Foam Height Research Articles

Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Soap

The aim of the study is to formulate and evaluate Polyherbal soap using coconut oil, beeswax, NaOH(lye), Glycerine, Neem, aloe vera, Turmeric, Tulsi, Sandalwood powder, orange peel powder, Multani mitti, Reetha, Honey and Vitamin E capsule. The herbal formulation was prepared then evaluation of the analysis of Physical parameter, pH, Foam height, Foam retention time, Moiture content, Alcohol insoluble matter etc. Various study found that, these herbal plant extract proven to anti-bacterial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-fungal activity etc. The finding for the herbal soap reveals that these soaps are cost effective, convenient, natural foam generate on application, not exhibit any skin irritation and less or no side effect. Keywords: Polyherbal soap, Neem, Aloevera, Turmeric, Moisture content.

Multi-objective optimization of metal foam parameters for enhanced performance of LHTES unit in shell-and-tube configurations

Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) units utilize phase change materials (PCMs) to effectively store thermal energy and address the challenges of solar energy intermittency and instability. Heat transfer characteristics largely influence the thermofluidic efficiency of the LHTES unit during phase transitions. To improve the typically low heat transfer capabilities of PCMs, high-conductivity metal foams are introduced to enhance bulk heat conduction. This study focuses on optimizing the parameters of composite PCM (CPCM) embedded in the LHTES unit, specifically examining metal foam height (H), angle (θ), and porosity (ϵ), primarily affecting the performance of the CPCM. A series of Taguchi-based orthogonal experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of these variables. The results indicate that metal foam height has a notable influence on the CPCM performance, significantly reducing melt fraction variations caused by changes in cross-sectional geometry. ANOVA analysis shows that the metal foam height contributes 49.02% to improve operational time and 73.62% to enhance melt fraction. The study also identifies the optimal values for the metal foam parameters (H, θ, ϵ) that most effectively improve the LHTES unit thermal performance. Based on various indices, an economic assessment of the optimal configuration further supports the proposed design. Overall, the findings provide a recommended configuration to enhance the LHTES unit performance, contributing valuable insights for developing efficient TES systems and supporting sustainable energy management.

Antifungal activity of shampoo formulated with water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) ethanolic extract against Pityrosporum ovale

Background: Dandruff, primarily caused by Pityrosporum ovale, is a common scalp disorder, especially in tropical regions. Natural alternatives, such as water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), are increasingly being explored for their antimicrobial properties due to their minimal side effects. Objective: This study aimed to formulate an anti-dandruff shampoo using ethanol extract of water spinach and evaluate its physical properties and antifungal activity against P. ovale. Results: The phytochemical screening of the water spinach extract confirmed the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, and quinones, known for their antimicrobial properties. The shampoo formulations met pH and foam height standards and remained organoleptically stable over 28 days. However, viscosity decreased below the standard (<400 cps) after 28 days. The 4% extract formulation (F3) showed the highest antifungal activity with an inhibition zone of 10.01 mm, significantly greater than the negative control (p<0.05). Conclusion: Water spinach ethanol extract can be successfully formulated into a shampoo that meets most physical requirements and exhibits antifungal activity against P. ovale. The 4% extract formulation demonstrated the highest effectiveness, though viscosity stability requires further optimization.

Tuning thermal stability of fluorine-free foam by nano-MDH inorganic flame retardant

Foams enhanced by nanoparticles (NPs) have become an important way to develop new type of fluorine-free firefighting foams. This study focuses on thermal stability of foams generated by the mixed dispersion of CoatOsil-77 silicone and BS-12 hydrocarbon surfactants as foaming agent and nano-magnesium hydroxide (nano-MDH) as foam stabilizer. The interaction between nano-MDHs and surfactants were studied. Thermal stability of nano-MDH enhanced foam was explored by investigating drainage and volume attenuation of foam and heat transfer in vertical foam blanket. Stabilization mechanism of nano-MDH enhanced foam under heat was clarified. Results show that nano-MDHs have a weak interaction with the BS-12 molecules and almost has no interaction with the CoatOsil-77 molecules. Initial foam height of mixed dispersion increases at the presence of nano-MDHs, but further increase in the concentration of nano-MDH decreases its foaming ability. At room temperature, foam drainage and coarsening are accelerated by low concentration nano-MDH (1 wt%) and delayed by high concentration nano-MDH (>1 wt%). Meanwhile, foam was strengthened by rising nano-MDH content after exceeding 1 wt%. Drainage and volume attenuation of foam and heat transfer in vertical foam blanket were significantly delayed and the corresponding thermal stability was strengthened by nano-MDHs. This study can offer a possibility for tuning thermal stability of fluorine-free foams based on nano-MDHs.

The efficacy of home-made soap from used cooking oil and pineapple waste for eco-friendly household product

As the human population increases globally, the waste production rate from various types of waste such as used cooking oil and fruit waste also increases. The development of this dish soap bar helps in spreading awareness for people not to discharge used cooking oil and fruit waste into the drainage system. Instead, one can opt to transform these waste products into soap. This study aims to develop a dish soap bar using used cooking oil and pineapple waste. The efficacy of the soap was evaluated following the eco-friendly product criteria. In this study, eight types of dish soap bars were developed with two variables namely concentration and type of pineapple parts. The whole parts of pineapple waste were prepared with 100%, 75%, 50%, and 0% concentration. Different parts with 100% concentrations were developed from peel, core, stem, and crown parts. The dish soap bar samples were evaluated for their efficacy based on pH value, moisture content, and foam height. It has been compared among samples, control, and commercial soaps. The commercial brand, Labour, has the highest foam height (6.61 cm) and pH value (10.53) and the sample core (Conc. 100%) showed the highest moisture content (12.19%). The significant value among samples, control, and commercial soap for each pH value, foam height, and moisture content was determined by using SPSS21 software. The pH value and foam height of the samples were highly significant (F1,32 = 16.275, p <0.001). The moisture content also showed a significant difference (F1,32 = 2.889, p <0.05). The Dunnett multiple methods were used to determine the most samples that were closed to control. Five samples were close to the control. Brine shrimp test the toxicity of the sample. The average survival rate of brine shrimp for the whole part (Conc. 50%) dish soap bar sample was 36.7%. The sensory evaluation proceeded to look at the overall acceptance of the sample among 50 respondents and from the evaluation, 36 respondents (72%) were very satisfied with the final product sample whole part (Conc. 50%).

Направления совершенствования сероочистки, осушки и переработки природного газа

The results of the work of the staff of the Department of “Chemical Technology of Oil and Gas Refining” of Astrakhan State Technical University in the field of separation of three-phase reservoir mixture, increasing the efficiency of desulfurization, improving the process of drying gas and the production of continuous hydrocarbons – raw materials for petrochemistry. The influence of the quality of raw materials entering processing on the formation of deposits in technological equipment has been studied. Reconstruction of the inlet and three-phase separators of high-pressure reservoir mixture separation plants by installing a vibration damper and a depulsor on the reservoir mixture supply line to the installation, as well as reconstruction of the input of raw materials into the separator of the installation. The use of the KPG-200 defoamer and the KPG-200 AV antifoamer made it possible to reduce the consumption rate of defoaming reagents several times in gas purification plants from acidic components. The influence of various impurities on the foaming of working amine solutions (mechanical impurities, coal dust, products of thermal destruction of amine, thermostable salts, corrosion inhibitors) has been determined. It was revealed that the products of thermal degradation of amine have the greatest effect at concentrations above 3% by weight. A method for reducing the content of mechanical impurities in a solution of diethanolamine in a constant magnetic field has been developed and introduced into an industrial desulfurization plant. The filtration efficiency increases 2.6 times, the foam height is halved, and the foam stability is quadrupled. At the same time, the activity of the defoamer increases by 1.7 times. The mathematical dependence of the height of the protective layer of aluminum oxide in an adsorber with zeolite on impurities of diethanolamine has been experimentally found. The effectiveness of the developed improved distribution ring device is shown, the use of which makes it possible to practically eliminate dead zones in the zeolite layer and thereby increase the efficiency of the adsorption process and increase the inter-regeneration period on the drying unit. Studies of the catalytic pyrolysis of the butane fraction using CVM-type pentasils modified with the introduction of chromium can reduce the process temperature compared with the thermal decomposition of raw materials by more than one hundred degrees 100 °C.

Mixed Systems of Quaternary Ammonium Foam Drainage Agent with Carbon Quantum Dots and Silica Nanoparticles for Improved Gas Field Performance.

Foam drainage agents enhance gas production by removing wellbore liquids. However, due to the ultra-high salinity environments of the Hechuan gas field (salinity up to 32.5 × 104 mg/L), no foam drainage agent is suitable for this gas field. To address this challenge, we developed a novel nanocomposite foam drainage system composed of quaternary ammonium and two types of nanoparticles. This work describes the design and synthesis of a quaternary ammonium foam drainage agent and nano-engineered stabilizers. Nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether sulfosuccinate quaternary ammonium foam drainage agent was synthesized using maleic anhydride, sodium chloroacetate, N,N-dimethylpropylenediamine, etc., as precursors. We employed the Stöber method to create hydrophobic silica nanoparticles. Carbon quantum dots were then prepared and functionalized with dodecylamine. Finally, carbon quantum dots were incorporated into the mesopores of silica nanoparticles to enhance stability. Through optimization, the best performance was achieved with a (quaternary ammonium foam drainage agents)-(carbon quantum dots/silica nanoparticles) ratio of 5:1 and a total dosage of 1.1%. Under harsh conditions (salinity 35 × 104 mg/L, condensate oil 250 cm3/m3, temperature 80 °C), the system exhibited excellent stability with an initial foam height of 160 mm, remaining at 110 mm after 5 min. Additionally, it displayed good liquid-carrying capacity (160 mL), low surface tension (27.91 mN/m), and a long half-life (659 s). These results suggest the effectiveness of nanoparticle-enhanced foam drainage systems in overcoming high-salinity challenges. Previous foam drainage agents typically exhibited a salinity resistance of no more than 25 × 104 mg/L. In contrast, this innovative system demonstrates a superior salinity tolerance of up to 35 × 104 mg/L, addressing a significant gap in available agents for high-salinity gas fields. This paves the way for future development of advanced foam systems for gas well applications with high salinity.

Optimasi formula sampo ekstrak etanol daun delima (Punica granatum L.) dengan metode Simplex Lattice Design

Anti-dandruff shampoo on the market still uses zinc pyriton which has the side effect of causing hair loss. Pomegranate leaves have strong antifungal activity against dandruff-causing fungi. This research aims to determine the optimum formula and physical properties of pomegranate leaf shampoo preparations with variations of SLS and cocamide DEA. The ethanol extract of pomegranate leaves was extracted by soxhletation and carried out in a tube test. Eight shampoo formula designs were determined using the SLD method. The shampoo was tested for foam height, pH, and viscosity to obtain the optimum formula. The optimum shampoo preparation was tested for physical properties, including organoleptic tests, homogeneity, foam stability, foam height, pH, and viscosity. The results of the test for the physical properties of the optimum shampoo preparation were verified using the SPSS application with the one-sample t-test method. Pomegranate leaf ethanol extract positively contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The optimization results obtained the optimum shampoo formula, namely a combination of SLS 5.5% and cocamide DEA 15.5%. Optimum formula shampoo has a black color, menthol odor, gel form, ingredients mixed homogeneously, foam stability 81.83%, foam height 9.30 ± 0.26 cm, pH 5.91 ± 0.45, and viscosity 1646.66 ± 220.23 cP.

Enhanced foam fractionation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from water using amphiphilic Janus SiO2 nanoparticles

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a persistent environmental contaminant, presents significant risks to human health and ecological balance. In response, our research introduces an innovative approach to tackle this challenge through the development of an efficient nanoparticle surfactant that enhances PFOS removal via foam fractionation. We synthesized a novel amphiphilic Janus nanoparticle (F-SNP-NH2) by chemically modifying SiO2 nanoparticles with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltrimethoxysilane and aminopropyltriethoxysilane, employing an interface masking strategy. This unique particle, bearing hydrophobic fluorocarbon chains and hydrophilic amino groups, offers surface properties conducive to foam fractionation. We verified the structure and chemical composition of F-SNP-NH2 through SEM-EDX, FTIR, and XPS. Its high surface activity enabled effective adsorption at the air–water interface, thereby promoting foam stability. Correspondingly, the foam height and half-life reached 24.5 mm and 316 s, respectively. Significantly, F-SNP-NH2 reached PFOS adsorption equilibrium in a short duration of 40 min, achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 1015.04 mg/g. Our analysis, supported by experimental data, theoretical models, and DFT calculations, pinpointed F–F and hydrophobic interactions as the primary forces driving PFOS collection. Under suitable conditions for foam fractionation, specifically at pH 5.0 and air flowrate 700 mL/min, the removal efficiency of PFOS achieved a high range of 98.8 % to 99.2 %, with corresponding enrichment ratios varying from 23.6 to 24.9. The foam fractionation process, employing F-SNP-NH2, demonstrated high selectivity and efficiency for PFOS removal, showcased the reusability of the nanoparticle surfactant. These results highlight the potential of F-SNP-NH2 in advancing foam fractionation technology for the targeted removal of PFOS and other per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances.

Promoting sustainability: Micellization and surface dynamics of recycled monoethanolamine surfactants

The purpose of this work is to explore the micellization and surface characteristics of recycled monoethanolamine (MEA) surfactants, designated as MK-1, MK-2, and MK-3, and to assess their potential in promoting sustainability. Traditional surfactants contribute to environmental pollution due to their non-renewable sources and persistence in nature. This study addresses the knowledge gap in sustainable surfactant development by investigating the efficacy of recycled MEA surfactants. Its novelty lies in its innovative recycling process, which not only reduces waste, but also produces surfactants with superior properties. This study also investigates the distillation-based separation of MEA from degraded compounds, showcasing its potential in waste management. It was found that a maximum MEA separation of 17 % was achieved with a resulting purity of 83 %. Optimal conditions, including the use of catalysts and a temperature of 393K, led to enhanced oleic acid conversion. Similarly, reactions conducted with catalysts at 433K for 3 h demonstrated favorable outcomes. Surfactant MK-1 exhibited superior foam and emulsifying abilities, generating a foam height of 60 cm with only 8 cm lost after 10 min. Regarding emulsifying properties, the sunflower oil/water system with a 0.1% MK-1 solution exhibited delayed water separation from the emulsion. MK-3 displayed the highest pC20 value at 2.91. Among the MEA-based surfactants, MK-1 reduced surface tension to 33.1 mN/m. The maximum surface excess concentration (Γmax) for all surfactants was consistent. This demonstrates that recycled MEA surfactants exhibited favorable micellization properties, with a critical micelle concentration (CMC) comparable to that of virgin counterparts. Over ten cycles of use and regeneration, the performance of recycled MEA surfactants remained stable. Surface tension measurements indicated improved interfacial activity, while emulsification capacity tests revealed an enhanced performance in forming stable emulsions. This implies the potential of recycled MEA surfactants to produce high-performance surfactants, thereby promoting sustainability in the chemical industry.

Extraction, FTIR and GC-MS characterization of palm kernel oil for laundry soap production

This study aimed at extracting and characterizing palm kernel oil from oil palm seed for laundry soap production. Palm kernel oil was obtained by Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane. Standard methods were used to determine the physicochemical properties of the kernel oil and laundry soap. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were used to characterize the oil. Results revealed that the palm kernel seed yielded 45.51±1.10% oil. Relative density, saponification value, acid value, and iodine value of the oil were 0.87±0,034 g/mL, 224.40±3.13 mg KOH/g, 3.25±0.11 mgKOH/g, and 14.72±0.25 gI2/100g, respectively. FTIR spectrum showed absorption peaks of methylene groups (723, 2855, 2922 cm–1), carbonyl group (1744 cm–1), and olefin group (1632 cm–1) which are characteristics of fatty acids. GC-MS analysis showed oleic acid, trans-13-octadecenoic acid, elaidic acid, petroselinic acid and vaccenic acid. Quality parameters of the white and hard palm kernel oil soap were found to be 9.55±0.43, 5.20±0.48 cm, 9.65±0.97% and 72.50±2.34% for the pH, foam height, moisture content, and total fatty matter, respectively. These findings suggest that FTIR and GC-MS can substantially be used to effectively verify the suitability of a vegetable oil for soap production. Finally, the moderately high oil yield of the kernel seed indicates its potential for large-scale soap production in Nigeria considering the country’s position as the world’s 4th largest producer of palm kernel oil.

Hybrid Handwash with Silver Nanoparticles from Calotropis gigantea Leaves and Patchouli Oil: Development and Properties

When washing hands, handwashing is one way to prevent diseases caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, the most common bacteria that can cause infections. The production of handwash utilizing silver nanoparticles as an active antibacterial agent remains a relatively infrequent practice. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles from the leaves of Calotropis gigantea, which grows in the geothermal area of Ie Seu-um Aceh Besar, has been carried out using the green synthesis method and hybrid green synthesis with patchouli oil. Handwash with active ingredients such as silver nanoparticles was successfully formulated, evaluated, and tested against S. aureus and E. coli. The organoleptic characteristics, pH, viscosity, foam height measurements, density, irritation, and antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli were evaluated. The results showed that the organoleptic properties of the handwash with silver nanoparticles were not changed during a 30-day storage period, with pH values in the range of 9.7-10.3, and did not cause irritation upon using silver nanoparticle handwash. The best formula for handwashing with silver nanoparticles in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus and E. coli bacteria was F2, with inhibition zones of 12.9 ± 2.85 mm and 10.95 ± 0.8 mm, respectively. The formulated handwash with silver nanoparticles met the requirements of good liquid soap according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) with potent antibacterial activity.

Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Characterization of Arachis Oil for Production of Laundry Soap

The study aimed to extract oil from Arachis seeds (Arachis hypogaea), characterize the oil with FTIR and GC-MS, and use it to produce laundry soap. Arachis oil was extracted via the Soxhlet method in nhexane. Standard methods were adopted to examine the properties of the extracted oil, and the produced laundry soap. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyze the chemical composition of the oil. The results showed that 70.0 g of the Arachis seed gave 49.56±1.24 % oil yield. The physicochemical characterization of the oil showed that the relative density, saponification value, acid value, and iodine value were 0.65±0.15 g/mL, 190.74±2.17 mgKOH/g, 2.08±0.15 mgKOH/g, and 91.88±0.25 gI2/100g, respectively. Functional groups analysis from FTIR data revealed unique absorption peaks of methyl group at 1379 cm–1, methylene group at 723, 1461, 2847, 2922 cm–1, carbonyl group at 1744 cm–1, and olefin group at 1654 cm–1, which are attributed to the fatty acids present in the Arachis oil. The GC-MS analysis confirmed the following fatty acids: Oleic acid, Elaidic acid, and Vaccenic acid in the oil. The soap’s quality parameters determination offered 99.75±0.26 cm, 4.63±0.37 cm, 7.10±0.78 % and 59.25±2.65 % for pH, foam height, moisture content and total fatty matter, respectively. Besides, the soap was slightly pinkish and moderately hard. The findings of the study proved that Arachis seeds oil is a richsource of fatty acids with the required functional groups for efficient saponification reaction, and has a huge potential for large-scale production of quality laundry soap.

Formulasi Dan Evaluasi Sediaan Shampo Ekstrak Etanol Daun Cengkeh (Syzygium Aromaticum L) Sebagai Penumbuh Rambut Pada Tikus Putih Jantan

Clove leaves have the property of overcoming hair growth problems, where the eugenol compound contained in clove leaves is efficacious as a hair growth agent. This research was conducted to formulate a clove leaf extract shampoo preparation. The research method used was the experimental method. Tests were carried out on experimental animals, namely male white mice in various groups. The first group (without treatment), the second group (negative control), the third group (5% clove leaf extract shampoo), the fourth group (10% clove leaf ethanol extract shampoo), the fifth group (15% clove leaf ethanol extract shampoo) and groups sixth (positive control). The shampoo preparations were tested and evaluated, the results of the preparation evaluation test showed that the four shampoo preparations were homogeneous and had a pH ranging from 5.1-5.7, with a viscosity of 1700-3000 cps and a foam height of 9-11 cm. This shampoo preparation also does not irritate the skin. The results of the data analysis obtained showed that all data were normally distributed (p> 0.005) and homogeneous (p> 0.005). The results of the one way ANOVA test show that F1 (5% formula), F2 (10% formula) and F3 (15% formula) have significant differences. This research shows that clove leaf ethanol extract shampoo with a concentration of 15% is the most effective formulation in hair growth in male white rats. However, the ethanol extract of clove leaves shampoo is less effective than minoxidil 5% for hair growth.

Foam detection in a stirred tank using deep learning neural networks

A deep learning method based on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) U-Net architecture has been explored as an image analysis tool for the detection and automated quantification of foam generated in a stirred tank. Multiple datasets of different sizes and with different types of foam were obtained experimentally and processed with data augmentation techniques in order to train the deep learning networks. The impact of adding attention and residual gates to the U-Net model to improve its performance, as well as the size of the dataset used to train the model have been assessed. The main factor influencing the accuracy of the models to detect the foam in the stirred tank is the size and quality of the dataset use to train the U-Net models; it must be sufficiently large and varied in terms of foam type/structure. The addition of attention gates and residual blocks to the U-Net model slightly improves the accuracy of foam detection, particularly for images that contain additional objects or obstructions, however the training time is 30 % longer than the standard U-Net model. In all cases, this image analysis method based on the U-Net model largely out performs conventional image analysis, which was not able to automatically differentiate between foam, additional objects in the tank and bubbles in the liquid. Two methods for the measurement of foam quantity (maximum foam height and foam volume) have also been developed based on the foam regions detected by the models. This is important for the application of the tool, which is to be used to understand the impact of operating conditions on foam formation in lab-/pilot-scale stirred tanks and then develop scale-up guidelines for foam control in industrial tanks.

What are the mechanisms of functional monomers' effect on air entrainment of polycarboxylate superplasticizers in cement paste and mortar?

This study focuses on developing three kinds of polycarboxylate superplasticizers (PCEs), i.e., ether-type polycarboxylate superplasticizer (T-PCE), fluorine-type polycarboxylate superplasticizer (F-PCE), and phosphate-type polycarboxylate superplasticizer (P-PCE) synthesized respectively with three functional monomers, i.e., isopentenyl polyoxyethylene ether (TPEG3000), hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFBMA), and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphate (HEMAP) for improved dispersion and low air entrainment in cementitious systems. The molecular structures of PCEs were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR). Further, the influence and mechanism of the functional monomers on the dispersion and air entrainment of PCEs in cement paste and mortar were investigated. Finally, the mechanisms of the functional monomers' effect on the air entrainment of PCEs in the cement paste and mortar were discussed. The results showed that T-PCE, F-PCE, and P-PCE were successfully synthesized, and P-PCE had the optimal effect on the fluidity (at W/C=0.35, 305.5 mm), the lowest foaming height (11.000 mm), and the fastest rate of defoaming of the cementitious systems, followed by F-PCE and T-PCE. Complexation, adsorption, surface activity, and polar hydrophobic mechanisms were identified. For unmodified T-PCE, there are more hydrophilic groups (-COOH), stronger surface activity. Therefore, T-PCE shows strong air entrainment; T-PCE has a high density of carboxylate and often forms a complex with 1 Ca2+ in the form of 4 carboxyl groups before reaching the adsorption equilibrium, so the concentration of free Ca2+ with foam stabilizing effect is high, which leads to strong air entrainment of T-PCE. The adsorption and complexation ability of F-PCE with Ca2+ is weaker than that of T-PCE. However, the hydrophobicity of F-PCE molecules is enhanced and the surface tension of F-PCE is reduced due to the ester group and C-F bonds in the structure of HFBMA, so the air entrainment of F-PCE is lower than that of T-PCE through Marangoni effect. P-PCE exhibited the lowest surface activity and the largest surface tension. Defoaming effect is promoted due to increased additional pressure on the bubble surface. Moreover, its adsorption and complexation with Ca2+ surpassed those of T-PCE and F-PCE due to the phosphate group has two negative charges, and the free Ca2+ is reduced, which also reduces the bubble stability. Therefore, P-PCE has minimal air entrainment in the cementitious systems.

Attenuation of sound signals in foams for the basic oxygen furnace using physical modelling techniques

The control of slag foaming is important for optimising basic oxygen furnace (BOF) performance. Acoustics systems monitoring wide frequency bandwidths have been applied to BOF monitoring for the purpose of understanding slag foam height and density but there is limited information about their accuracy and repeatability. Improved understanding of the fundamental behaviour of sound in slag foam could help resolve these issues. In this cold physical model study using, aqueous foams generated in a cylindrical vessel were used to study the attenuation of sound in large samples of foam. Sound pulses over the range of 201 to 1801 Hz were transmitted through varying aqueous foam heights of 100 to 250 mm and acoustic signals detected via a measurement microphone were analysed. The results indicated aqueous foams consisting of smaller bubbles in the range of 0.4 to 0.75 mm with visibly thicker outer films displayed a stronger correlation between the attenuated sound and the stationary foam heights. It was also observed that frequencies above 1009 Hz were more sensitive in terms of their attenuation in varying foam heights and the time-dependant drainage of bubbles compared to lower frequencies. These frequencies were generally higher than those used for industrial slag foam monitoring systems.

Study on the preparation of green tea hand wash gel

Green tea exhibits beneficial effects on the skin, such as deodorization, antibacterial properties, sun protection, and antioxidant activity. Formulating hand wash from green tea leverages these advantages in personal hygiene products. This study was conducted to investigate the ratios of surfactants, thickeners, and moisturizers in the formulation of hand wash gel containing green tea. Nine different formulations with surfactant ratios ranging from 9-15%, thickener ratios 1-2%, and moisturizer ratios 5-9% were examined. Sensory characteristics, pH, dirt dispersion ability, viscosity, foam height, and foam stability were evaluated to select the most appropriate formulation. The results showed that the F8 formulation had suitable sensory characteristics, a pH of 5.53, good dirt dispersion ability, a viscosity of 152.6 Cps, a foam height of 5.1 cm, and foam stability of 94.12%. According to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines, the product did not exhibit skin irritation in tests conducted on rabbits.Thus, the optimal formulation for green tea hand wash gel was determined to include 1% green tea extract (dry extract form), 12% surfactant, 1.5% thickener, 7% moisturizer, other additives, and water to make up to 100%.

Formulation and Evaluation of Toothpaste Combining Clove Flower Extract (Syzygium aromaticum L.) and Chamomile Flower Essential Oil (Matricaria chamomilla)

Introduction: Herbal remedies like clove and chamomile have been traditionally used for their potential oral health benefits. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a toothpaste combining clove flower extract (Syzygium aromaticum L.) and chamomile flower essential oil (Matricaria chamomilla) for its efficacy in promoting oral hygiene. Methods: Clove flower extract was obtained through ethanol extraction, while chamomile essential oil was procured commercially. Various toothpaste formulations (F1-F3) were prepared with varying concentrations of the herbal extracts, alongside a control formulation (F0) without the extracts. The formulations underwent comprehensive evaluation, including organoleptic assessment, pH determination, homogeneity testing, and foam height analysis. Additionally, antimicrobial activity against common oral pathogens (Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus) was assessed using the agar well diffusion method. Results: All formulations (F0-F3) exhibited acceptable organoleptic properties, pH levels within the safe range for oral use, and homogeneity. However, foam height varied among formulations, with F1-F3 showing lower foam compared to the control (F0). Notably, F2 and F3 demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against both S. mutans and S. aureus, suggesting their potential in combating oral pathogens. Conclusion: The combination of clove flower extract and chamomile essential oil in toothpaste formulations holds promise for enhancing oral hygiene due to their antimicrobial properties. Further research is warranted to optimize foam height and explore the long-term clinical effects of this herbal toothpaste.

An automated platform for measuring infant formula powder rehydration quality using a collaborative robot integrated with computer vision

Current methods used for testing the rehydration quality of infant formula (IF) are mainly subjective. For a better understanding of rehydration, objective measurements are required. A computer vision (CV) system was synchronized with a collaborative robot (cobot) to automatically estimate foam height, sediment height, and the number of white particles after IF powder rehydration. Two different robotic agitations were used to prepare the mixtures in a commercially available baby bottle. To evaluate the platform, twenty-four stage-1 IF powders were rehydrated. Cobot-captured images were processed by CV algorithms and independently rated by eight participants. The participants' and platform's estimates of foam height, sediment height, and white particles score, respectively, showed agreements of 2.1 mm, 3.4 mm, and 1.7 scores, and correlation coefficients of 0.82, 0.77, and 0.68. The results show that the platform has the potential to enable objective rehydration tests and to monitor changes in visible foam and sediment over time.