Down-regulation Of Focal Adhesion Kinase Research Articles

FAK downregulation suppresses stem-like properties and migration of human colorectal cancer cells.

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase, which is overexpressed in colorectal cancer cells. FAK could be activated by phosphorylation to participate in the transduction of multiple signaling pathways and self-renewal of cancer stem cells. Whether the downregulation of FAK inhibits the metastasis in colorectal cancer through the weakening of stem cell-like properties and its mechanisms has yet to be established. CD44, CD133, c-Myc, Nanog, and OCT4 were known to mark colorectal cancer stem cell properties. In this study, AKT inhibitor (MK-2206 2HCl) or FAK inhibitor (PF-562271) decreased the expression of stem cell markers (Nanog, OCT4, CD133, CD44, c-Myc) and spheroid formation in colorectal cancer. Moreover, FAK and AKT protein was shown to interact verified by co-immunoprecipitation. Furthermore, downregulation of FAK, transfected Lenti-FAK-EGFP-miR to colorectal cancer cells, reduced p-AKT but not AKT and decreased the expression of stem cell markers and spheroid formation in colorectal cancer. In conclusion, we demonstrated that downregulation of FAK inhibited stem cell-like properties and migration of colorectal cancer cells partly due to altered modulation of AKT phosphorylation by FAK.

Increased Stiffness Downregulates Focal Adhesion Kinase Expression in Pancreatic Cancer Cells Cultured in 3D Self-Assembling Peptide Scaffolds.

The focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that participates in integrin-mediated signal transduction and contributes to different biological processes, such as cell migration, survival, proliferation and angiogenesis. Moreover, FAK can be activated by autophosphorylation at position Y397 and trigger different signaling pathways in response to increased extracellular matrix stiffness. In addition, FAK is overexpressed and/or hyperactivated in many epithelial cancers, and its expression correlates with tumor malignancy and invasion potential. One of the characteristics of solid tumors is an over deposition of ECM components, which generates a stiff microenvironment that promotes, among other features, sustained cell proliferation and survival. Researchers are, therefore, increasingly developing cell culture models to mimic the increased stiffness associated with these kinds of tumors. In the present work, we have developed a new 3D in vitro model to study the effect of matrix stiffness in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells as this kind of tumor is characterized by a desmoplastic stroma and an increased stiffness compared to its normal counterpart. For that, we have used a synthetic self-assembling peptide nanofiber matrix, RAD16-I, which does not suffer a significant degradation in vitro, thus allowing to maintain the same local stiffness along culture time. We show that increased matrix stiffness in synthetic 3D RAD16-I gels, but not in collagen type I scaffolds, promotes FAK downregulation at a protein level in all the cell lines analyzed. Moreover, even though it has classically been described that stiff 3D matrices promote an increase in pFAKY397/FAK proteins, we found that this ratio in soft and stiff RAD16-I gels is cell-type-dependent. This study highlights how cell response to increased matrix stiffness greatly depends on the nature of the matrix used for 3D culture.

Empagliflozin attenuates cardiac microvascular ischemia/reperfusion injury through improving mitochondrial homeostasis

BackgroundEmpagliflozin has been reported to protect endothelial cell function, regardless of diabetes status. However, the role of empagliflozin in microvascular protection during myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (I/R) has not been fully understood.MethodsElectron microscopy, western blots, immunofluorescence, qPCR, mutant plasmid transfection, co-immunoprecipitation were employed to explore whether empagliflozin could alleviate microvascular damage and endothelial injury during cardiac I/R injury.ResultsIn mice, empagliflozin attenuated I/R injury-induced microvascular occlusion and microthrombus formation. In human coronary artery endothelial cells, I/R injury led to adhesive factor upregulation, endothelial nitric oxide synthase inactivation, focal adhesion kinase downregulation, barrier dysfunction, cytoskeletal degradation and cellular apoptosis; however, empagliflozin treatment diminished these effects. Empagliflozin improved mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondrial respiration and adenosine triphosphate metabolism in I/R-treated human coronary artery endothelial cells by preventing the phosphorylation of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and mitochondrial fission 1 protein (Fis1), thus repressing mitochondrial fission. The protective effects of empagliflozin on mitochondrial homeostasis and endothelial function were abrogated by the re-introduction of phosphorylated Fis1, but not phosphorylated Drp1, suggesting that Fis1 dephosphorylation is the predominant mechanism whereby empagliflozin inhibits mitochondrial fission during I/R injury. Besides, I/R injury induced Fis1 phosphorylation primarily by activating the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) pathway, while empagliflozin inactivated this pathway by exerting anti-oxidative effects.ConclusionsThese results demonstrated that empagliflozin can protect the microvasculature by inhibiting the DNA-PKcs/Fis1/mitochondrial fission pathway during myocardial I/R injury.

Abstract 2413: αEGFR-E-P125A antibody-endostatin fusion protein reduces vasculogenic mimicry and metastasis by inhibiting FAK, integrin, and EGFR signaling

Abstract Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer with high metastatic potential and increased morbidity and mortality. Although expression of, and signaling by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is commonly seen in TNBC, anti-EGFR antibodies such as Cetuximab have had limited therapeutic efficacy, used either alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Primary TNBC tumor growth and metastases require supporting vasculature, which develops through a combination of endothelial angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry (VM). Our laboratory previously developed a novel targeted therapy, αEGFR-E-P125A, an antibody-endostatin fusion protein, by linking an anti-EGFR antibody targeting domain to a mutated version of the anti-angiogenic protein endostatin (E-P125A). αEGFR-E-P125A delivers a dimeric E-P125A payload which inhibits TNBC angiogenesis and VM in vitro and in vivo, and decreases metastatic tumor growth (lung metastasis) in both the MDA-MB-231-4175 and MDA-MB 468 TNBC xenograft models. Preliminary studies of the mechanism of αEGFR-E-P125A action indicate that αEGFR-E-P125A downregulates VM through combined inhibition of EGFR and integrin signaling. Phospho-array analysis of αEGFR-E-P125A treated MDA-MB-231-4175 cells demonstrated downregulation of phosphorylation of EGFR at Y1069, a site of aberrant EGFR signaling which promotes TNBC motility. The phospho-array also demonstrated inhibition of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation at Y397. FAK signaling occurs downstream of β1 and β3 integrins, and the Y397 site is implicated in the regulation of endothelial and TNBC motility, VM, and metastatic behavior. We specifically inhibited FAK at the Y397 site using a small molecule inhibitor, PF-573228, and demonstrated that FAK inhibition at Y397 alone inhibited the TNBC VM in vitro. shRNA-mediated knockdown of FAK in MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells confirmed that downregulation of FAK inhibited VM formation in vitro. Immunoprecipitation (IP) of EGFR detected the presence of β1 integrin, and IP of β1 integrin detected EGFR in both MDA-MB-231-4175 and MDA-MB-468 TNBC cells treated with αEGFR-E-P125A. αEGFR-E-P125A treatment increased levels of bound β1 integrin following IP of EGFR relative to untreated or Cetuximab treated TNBC cells. These results indicate that αEGFR-E-P125A is binding to both EGFR and β1 integrin simultaneously, suppressing downstream EGFR and integrin signaling. Simultaneous inhibition of EGFR and β1 integrin signaling by αEGFR-E-P125A fusion is a promising approach to inhibition of TNBC growth and metastases. Citation Format: Ankita P. Sankar, Hyun Mi Cho, Hava Gil-Henn, Sundaram Ramakrishnan, Rathin Das, Christian Elledge, Yu Zhang, Seung-Uon Shin, Joseph D. Rosenblatt. αEGFR-E-P125A antibody-endostatin fusion protein reduces vasculogenic mimicry and metastasis by inhibiting FAK, integrin, and EGFR signaling [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2413.

Metformin inhibition of colorectal cancer cell migration is associated with rebuilt adherens junctions and FAK downregulation.

E-cadherin, a central component of the adherens junction (AJ), is a single-pass transmembrane protein that mediates cell-cell adhesion. The loss of E-cadherin surface expression, and therefore cell-cell adhesion, leads to increased cell migration and invasion. Treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC)-derived cells (SW-480 and HT-29) with 2.0 mM metformin promoted a redistribution of cytosolic E-cadherin to de novo formed puncta along the length of the contacting membranes of these cells. Metformin also promoted translocation from the cytosol to the plasma membrane of p120-catenin, another core component of the AJs. Furthermore, E-cadherin and p120-catenin colocalized with β-catenin at cell-cell contacts. Western blot analysis of lysates of CRC-derived cells revealed a substantial metformin-induced increase in the level of p120-catenin as well as E-cadherin phosphorylation on Ser838/840 , a modification associated with β-catenin/E-cadherin interaction. These modifications in E-cadherin, p120-catenin and β-catenin localization suggest that metformin induces rebuilding of AJs in CRC-derived cells. Those modifications were accompanied by the inhibition of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), as revealed by a significant decrease in the phosphorylation of FAK at Tyr397 and paxillin at Tyr118 . These changes were associated with a reduction in the numbers, but an increase in the size, of focal adhesions and by the inhibition of cell migration. Overall, these observations indicate that metformin targets multiple pathways associated with CRC development and progression.

FAK Deficiency in Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Alters Their Homeostasis and Drives Abnormal Proliferation and Differentiation of Haematopoietic Stem Cells.

Emerging evidence indicates that in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment may also contribute to the ineffective, malignant haematopoiesis in addition to the intrinsic abnormalities of haematopoietic stem precursor cells (HSPCs). The BM microenvironment influences malignant haematopoiesis through indirect mechanisms, but the processes by which the BM microenvironment directly contributes to MDS initiation and progression have not yet been elucidated. Our previous data showed that BM-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) from MDS patients have an abnormal expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). In this study, we characterise the morpho-phenotypic features and the functional alterations of BMSCs from MDS patients and in FAK knock-downed HS-5 cells. The decreased expression of FAK or its phosphorylated form in BMSCs from low-risk (LR) MDS directly correlates with BMSCs’ functional deficiency and is associated with a reduced level of haemoglobin. The downregulation of FAK in HS-5 cells alters their morphology, proliferation, and differentiation capabilities and impairs the expression of several adhesion molecules. In addition, we examine the CD34+ healthy donor (HD)-derived HSPCs’ properties when co-cultured with FAK-deficient BMSCs. Both abnormal proliferation and the impaired erythroid differentiation capacity of HD-HSPCs were observed. Together, these results demonstrate that stromal adhesion mechanisms mediated by FAK are crucial for regulating HSPCs’ homeostasis.

Cordycepin Suppresses Endothelial Cell Proliferation, Migration, Angiogenesis, and Tumor Growth by Regulating Focal Adhesion Kinase and p53.

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) plays an important role in vascular development, including the regulation of endothelial cell (EC) adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival. 3’-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin) is known to suppress FAK expression, cell migration, and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, whether cordycepin affects FAK expression and cellular functions in ECs and the specific molecular mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we found that cordycepin suppressed FAK expression and the phosphorylation of FAK (p-FAK) at Tyr397 in ECs. Cordycepin inhibited the proliferation, wound healing, transwell migration, and tube formation of ECs. Confocal microscopy revealed that cordycepin significantly reduced FAK expression and decreased focal adhesion number of ECs. The suppressed expression of FAK was accompanied by induced p53 and p21 expression in ECs. Finally, we demonstrated that cordycepin suppressed angiogenesis in an in vivo angiogenesis assay and reduced HCC tumor growth in a xenograft nude mice model. Our study indicated that cordycepin could attenuate cell proliferation and migration and may result in the impairment of the angiogenesis process and tumor growth via downregulation of FAK and induction of p53 and p21 in ECs. Therefore, cordycepin may be used as a potential adjuvant for cancer therapy.

The Clinical Implication of PTEN and FAK Expression in Gastric Cancer Patients

Objective: The tumor suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) was reported to inhibit the growth and invasion of gastric cancer (GC) via the downregulation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). To date, the clinical implication of PTEN and FAK expression in GC has not been well addressed. Methods: A total of 200 GC patients receiving curative surgery were enrolled. The clinicopathologic features according to the expression of PTEN and FAK protein using immunohistochemical staining were compared among patients. Results: Patients with high PTEN expression were more likely to have smaller tumor size, more well- and moderately differentiated tumors, a more superficial gross appearance, less scirrhous stromal reactions, more likely to have high FAK expression, and have less advanced pathologic tumor (T) category, node (N) category, and tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) stage and more distant metastases than patients with low PTEN expression. Multivariate analysis showed that PTEN/FAK expression status is an independent prognostic factor affecting overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Patients with PTEN(high)/FAK(low) had better OS and DFS, followed by those with PTEN(high)/FAK(high), those with PTEN(low)/FAK(low), and those with PTEN(low)/FAK(high) (OS: 83.3% versus 58.0% versus 46.2% versus 26.5%, respectively, P < 0.001; DFS: 83.3% versus 55.8% versus 30.8% versus 24.4%, respectively, P < 0.001). Conclusions: GC patients with high PTEN expression were more likely to have fewer tumor recurrences and a better prognosis than those with low PTEN expression. PTEN and FAK may have opposing effects on GC patient survival. Our results may have clinical impact on treatment of GC patients.

TRAF2 Cooperates with Focal Adhesion Signaling to Regulate Cancer Cell Susceptibility to Anoikis.

TRAF2, a RING finger adaptor protein, plays an important function in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- and TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK)-dependent signaling, in particular during inflammatory and immune responses. We identified a functional interaction of TRAF2 with focal adhesion (FA) signaling involving the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in the regulation of cell susceptibility to anoikis. Comparison of TRAF2-proficient (TRAF2+/+) versus TRAF2-deficient (TRAF2-/-), and FAK-proficient (FAK+/+) versus FAK-deficient (FAK-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts and their matched reconstituted cells demonstrated that TRAF2 interacts physically with the N-terminal portion of FAK and colocalizes to cell membrane protrusions. This interaction was found to be critical for promoting resistance to cell anoikis. Similar results were confirmed in the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, where TRAF2 and FAK downregulation promoted cell susceptibility to anoikis. In human breast cancer tissues, genomic analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas database revealed coamplification of TRAF2 and FAK in breast cancer tissues with a predictive value for shorter survival, further supporting a potential role of TRAF2-FAK cooperative signaling in cancer progression.

Combined administration of naringenin and hesperetin with optimal ratio maximizes the anti-cancer effect in human pancreatic cancer via down regulation of FAK and p38 signaling pathway

BackgroundWe have previously reported the functional anti-cancer effects of the products of enzymatic hydrolysis of Citrus unshiu peel (εCUP) and fermented extraction of Citrus unshiu peel (ƒCUP) in human pancreatic cancer. Despite their different characteristics and effects, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. PurposeIn this study, we further demonstrate the impact of ingredient contents of Citrus unshiu peel on the cancer's natural features. MethodsAnti-pancreatic cancer activities following combined treatment of naringenin and hesperetin were demonstrated in vitro and in vivo experiments. ResultsCombined treatment with naringenin and hesperetin inhibited the growth of human pancreatic cancer cells (εCUP mimic condition, p < 0.001 for Miapaca-2 cells) through induction of caspase-3 cleavage compared to separate treatment with naringenin or hesperetin. Combined treatment with naringenin and hesperetin also inhibited the migration (εCUP mimic condition, p < 0.001 for Panc-1 cells) of human pancreatic cancer cells. The εCUP mimic condition had the most effective anti-cancer features; in contrast, which had no inhibitory effect on growth and migration of normal cells (HUVECs and Detroit551 cells). In addition, εCUP mimic condition inhibited the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and p38 signaling compared with separate treatment with naringenin or hesperetin. Of note, εCUP mimic condition showed a prominent anti-growth effect (p < 0.001) compared with control or ƒCUP mimic condition in vivo xenograft models. ConclusionThese results suggest that combined treatment with naringenin and hesperetin might be a promising anti-cancer strategy for pancreatic cancers without eliciting toxicity on normal cells.

Inhibitory effect of ucha‐shinki‐hwan on cold‐mediated response in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells

ABSTRACTAimRaynaud's phenomenon is characterized by prolonged vasoconstriction in cutaneous capillaries on cold stress. RhoA activity would be a therapeutic target for treating Raynaud's phenomenon. A traditional herbal medicine, ucha‐shinki‐hwan, has been used to promote vasodilation, but the biological mechanism of ucha‐shinki‐hwan is still unclear. Thus, we hypothesized that ucha‐shinki‐hwan is able to be used for treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon and that ucha‐shinki‐hwan inhibits cold‐induced vasoconstriction by targeting RhoA GTPase.MethodsHuman dermal microvascular endothelial cells were pretreated with ucha‐shinki‐hwan for 30 min, followed by incubation in room temperature (37 ± 2°C) or a lower temperature (25 ± 2°C) for 30 min. Expression of active RhoA was measured on western blot. Endothelin‐1 and nitric oxide production were examined on enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The formation of stress fiber and focal adhesion complex was analyzed using immunocytochemistry.ResultsCold exposure activated RhoA GTPase whereas ucha‐shinki‐hwan treatment suppressed its activation in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Moreover, ucha‐shinki‐hwan decreased cold‐induced endothelin‐1 and nitric oxide production. In addition, ucha‐shinki‐hwan treatment inhibited the formation of stress fiber and focal adhesion complex with downregulation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), SRC kinase and extracellular regulated kinases (ERK) phosphorylation.ConclusionUcha‐shinki‐hwan inhibits contraction of cold‐exposed human dermal microvascular endothelial cells by targeting RhoA activation. This in vitro study is therefore the first to suggest that ucha‐shinki‐hwan is likely to be effective for inhibiting cold‐induced response in vascular endothelial cells.

Attenuation of Focal Adhesion Kinase Reduces Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation Injury through Inactivation of the Wnt and NF-κB Pathways in A549 Cells.

Overall analysis and understanding of mechanisms are of great importance for treatment of infantile pneumonia due to its high morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this study, we preliminarily explored the function and mechanism of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in regulation of inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharides in A549 cells. Flow cytometry, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis were used to explore the correlation of FAK expression with cell apoptosis, viability, and the inflammatory cytokine activity in A549 cells. The results showed that knockdown of FAK enhanced cell viability, suppressed apoptosis, and decreased inflammatory cytokine activity. In addition, downregulation of FAK could activate the Wnt and nuclear factor κB signaling pathways. These findings suggest that FAK might be involved in progression of infantile pneumonia and could be a new therapeutic target for this disease.

Osteopontin inhibits osteoblast responsiveness through the down-regulation of focal adhesion kinase mediated by the induction of low-molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase.

Osteopontin (OPN) is an osteogenic marker protein. Osteoblast functions are affected by inflammatory cytokines and pathological conditions. OPN is highly expressed in bone lesions such as those in rheumatoid arthritis. However, local regulatory effects of OPN on osteoblasts remain ambiguous. Here we examined how OPN influences osteoblast responses to mechanical stress and growth factors. Expression of NO synthase 1 (Nos1) and Nos2 was increased by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) in MC3T3-E1 cells and primary osteoblasts. The increase of Nos1/2 expression was abrogated by both exogenous OPN overexpression and recombinant OPN treatment, whereas it was promoted by OPN-specific siRNA and OPN antibody. Moreover, LIPUS-induced phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a crucial regulator of mechanoresponses, was down-regulated by OPN treatments. OPN also attenuated hepatocyte growth factor-induced vitamin D receptor (Vdr) expression and platelet-derived growth factor-induced cell mobility through the repression of FAK activity. Of note, the expression of low-molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP), a FAK phosphatase, was increased in both OPN-treated and differentiated osteoblasts. CD44 was a specific OPN receptor for LWW-PTP induction. Consistently, the suppressive influence of OPN on osteoblast responsiveness was abrogated by LMW-PTP knockdown. Taken together, these results reveal novel functions of OPN in osteoblast physiology.

FAK regulates E-cadherin expression via p-SrcY416/p-ERK1/2/p-Stat3Y705 and PPARγ/miR-125b/Stat3 signaling pathway in B16F10 melanoma cells.

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is involved in tumor cell migration and metastasis. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we present a signaling pathway involved in the regulation of melanoma cell migration by FAK. We found that the interference of FAK expression suppressed B16F10 cell migration/metastasis, and altered the expressions of genes involved in melanoma migration/metastasis. The down-regulation of FAK inhibited the expression of p-SrcY416, p-ERK1/2, Stat3 and p-Stat3Y705, while promoted the expression of PPARγ, miR-125b and E-cadherin. Then we found that FAK inhibited E-cadherin expression via p-SrcY416/p-ERK1/2/ p-Stat3Y705 and PPARγ/miR-125b/Stat3 signaling pathway in B16F10 cell. Moreover, miR-125b inhibited B16F10 cell migration. Furthermore, we repeated the key data with human melanoma cell line A375. The results obtained from A375 cells fell in line with those from B16F10 cells. Using Oncomine database, we found that the mRNA levels of FAK, Src, ERK1/2 and Stat3 increased, while the mRNA levels of PPARγ, C21orf34 (miR-125b host gene) and E-cadherin decreased in human metastatic melanoma. The data from human breast cancer confirmed those from metastatic melanoma.Taken together, our study suggests that down-regulation of FAK promotes E-cadherin expression via p-SrcY416/p-ERK1/2/p-Stat3Y705 and PPARγ/miR-125b/Stat3 signaling pathway. Our findings provide a novel explanation regarding how FAK promotes melanoma cell migration, suggesting that FAK might be a potential target for melanoma therapy.

Addressing the Functional Determinants of FAK during Ciliogenesis in Multiciliated Cells

We previously identified focal adhesion kinase (FAK) as an important regulator of ciliogenesis in multiciliated cells. FAK and other focal adhesion (FA) proteins associate with the basal bodies and their striated rootlets and form complexes named ciliary adhesions (CAs). CAs display similarities with FAs but are established in an integrin independent fashion and are responsible for anchoring basal bodies to the actin cytoskeleton during ciliogenesis as well as in mature multiciliated cells. FAK down-regulation leads to aberrant ciliogenesis due to impaired association between the basal bodies and the actin cytoskeleton, suggesting that FAK is an important regulator of the CA complex. However, the mechanism through which FAK functions in the complex is not clear, and in this study we examined the role of this protein in both ciliogenesis and ciliary function. We show that localization of FAK at CAs depends on interactions taking place at the amino-terminal (FERM) and carboxyl-terminal (FAT) domains and that both domains are required for proper ciliogenesis and ciliary function. Furthermore, we show that an interaction with another CA protein, paxillin, is essential for correct localization of FAK in multiciliated cells. This interaction is indispensable for both ciliogenesis and ciliary function. Finally, we provide evidence that despite the fact that FAK is in the active, open conformation at CAs, its kinase activity is dispensable for ciliogenesis and ciliary function revealing that FAK plays a scaffolding role in multiciliated cells. Overall these data show that the role of FAK at CAs displays similarities but also important differences compared with its role at FAs.

A Role for Focal Adhesion Kinase in the Stimulation of Glucose Transport in Cardiomyocytes.

Stimulation of glucose transport is markedly impaired in cardiomyocytes exposed to free fatty acids (FFA), despite relative preservation of canonical insulin- or metabolic stress signaling. We determined whether Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) activity is required for stimulation of glucose transport in cardiomyocytes, and whether FAK downregulation participates in FFA-induced impairment of glucose transport stimulation. Glucose transport, measured in isolated cultured cardiomyocytes, was acutely stimulated either by insulin treatment, or by metabolic inhibition with oligomycin resulting in AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) activation. FAK activity was inhibited pharmacologically by preincubation with PF-573,228 (PF). FAK activity was assessed from its autophosphorylation on residue Y397, and from the phosphorylation of its target paxillin on Y118. Y397 FAK phosphorylation was reduced in cultured cardiomyocytes chronically exposed to FFA. Preincubation with PF prior to determination of glucose transport resulted in a significant reduction of oligomycin-stimulated glucose transport, with a lesser reduction in insulin-stimulated glucose transport. Insulin and AMPK signaling was unaffected by PF preincubation. siRNA-mediated FAK knockdown also resulted in reduced oligomycin-stimulated glucose transport. Chronic treatment of FFA-exposed cardiomyocytes with phenylephrine or a phorbol ester restored FAK activity and improved glucose transport. In conclusion, stimulation of glucose transport in cardiomyocytes requires FAK activity prior to stimulation. The chronic reduction of FAK activity in cardiomyocytes exposed to FFA contributes to the loss of glucose transport responsiveness to insulin or metabolic inhibition. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 670-677, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Effects of combining erlotinib and RNA-interfered downregulation of focal adhesion kinase expression on gastric cancer.

ObjectiveTo investigate the synergistic effects of combining erlotinib and RNA-interference downregulation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) expression on the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration of the human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line AGS.MethodsCells were divided into five experimental groups: Group A, nontransfected control; Group B, transfected with empty vector; Group C, transfected with FAK-shRNA; Group D, erlotinib treatment; Group E, combination erlotinib treatment and transfected with FAK-shRNA. FAK protein levels were confirmed via Western blotting. Cell proliferation (CCK-8 assay, apoptosis (flow cytometry), cell invasion (transwell assay) and migration (scratch assay) were evaluated.ResultsRNA interference significantly decreased FAK protein levels. Cell proliferation, invasion and migration were significantly lower in Groups C, D and E compared with Group A, and significantly lower in Group E than in Groups C and D.ConclusionsRNA interference effectively silences FAK expression and inhibits malignant cell proliferation and invasion in gastric cancer cells. The effect of FAK inhibition is increased by co-treatment with erlotinib.

The effects of sulforaphane on canine osteosarcoma proliferation and invasion.

Recent evidence in in vitro and in vivo models suggests that sulforaphane (SFN), found in raw cruciferous vegetables, may have utility in chemoprevention, as an antineoplastic agent and as a free radical scavenger. The effects of SFN alone or with doxorubicin on cell viability were examined, as well as cell cycle kinetics, invasion capabilities and apoptosis in three canine osteosarcoma cell line (D17, OS 2.4 and HMPOS). Results showed that SFN could not induce cell death at potentially physiological concentrations (<50 μM), but significantly diminished cell invasion and downregulation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling. Modest cell cycle changes were observed in each cell line. When doxorubicin was used in conjunction with SFN, there was a protective effect to doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity in D17 and OS 2.4 cells. Further studies examining SFN as a supplement are warranted, particularly in light of pro-proliferative and cytoprotective properties in canine osteosarcoma.

Synergism between the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and FAK down-regulation in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

BackgroundAcute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is an aggressive malignant disorder of lymphoid progenitor cells in both children and adults. Although improvements in contemporary therapy and development of new treatment strategies have led to dramatic increases in the cure rate in children with ALL, the relapse rate remains high and the prognosis of relapsed childhood ALL is poor. Molecularly targeted therapies have emerged as the leading treatments in cancer therapy. Multi-cytotoxic drug regimens have achieved success, yet many studies addressing targeted therapies have focused on only one single agent. In this study, we attempted to investigate whether the effect of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin is synergistic with the effect of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) down-regulation in the treatment of ALL.MethodsThe effect of rapamycin combined with FAK down-regulation on cell proliferation, the cell cycle, and apoptosis was investigated in the human precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells REH and on survival time and leukemia progression in a non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mouse model.ResultsWhen combined with FAK down-regulation, rapamycin-induced suppression of cell proliferation, G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis were significantly enhanced. In addition, REH cell-injected NOD/SCID mice treated with rapamycin and a short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) to down-regulate FAK had significantly longer survival times and slower leukemia progression compared with mice injected with REH-empty vector cells and treated with rapamycin. Moreover, the B-cell CLL/lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) gene family was shown to be involved in the enhancement, by combined treatment, of REH cell apoptosis.ConclusionsFAK down-regulation enhanced the in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of rapamycin on REH cell growth, indicating that the simultaneous targeting of mTOR- and FAK-related pathways might offer a novel and powerful strategy for treating ALL.

METTL13 is downregulated in bladder carcinoma and suppresses cell proliferation, migration and invasion.

The incidence of bladder cancer has increased in the last few decades, thus novel markers for early diagnosis and more efficacious treatment are urgently needed. It found that METTTL13 protein is aberrant expression in variety of human cancers and METTL13 was involved in oncogenic pathways. However, the role of METTL13 has been unexplored in bladder cancer to date. Here, expression of METTL13 was lower in bladder cancer tissue samples and cancer cell lines than in normal bladder tissue and cell lines. METTL13 was downregulated in the late stages of the disease and was maintained at low level throughout the tumor progression process based on tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging. Further research suggested that METTL13 negatively regulates cell proliferation in bladder cancer and reinstates G1/S checkpoint via the coordinated downregulation of CDK6, CDK4 and CCND1, decreased phosphorylation of Rb and subsequent delayed cell cycle progression. Moreover, METTL13-dependent inhibition of bladder cancer cell migration and invasion is mediated by downregulation of FAK (Focal adhesion kinase) phosphorylation, AKT (v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene) phosphorylation, β-catenin expression and MMP-9 expression. These integrated efforts have identified METTL13 as a tumor suppressor and might provide promising approaches for bladder cancer treatment and prevention.