Geniposide (GE) exhibits diverse biological activities, but its poor stability and low bioavailability limit its applications. Combining GE with proteins can improve its stability. Heat-treated soybean protein isolate (HSPI) is widely used to transport bioactive substances due to its loading capacity. This study investigated the structural and functional changes in HSPI induced by its interaction with GE, as well as the resulting effects on GE's stability and bioavailability. Results showed that GE bonded to CN, CO and NH groups in HSPI via hydrogen bonding, altering the protein's secondary structure. The resulting GE-HSPI complexes exhibited superior foaming capacity, thermal stability, storage stability and ionic stability compared to free GE. In pharmacokinetic studies, animals fed with GE-HSPI complexes exhibited higher plasma GE concentration than those given GE solution alone. Ultimately, the oral bioavailability of GE in GE-HSPI complexes was around twofold higher than that of the GE solution, with GE and 80 °C-treated SPI complexes achieving the highest bioavailability (7.90%). These findings highlight the potential use of GE-HSPI complexes as an effective strategy to enhance GE bioavailability. They also pave the way for further research into gardenia-derived applications in functional foods or pharmaceuticals. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Enhanced removal of sulfur-containing ions post persulfate advanced oxidation: Interfacial adsorption-mediated foam fractionation process by amphiphilic graphene oxide.

Foam stability and acidizing effect evaluation of a foam acid fluid system for low-temperature dolomite geothermal reservoir stimulation

Comparative effects of heat-induced fibrillation and pH-shifting on the structure and interfacial adsorption of soy protein.

Structural and functional characterization of Osborne-fractionated proteins from fusarium venenatum TB01 via enzymatic - ultrasonic cell disruption extraction.

Mortality resulting from incompressible hemorrhage is the primary cause of pre-hospital deaths, highlighting the urgent need for the development of innovative hemostatic materials capable of effectively managing this type of bleeding. Inspired by the long-lasting foams constituted by transition metal ion-protein complexes, we have developed an injectable and stable liquid hemostatic foam composed of gelatin/silk fibroin and hemostatic metal ions Ca2+/Fe2+. This foam can be rapidly obtained using a simple double-syringe Tessari method and exhibits superior mechanical strength, longevity, and rheological properties compared to traditional pure gelatin foam. We characterized the size changes and blood interactions of the foam under an optical microscope. Benefiting from the synergistic effects of multiple pro-coagulation components, the foam demonstrated superior hemostatic performance in rat liver injury, femoral artery injury, and porcine superficial epigastric artery injury models compared to commercial gauze and gelatin sponge. After hemostasis, the foam can be retained on the wound, where it rapidly and harmlessly degrades, mitigating inflammatory responses and reducing unnecessary adhesions Alternatively, it can be gently, rapidly, and intact removed from the wound through a simple process, without damaging the formed clot and causing secondary bleeding, thus facilitating further treatment of casualties. These functions highlight its great potential for prehospital emergency treatment of incompressible hemorrhage. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We have developed a liquid hemostatic foam for rapid hemostasis of incompressible hemorrhage. The foam shows consistent stability, mechanical strength, and duration, meeting the requirements for managing incompressible hemorrhage. The foam can be easily removed from the wound without disrupting the clot or causing secondary bleeding, which is beneficial for pre-hospital rescue. We believe that such liquid hemostatic foam materials, benefiting from injectability and improved mechanical strength, are actually more advantageous for pre-hospital treatment of incompressible hemorrhage. We also hope that there will be more research in this field in the future to further optimize and develop liquid foam hemostatic materials.

From nature to nurture: A review on the escalating role of locust bean gum in food, pharma and cosmeceuticals.

Structural and functional modulation of rice protein hydrolysates: Influence of amylase pretreatment on extraction methods.

Synergistic influence of charge and wettability on Pickering foam stability

The shift towards herbal and naturally derived skincare products has increased interest in plant-based cosmetic formulations. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a widely used medicinal plant known for its beneficial effects on skin due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In this study, a rosemary-infused soap was formulated using the saponification technique to develop a natural skincare product. The prepared soap was evaluated for various physicochemical parameters, including pH, hardness, foam stability, moisture content and to determine its quality and stability. Skin irritation study was carried out to assess safety. The formulated herbal soap exhibited satisfactory physicochemical characteristics, good foaming properties, and a pH suitable for skin application. The soap also demonstrated effective activity without causing any signs of skin irritation. These findings indicate that rosemary-infused soap is a safe and effective herbal formulation with potential application in daily personal hygiene. The study supports the use of medicinal plant extracts as natural alternatives to synthetic ingredients in cosmetic products.

ABSTRACT Lightweight energy-absorbing materials with high mechanical strength hold significant promise for engineering applications. In this work, we engineered a multiscale hierarchical system through 3D printing in-situ foaming technology, integrating aramid nanofiber (ANF, nanoscale), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) microcellular foams (microscale), and honeycomb macrostructures (macroscale). The incorporated ANF enhance TPU's melt strength to stabilise closed-cell structures while serving as heterogeneous nucleation sites for microcellular architecture regulation. This structural hierarchy enables sequential collapse mechanisms where macroscale honeycomb buckling precedes microscale cell wall yield, achieving coordinated energy absorption–dissipation through progressive deformation modes. The optimised TPU/ANF (1.0 wt%) hierarchical structure demonstrated 16.6% and 53.7% enhancements in specific energy absorption (SEA) relative to TPU/ANF and pure TPU honeycombs, respectively. This approach not only enables precise control over cellular morphology through ANF-mediated foam stabilisation but also expands design possibilities for complex energy-absorbing geometries, positioning 3D-printed hierarchical structure as promising candidates for impact protection applications.

The potential application of foam for conformance control in heterogeneous reservoirs is critically dependent on brine salinity, yet the underlying pore-scale mechanisms involving residual oil have remained unclear. This study provides a pore-scale analysis, using a two-layer heterogeneous micromodel, to unravel how salinity (5,000 vs. 35,000 ppm NaCl) governs the complex interplay between foam and in-situ generated emulsions using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant. In the absence of oil, low-salinity conditions produced a homogeneous, fine-textured SDS foam with high stability, leading to improved sweep efficiency across both high- and low-permeability layers. High salinity, by compressing the electrical double layer, yielded a coarse, heterogeneous foam with reduced stability due to enhanced coalescence and Ostwald ripening. The presence of residual oil revealed a critical paradigm shift: ultimate performance is not dictated by foam stability alone. At high salinity, the formation of coarse, unstable oil-in-water emulsion droplets, a consequence of ionic shielding, proved decisive. These large droplets acted as dynamic diverting agents, synergizing with foam to create temporary blockages in high-permeability pore throats via the Jamin effect. This mechanism effectively diverted flow into the low-permeability zone, significantly improving conformance. In contrast, the fine, stable emulsions formed at low salinity failed to block high-permeability pathways and instead caused unintended blockages within the low-permeability layer itself. Consequently, high-salinity foam injection achieved a final oil recovery of 88.02%, a significant 9.20-percentage-point improvement over the 78.81% recovery at low salinity. These results provided the first direct pore-scale evidence that optimizing salinity can tune the balance between foam stability and in-situ emulsion generation to maximize conformance control. This insight is crucial for designing effective foam strategies for enhanced oil recovery and also gas-based storage in saline, heterogeneous formations.

This study examines the effect of air-entraining agents (AEAs) type on cement-mortar air content and air-void structure under reduced atmospheric pressure. Six representative AEAs—cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), triterpenoid saponin (TS), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), sodium abietate (SA), cocamidopropyl betaine (CAB), and fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AEO-9)—were selected. Their foaming ability and time-dependent foam stability were measured in deionized water and in cement filtrate, and the air content of fresh mortars and the distribution of air-voids in hardened mortars were determined at 100 and 60 kPa. The results show that, at 100 kPa, TS, CAB, and CTAB produced higher initial foam height and better foam stability in deionized water than AEO-9, SA, and SDBS. TS and CAB also maintained a higher number density of bubbles and slower coalescence. In addition, all surfactant systems showed lower initial foam height and stability in cement filtrate than in deionized water, with SDBS, SA, and AEO-9 experiencing the greatest declines. When the pressure decreased from 100 kPa to 60 kPa, the mortar air content dropped by 8–15%, with the smallest reduction for TS (~8%) and the largest for CTAB (~15%). At 60 kPa, air voids with radius < 250 μm decreased markedly in hardened mortars: by 51%, 25%, and 28% for the control, CTAB, and AEO-9 mortars, respectively; but only by 14% for TS, highlighting its superior retention of fine air voids. Overall, amphoteric/saponin-type systems (represented by TS) exhibit better tolerance and stabilization, and are recommended for high-altitude concrete.

Single proteins have certain limitations in terms of functional properties, while composite products combining plant and animal proteins offer a practical and sustainable strategy to address this issue. This study aims to establish a dual-protein complex, the pH cycling-induced chickpea protein (CP)-casein (CA) complex (pH-CP/CA), to load curcumin and enhance its functionality. Results showed that pH-CP/CA (CP/CA = 2:1, mass ratio) exhibited a smaller particle size and a higher absolute value of zeta potential. Hydrogen-bonding, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interactions drove the pH-CP/CA formation, resulting in improved solubility, emulsification, foaming, and thermal stability. Curcumin (Cur) was loaded in pH-CP/CA through pH cycling to construct the Cur-containing complex (pH-CP/CA-Cur). The pH-CP/CA-Cur achieved an encapsulation efficiency of 83.04% (w/w) and exhibited enhanced stability compared with Cur. Furthermore, its bioavailability reached 85.82% in the simulated digestion. This study demonstrates the role of pH cycling in fabricating dual-protein complexes and establishes their potential as nanocarriers for bioactive molecules.

Goal: To examine the issue of ensuring the required thermal state of an object. To demonstrate the use of new mechanisms for heat flow distribution and foam stabilization, ensuring the required thermal state of an object. To develop a method for synthesizing a foam material based on silica sol for thermal insulation and reducing the thermal signature of objects. Methods: The study utilized methods for studying the physical and mechanical properties of the material, including finite element analysis, X-ray diffraction, derivatographic, and microscopic analysis. Close agreement between theoretical and experimental studies was achieved. Results: A method for synthesizing a foam material based on silica sol was developed. This method results in a 23% strengthening of the foam framework over a 9-month curing period. The use of macro- and microfibers in the material was shown to reduce crack width and increase foam expansion. Using the finite element method, heat flow distribution across the object was simulated at a 1:1 scale, confirming that the required thermal state was achieved. Practical Relevance: The developed material was shown to provide the required thermal state for the object compared to existing foam coatings and mineral wool. A new technical solution is proposed that ensures high-quality fiber distribution within the material due to a new foam cartridge design.

Double-Functionalized Silica Nanomaterials for Effective CO ₂ Foam Stabilization in Harsh Carbonate Reservoirs

The formation of mixed adsorption layers of amyloid fibrils of a plant protein, oat globulin (OG), and a strong polyelectrolyte, sodium polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), at the liquid–gas interface was studied by measurements of the kinetic dependencies of surface tension, dynamic surface elasticity, and ellipsometric angle. The micromorphology of the layers was determined by atomic force microscopy. A strong increase in the surface elasticity was discovered when both components had similar concentrations and formed a network of threadlike aggregates at the interface, thereby explaining the high foam stability in this concentration range. The sequential adsorption of PSS and OG resulted in the formation of thick mixed multilayers and the surface elasticity increased with the number of duplex layers.

The foam drying method has evolved as a novel food drying technique. In the present study, the foam-mat drying technique is used to produce powder from leek (Allium porrum L.). The proportions of foaming agents were systematically optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design model. The optimized formulation was identified as 1.50% carboxymethyl cellulose, 14.37% maltodextrin, and 8.93% egg white. The optimal composition was adjusted for achieving high foam stability, high volume, and low density. This improved formula was then freeze-dried and dried using hot air at 50°C and 70°C, and its physical and chemical properties, antioxidant abilities, and overall quality were analyzed afterward. Based on the data obtained, the Midilli model was identified as the most suitable drying model. The TPC values for the samples dried at 50°C, 70°C, and freeze-dried were 1340.31, 1368.87, and 1349.83mg/kg, while the TFC values were 208.78, 225.61, and 225.61mg/kg. The antioxidant activities measured using the ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP tests were 8.58, 16.18, and 13.83 mmol/g for ABTS; 3.43, 4.56, and 1.91 mmol/g for DPPH; and 1.04, 1.32, and 1.27 mmol/g for FRAP, respectively. Considering the types of volatile compounds and the qualities of the powder, the samples dried at 50°C using the convective method showed the best outcomes.

ABSTRACT Metal oxides and polymeric nanomaterials are common carrier systems used to deliver drugs to specified targeted sites within the body. However, studies have shown that the presence of metal and metal oxide‐based drug carrier systems has demonstrated adverse toxic effects in in vitro and in vivo model systems. Non‐toxicity, biocompatibility, efficient drug loading, and controlled release have made polymer‐based drug carrier systems a preferred alternative to the conventional methods. This study aimed to determine the effects of oxidizing agents on two cultivars of Vigna unguiculata (cowpea) starch (Glenda and TVU) to understand its physiochemical and functional effects as a potential carrier system. Samples were characterized based on their structural and functional properties using FTIR, SEM, XRD, gel strength, DSC, particle size and zeta potential. Physicochemical properties were such as oil and water absorption capacity, water solubility index, swelling power, syneresis emulsion capacity, stability and foaming capacity and stability, were also determined. It was found that chemical modification had minimal to no effect on the structural properties. The granular structure ranged from 17 to 39 and 12 to 33 µm for Glenda and TVU, respectively. Findings suggest that modification by oxidation improved select physiochemical functions for carrier system application.

The relevance of the issue of obtaining and prospects for using compression foam for extinguishing fires of petroleum products, in particular transformer oil, has been established. Global trends in development, methods of obtaining compression foam and technical characteristics of compression foam fire extinguishing systems have been analyzed. Illustrations of compression foam fire extinguishing systems from various manufacturers of leading countries of the world are presented. Special attention is paid to the prototype of the compression foam fire extinguishing system developed by the Institute's specialists, which, due to its high performance, can be used to fill rooms in which oil-filled transformer equipment is located. According to its technical characteristics, the installation provides a supply of foaming agents with a concentration in an aqueous solution from 2% to 6%. The flow rate of the aqueous solution of the foaming agent can be changed from 1 l/min to 5 l/min. The flow rate of the foaming agent solution and the air flow rate can be adjusted separately using reducers in the following ratios from 1:5 to 1:25. The foam generator is located in a 20-liter container. To supply liquid to the mixing chamber, compressed air is used, which is supplied by a compressor at a regulated pressure in the range from 0.1 MPa to 1.0 MPa. The mixing chamber has a cylindrical shape. It is noted that on the basis of experimental studies of the created prototype of the compression foam fire extinguishing system, the following characteristics of this system were determined, namely: foam multiplicity - 8, foam stability - 1075 s, volume flow rate - 2.9 l/s. It was found that compression foam is an extremely promising direction of future fire safety, which combines technological efficiency, safety and environmental friendliness. This is confirmed by the widespread use of compression foam fire extinguishing systems in leading countries of the world. It was also found that in Ukraine this direction of research is given insufficient attention. This issue is relevant for further research, based on the fact that full-scale aggression by the occupying forces of a neighboring country continues in our country. The primary task is to increase the efficiency of fire extinguishing, in particular during the fire of oil-filled transformers.