics of fermentation early in digestion by increasing formation of propionate which acted as a hydrogen sink to reduce formation of methane. However, as fermentation progressed, butyrate forming pathways became more favourable. The greater OM content of FB compared to ryegrass increased absolute volumes of CO2 and CH4 from fermentation, resulting in greater emission of gasses per kg DM of substrate. Further investigation in vivo is required to determine potential effects of microbial protein synthesis on gas production and further verify these results.

Insights into suckling rabbit feeding behaviour: acceptability of different creep feed presentations and attractiveness for sensory feed additives

In young rabbit, digestive disorders are frequently observed around weaning. Stimulating the onset of feed intake in the suckling rabbit might be a way to promote gut health. The aim of this study was to determine the rabbit’s acceptability for different feed presentations and its preferences for flavours at an early stage of life. Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of physical form and flavouring on creep feed attractiveness. All the diets tested were provided in the nest from 3 to 17 days, and the daily intake per litter was recorded as of 8 days of age. In the first trial, five feed presentations were tested separately (n = 60 litters). Three dry presentations were chosen: commercial pellet (P), crumb from commercial pellet (cP) and crumb from beet pulp pellet (cBP). Hydrated feeds were also provided with either raw fodder beetroot (B) or a semi-solid feed in agar gel form produced with fodder beetroot juice and pulp (gB). In the second trial, double-choice tests were performed on four feed gels (n = 72 litters), leading to six comparison treatments. These agar gels were made of pellet mash without or with a sensory additive: one non-odorised control gel and three gels with 0.20% banana flavour, 0.06% red berry flavour and 0.10% vanilla flavour, respectively. In the first trial, kits ate more gB in fresh matter than other feed presentations (P < 0.001), with a total intake of 7.0 ± 1.8 g/rabbit from 8 to 17 days. In DM, the total consumption of pellets P (1.6 ± 0.4 g of DM/rabbit) was the highest together with the gB form (1.4 ± 0.4 g of DM/rabbit), whereas cBP was barely consumed (0.3 ± 0.1 g of DM/rabbit). Gel feed supplemented with vanilla was slightly more consumed than other flavoured and non-odorised gels (relative consumption of 57% when compared to control gel; P = 0.001). The gel feed intake was independent of the milk intake but was correlated with the litter weight at 3 days (r = 0.40, P < 0.001). In both trials, rabbit growth before and after weaning was not affected by the type of creep feed provided. Our results confirmed that providing creep feed promotes the solid intake of rabbits at early stages. Gel feed form motivated rabbits to eat and vanilla flavour supplementation increased the feed palatability. Those creep feed characteristics should be explored further for seeking effective stimulation of the onset of the feed intake in suckling rabbit.

Optimization of plant nutrition using non-traditional organic fertilizers and zeolite-containing tripoli

The problem of conservation and reproduction of soil fertility by using unconventional organic fertilizers, particularly the replacement of the mineral nitrogen fertilizer to its organic form is discussed. The growth of the livestock industry lays the groundwork for the recovery of meat processing industry waste of horned ungulate crumbs (HAC) as fertilizer for inter-tilled crops. HAC contains about 14% nitrogen. Experiments on the application of HAC as a nitrogen fertilizer and sorption-type ameliorant – zeolite-containing tripoli were organized in 2012-2016 in the crop rotation link on the light gray forest soil of the experimental field of the FSBEI HE Chuvash State Agricultural Academy, Chuvash Republic. In this paper, the effect of the HAC-form on the optimization of nitrogen nutrition of the studied crops both separately and for tripoli having phosphorus-potassium mineral fertilizers is studied. The positive effect of HAC and tripoli on the growth and development of potato and fodder beet plants, soil biological activity, leaf surface area, yield and quality indicators of potato tubers and fodder beet root crops both in the first year when fertilizers are applied and in their aftereffect in the second year for barley yield was revealed. The study materials contribute to the practical solution of the problem of the recovery of meat processing industry waste and rational use of resources in the fertilizer system, being a guide to energy and resource conservation in agriculture.

The influence of the basic treatment depth on the feed beets yield in the conditions of Bila Tserkva NAU TPC

The aim of the research is to establish the most effective combination of soil tillage which provides fodder beet high productivity while increasing the fertility of typical soil and root crops quality. The studies were conducted at the Training Production Center (NPC) of the Bila Tserkva NAU in 2018–2019. The soil of the experimental site – chernozem is a typical low humus large-dusty-medium-loam granulometric composition. In accordance with the performed analyzes, they are characterized by the following indicators in the arable (0–30 cm) layer: humus content – 3.23 %; lightly hydrolyzed nitrogen – 7.6 mg; available phosphorus – 13.9 mg; mobile potassium – 15.1 mg/100 g soil; the amount of absorbed bases is 25.3 mg eq.; hydrolytic acidity of 2.15 mg /eq/100 g of soil. The above data indicate that the soils are relatively fertile. They are low humus in terms of humus content. The reaction of the soil solution is slightly acidic. According to the indicators of mobile forms of phosphorus, potassium, pH of salt extract, they belong to the medium supplied in phosphorus and potassium, and do not need liming. Phosphorus and potassium content in the soil increases in the fertilized areas. Thus, the introduction of N90P90K90 leads to an increase in the potassium and phosphorus content in the arable soil, respectively: by 25.6 % and 50.0 %, during sowing and by 23.2 % and 33.3 % in the phase of the third pair of true leaves compared with unfertilized areas. More intensive growth and development of fodder beet plants on fertilized variants led to equalization of phosphorus and potassium content in the soil according to the variants of the experiment during the harvesting period. The following weeds dominated on the feed beet crops: Polygonum convolvulus, Persicaria lapathifolia, Agrostis alba, Setaria pumila, Echinochloa crus-galli, Convolvulus arvensis, Raphanus raphanistrum and others. The yield of fodder beet root increases on the plots with application of N30P30K30, N60P60K60, N90P90K90 under the use of higher doses of fertilizers, compared with the unfertilized plots increased on average for all studied variants by 17.3 t/ha. Indicators of the structural condition and soil structure the under fodder beets are better under plow cultivation with a depth of 30–32 cm than that of 20–22 cm. %. The yields of fodder beet root under 30–32 cm plow mechanical tillage was the higher by 4.11 t/ha compared to the 20–22 cm plow cultivation. The yield increases with fertilizers doses increase. Key words: fodder beet, basic tillage, fertilizers, yield.

Chemical composition of sugar and fodder beet roots as affected by the methods of their reproduction

Chemical composition of sugar and fodder beet roots as affected by the methods of their reproduction

Induce Systemic Resistance against Root Rot and Wilt Diseases in Fodder Beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. rapacea Koch.) by Using Potassium Salts

Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum F. equiseti and F. semitectum were found to be associated with root rot and wilt symptoms of fodder beet plants collected from different fields in New Valley governorate, Egypt. All the obtained isolates were able to attack fodder beet plants (cv. Starmon) causing damping-off and root rot/wilt diseases. R. solani isolate FB1, F. solani isolate FB7 and F. oxysporum isolate FB11 were the more virulent ones in the pathogenicity tests. The efficacy of 4 different potassium salts for controlling damping-off, root rot and wilt diseases in fodder beet were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies, all the tested potassium salts were significantly suppressed growth of the pathogenic fungi at different concentrations. KHCO3 showed superior higher inhibitory effect on redial growth of the tested pathogenic fungi especially at higher concentration (20 mM). Under green house and field conditions, all potassium salts significantly reduced damping-off and root rot/wilt severity and increased survival of plants. The reduction in damping-off and root rot/wilt increased with increasing of potassium salts concentration except potassium sulfate (K2SO4), while concentration 10 mM was more effective for reducing damping-off and root rot/wilt severity than 20 mM. K2SiO3 followed by K2HPO4 recorded highly protection against damping-off and root rot/wilt severity more than the other tested potassium salts. Under field conditions, all these potassium salts at different concentrations significantly submitted to various growth and yield parameters viz. root length, root diameters, fresh and dry weights compared with control during growing seasons 2013-14 and 2014-15. While, % dry maters was no significant in both growing seasons. The applied treatment K2SiO3 achieved the highest increase in all the mentioned parameters over the other entire three potassium salts during both growing seasons. In physiological studies, activity of defense-related enzymes, including peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) and total phenols content were increased in inoculated plants with R. solani, F. solani, and F. oxysporum individually and treated with potassium salts compared with untreated plants. K2SiO3 at 20 mM showed the highest level of all oxidative enzymes activity and total phenols content followed by K2HPO4 and K2SO4 at 20 mM. Whereas, the least enzymes activity was recorded with KHCO3 at 10 mM. These results suggested that these chemicals may be play an important role in controlling the fodder beet damping-off, root rot and wilt diseases; through they have induction of systemic resistance in fodder beet plants.

PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FODDER BEET IN RELATED TO CUTTING PROCESS

The aim of this research work was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of fodder beet that related to cutting process.The physical properties include dimensions, mass and volume of root. The mechanical properties of fodder beet root include static coefficient of friction (µs), Firmness (Fness), shearing stress (τ) and shearing energy (Esc). The µs was measured at different moisture contents of root (15, 25, 45, and 85% w.b.) with different friction surface (rubber, plywood, steel and plastic. The Fness, τ andEsc were measured at different moisture contents of root and cutting region. The results showed that the values of µs, Fness, τ and Esc ranged from (0.413 to 0.886), (69.6 to 355.8 N), (0.189 to 0.967 MPa) and (3.31to16.92 mJ mm-2) respectively. All mechanical properties were significantly affected by moisture content and cutting regions.

Effect of Partial Replacement of Dietary Concentrate Feed Mixture by Fodder Beet Roots on Productive Performance of Ewes and Doe Goats under the Conditions of North Sinai

Effect of Partial Replacement of Dietary Concentrate Feed Mixture by Fodder Beet Roots on Productive Performance of Ewes and Doe Goats under the Conditions of North Sinai

Effects of adding yeast culture or sodium bicarbonate to lactating Friesian cows diet containing fodder beet root silage on rumen activity and blood constituents

Effects of adding yeast culture or sodium bicarbonate to lactating Friesian cows diet containing fodder beet root silage on rumen activity and blood constituents

Effect of adding yeast culture or sodium bicarbonate to lactating Friesian cows diet containing fodder beet root silage on their reproductive performance

Effect of adding yeast culture or sodium bicarbonate to lactating Friesian cows diet containing fodder beet root silage on their reproductive performance

Effect of adding yeast culture or sodium bicarbonate to Friesian cows diet containing fodder beet root silage on feed quality, milk production, feed conversion and body weight change

Effect of adding yeast culture or sodium bicarbonate to Friesian cows diet containing fodder beet root silage on feed quality, milk production, feed conversion and body weight change

A computer program to calculate the cost of providing ruminants with home-produced feedstuffs

A computer program was developed to facilitate the rapid and standardised calculation of the cost of providing home-produced feedstuffs for ruminants in Ireland. The user, most likely an advisor, researcher, specialist or consultant, is guided via a menu system through a sequence of options (for each of which defaults are provided that can easily be replaced) to choose the management, physical, biological and financial components of producing, harvesting, storing, processing and feeding various crops, as appropriate. Direct and indirect (e.g. land charge) costs, inherent efficiencies, subsidies (e.g. European Union area aid), etc. can all be taken into account. Feeds are costed per unit of dry matter (DM), digestible DM or metabolisable energy (ME) available for consumption. Among the unit costs determined were those of providing ruminants with grazed grass, individual harvests of grass silage or hay, maize silage, fodder beet roots (or whole crop silage) and wheat, barley or oats grain (or whole crop silage).

A note on the apparent digestibility of fodder beet roots in sheep

Six castrated male sheep were used to measure the apparent digestibility of fodder beet roots when included at two concentrations (610 and 490 glkg) in a feeding regimen in which the only other component was a standard complete diet of known digestibility. Mean digestibility coefficients for organic matter and gross energy for the beet were calculated to be 0·962 and 0·953 respectively. Digestible and metabolizable energy values (MJIkg DM) were calculated to be 16·0 and 13·1 respectively.

The chemical composition, digestibility and energy value of fodder-beet roots

The chemical composition, in vivo digestibility values, digestible- and metabolisable-energy contents of 6 samples of commercially grown fodder-beet roots are reported. The dry-matter content of the samples ranged from 159 to 214 g kg −1, the variation being largely due to varietal type. High concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates were measured in all samples (mean 649 g kg −1 DM), although the high-dry-matter varieties had a significantly ( P < 0.01) higher content than low-dry-matter varieties. The smaller neutral- and acid-detergent fibre fractions were lower in the high-dry-matter varieties. Gross energy content was relatively low (mean 16.0 MJ kg −1 DM), and while differences between individual samples were observed, they were not statistically significant. The digestible organic-matter content of the beet was high in all cases (mean 831 g kg −1 DM), as were the apparent digestibility coefficients of organic matter and gross energy. The mean digestible and metabolisable energy contents of the fodder-beet roots were 14.0 ± 0.23 and 11.8 ± 0.18 MJ kg DM −1 respectively.

Ethanol production from fodder beets

Various yeasts such as two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces diastaticus, and Kluyveromyces marxianus were investigated for their ability to ferment fodder beet juice to alcohol. Juice extracted from fodder beet roots without any additives was used as a fermentation substrate. The fermentation kinetic parameters were determined and compared for each species of yeast tested. The best species for fodder beet juice fermentation was chosen and products obtained by fermentation of one hectare of fodder beet plants are given.