Foam Boosters Research Articles

Safety Assessment of Alkyl Amide MIPA Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics.

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) assessed the safety of 14 alkyl amide MIPA ingredients as used in cosmetics. All of these ingredients are reported to function in cosmetics as a surfactant - foam booster and/or viscosity increasing agent. The Panel considered the available data, as well as data on read-across sources, and concluded these ingredients are safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment when formulated to be non-irritating.

Enhancing whipped cream anti-freeze properties: A dual plant system with aquafaba and mung bean protein

The objective of this study was to substitute sodium caseinate (SC) with a dual plant-based alternative to produce a refreshing sour whipped cream at pH 3.0, which could maintain stability when paired with low-pH foods. Aquafaba (AQ) was utilized as a novel foam booster, enhancing the whipped properties of the whipped cream, while pH12-shifting treated mung bean protein (BMBP) functioned as an interfacing stabilizer, improving its stability. Freeze-thaw stability of the aerated emulsion and the protein-protein interactions in the emulsion were characterized by analyzing water distribution, thermodynamics, serum loss, and protein retention rates. The high bound water content and dense bubble distribution of whipped cream prepared by AQ and native mung bean protein (NMBP) delivered superior freeze-thaw stability, shown as reduced serum loss, higher protein retention, and increased hardness. In addition, the internal fat network of the whipped cream made from a 1:1 combination of NMBP and BMBP showed moderate agglomeration with a comparable γmax value as SC-based whipped cream, indicating enhanced resistance to deformation and improved short-term shape retention. In conclusion, the combination of AQ and MBP provided viable options for the replacement of SC in commercial whipped cream.

Effects of alkyl polyglucoside on the self-assembly behavior and foam properties of the thermoresponsive triblock copolymer (EO)100(PO)65(EO)100

Thermoresponsive liquid foams stabilized with the triblock copolymer (EO)100(PO)65(EO)100 (PF127) have been proved to be effective in suppressing pool fire. Understanding how the low-molecular-weight surfactants affect the properties of thermoresponsive foam stabilized by PF127 is important in the development of fluorine-free firefighting foam. In this work, the effects of the non-ionic surfactant alkyl polyglucoside (APG) on the properties of the foam stabilized by the triblock copolymer PF127 were studied. The relationships among molecular self-assembly, interfacial properties, and foam properties were investigated by conducting scattering experiments and foam aging tests. The results demonstrated that the APG molecules participated in the organization of the mixed micelles with PF127 molecules and the competition of both components in the mixed micelles affected the foaming properties. For the systems containing APG and 20 wt% PF127, APG acted as a foam inhibitor, suppressing foam generation at low concentrations. In contrast, APG acted as the foam booster at high concentrations since the mixed micelles were relatively unstable, allowing more unimers to diffuse to the interfacial region. In the absence of APG, the liquid foam from PF127 exhibited high stability and elasticity under heat due to the ordered structure formed by PF127 micelles inside the foam. As the APG concentration increased, the transition of orderly packed PF127-rich mixed micelles into disordered APG-rich mixed micelles caused the originally inhibited liquid drainage to restart rapidly, making the foams unstable upon heating. The results of this work can give theoretical guidance for the development of thermoresponsive firefighting foams.

Peningkatan Keterampilan Pengolahan Sabun Cuci Piring Sederhana Untuk Masyarakat Di Desa Rambah Baru

Dishwashing soap is a cleaning product that has become a part of everyday life. With the growth of the population and changes in lifestyle, the demand for dishwashing soap continues to rise. This soap plays a crucial role in maintaining cleanliness, which is currently a vital aspect of health. Every homemaker relies on dishwashing soap to clean their kitchen utensils. The purpose of this initiative is to provide training to the local community in the Rambah Baru Village on how to make simple dishwashing soap. During this training, the direct production of liquid dishwashing soap is carried out using the necessary ingredients such as Texapon, Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), foam booster, EDTA 2Na, NaCl, fragrance essence, and table salt. This production process yields approximately 20 liters of liquid dishwashing soap. Furthermore, this dishwashing soap also holds significant economic value, which can serve as a solution for improving the local economy in the village.

Antiseptic Liquid Soap from Corn Oil (Zea mays L) and Aloe Vera Extract with The Variation of SLS (Sodium Lauryl Sulfate)

Liquid soap is a cleaning agent made from a chemical reaction between potassium hydroxide and fatty acids from vegetable oils and animal fats. This study aims to determine the quality and formulation used in making antiseptic liquid soap from aloe vera with the variation of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS). Previous research on making liquid soap from aloe vera produced soap with free alkaline levels and a high pH and still lacking foam. In this study, liquid soap was made by adding variation of SLS (Sodium Lauryl Sulfate), as a foam booster and citric acid as a substance that can control the pH of the soap. The resulting liquid soap product was analyzed for pH value, foam stability, free alkali content/FFA, viscosity, density, ALT and bacterial test. The results showed that each soap formula produced match with the requirements of SNI 2588-2017 and the best formulation is the F2.

Evaluation of mung bean protein and aquafaba as co-stabilizer for sour aerated emulsions

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of pH12 shifting treatment of protein and addition of a novel foam booster, aquafaba (AQ), on the properties of mung bean protein (MBP)-based sour whipped cream at pH 3.0. The characteristic interfacial adsorption of AQ–MBP, the effects of the emulsion and foam stabilizers on the freeze-thaw stability of the emulsions, and the whipping properties of emulsions were explored. The results showed that pH12-treated MBP (BMBP) emulsions exhibited significant aggregation of fat droplets due to the reduced ability of BMBP to absorb on the oil droplets compared to native MBP (NMBP). Despite having lower shear viscosity, the BMBP emulsion showed stronger foaming capacity but longer whipping time in subsequent aeration. Creep-recovery and shape retention tests indicated that whipped cream produced with BMBP exhibited lower hardness and was more difficult to stand, contrary to the overly firm texture of NMBP cream. The inclusion of AQ in the emulsion improved the stability and enhanced the trend of overrun during whipping. Combining NMBP and BMBP at a 1:1 ratio and incorporating AQ resulted in a freeze-thaw stable emulsion. It was determined that the optimum whipping time for this emulsion was 38 s longer than the commercially available product while the overrun exhibited a remarkable 19.9% increase.

Pembuatan Sabun Padat Berbahan Minyak Atsiri Skala Rumah Tangga

Making this soap aims to provide an explanation for making solid soap made from lemon essential oil as an effort to improve community skills and can be applied by the community in the future as a business. Soap making is done by heating coconut oil at a temperature of 800C. Mix 30% NaOH with heated oil until it becomes homogeneous, stirring continuously until the saponification process is perfect. Add the stearic acid which has been dissolved in the alcohol and stir until smooth, add the white sugar and stir again, add the glycerin while stirring, add the foam booster while continuing to stir until the mixture becomes homogeneous. Add coloring and fragrance, namely lemon oil, which is carried out at 400C. Pour the mixture into the mold and let it sit for 15-30 minutes. The soap has hardened and can be removed from the mold. The tests performed were preference, allergy, aroma, color, froth and density tests. The result shows that solid soap has been successfully made, but still requires some further refinement regarding the density and transparency of the soap. With the procedures for making soap and the analytical test that the author described above, new knowledge and skills can be used for the community as well as solid soap business opportunities

Pelatihan Pembuatan Sabun Cuci Piring Dalam Rangka Pemberdayaan Perempuan di Kecamatan Tanjung Mutiara Kabupaten Agam

Most of the residents of Tiku V Jorong Village, Agam District work as farmers and gardeners, whereas the women mostly are housewives. The training given to women community in Tiku V Jorong Village was the production of liquid dish soap. The selection of liquid dish soap products is based on the fact that consumption of dish soap is always needed by every household in their daily life. In addition, the process of making liquid dish soap is relatively easy and the process does not require many equipment, thus it can be done by women community in Tiku V Jorong Village on the sidelines of other daily activities.The liquid dish soap can be used for their daily needs or can be business opportunities for the village. The activity was carried out on November 26, 2022, which was attended by ± 25 women. The training began with the explanation about the materials and equipment used in making the liquid dish soap. The main materials used were texapon, sodium sulfate, and sodium chloride. Foam booster, perfume, and dye were used as additive. Then, the practice is carried out jointly between the women community and the community service team from Politeknik ATI Padang, thus the women community can be able to make the liquid dish soap on their own. The training was closed with the presentation of business prospective from liquid dish soap. All of the participants were enthusiastic with this training. With this training, it can be expected that the women community in Tiku V Jorong Village have the knowledge and the skill to make their own liquid dish soap. Besides, it can be the new opportunity for business thus the local economy can be improved as well.

TAMPOO AS A NOVEL ANTIDANDRUFF FORMULATION

Pityriasis capitis commonly known as dandruff, is an un-inflamed or mildly inflamed form of seborrheic dermatitis and appears as bran-like scaly patches scattered within hair bearing areas of the scalp and which could result in scaly itchy skin of the scalp. The present research work was carried out to develop tampoo. Tampoo is a novel solid dosage antidandruff formulation loaded with ketoconazole, prepared by direct compression technique having ease of manufacturability, improved stability and which becomes shampoo after aqueous dispersion, the moment it comes in contact with water. The combination of elastic and plastic materials, viz gaur gum and dibasic calcium phosphate in appropriate proportions was used to compress poorly compressible sodium lauryl sulphate. Tapmoos were compressed using direct compression method and evaluated for effect of filler binder, foam booster and disintegrating agents. Based on the results obtained, it was found that formulation F6 containing surface active agent (sodium lauryl sulphate) and foam booster (gaur gum) imparts acceptable pharmaceutical properties.

Microfluidics investigation of the effect of bulk nanobubbles on surfactant-stabilised foams

In aqueous foams, the bubble size usually spans from tens of microns to centimetres. However, it is possible to create much smaller and stable bubbles in solutions: nanobubbles have diameters well below a micron. Many issues are still pending on nanobubbles, especially regarding their stability. Here, we address if and how the addition of nanobubbles may change the interfacial and foaming properties of surfactant solutions. Using a first microfluidic device, nanobubbles are formed within the aqueous surfactant solutions (SDS and Triton X-100 at different concentrations). A second microfluidic device then generates foams from these solutions. Additionally, we report systematic results on the interfacial and bulk properties of such solutions. Finally, we show that nanobubbles have some effects on almost all the measured quantities; however, the most striking one is enhancing the foaming of the solutions with an initial poor foamability. These measurements provide us with a comprehensive set of new results allowing us to draw a first multi-scale picture of how far nanobubbles could potentially act as foam boosters and stabilizers or be implemented in colloidal formulations. Yet, more investigations are required to unravel the mechanisms leading to our results.

The Amphoteric Surfactant N,N-Dimethyldodecylamine N-Oxide Unfolds β-Lactoglobulin above the Critical Micelle Concentration.

Understanding the interactions between surfactants and proteins is important for the formulation of consumer products as surfactant binding can alter protein activity and stability. Additionally, the structure of the protein-surfactant complex can influence surface activity, which is important for emulsion and foam development. N,N-Dimethyldodecylamine N-oxide (DDAO) is an amphoteric surfactant that is nonionic at high pH. It is often used as a foam booster in detergent formulations and for the extraction of membrane proteins. In this study, a variety of biophysical characterization methods was used to investigate the impact of DDAO at pH 8 on the structure of the globular protein β-lactoglobulin (βLG). Pyrene fluorescence and surface tension studies show that βLG had minimal impact on the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of DDAO, while fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy found unfolding of βLG at concentrations of DDAO greater than the CMC. Small-angle X-ray scattering results confirm changes in the structure of βLG at DDAO concentrations above the CMC. Taken together, DDAO behaves like nonionic and zwitterionic surfactants below its CMC with limited interaction with βLG, while it induces protein unfolding at concentrations higher than the CMC, resulting in a protein-surfactant complex structure that resembles a protein-decorated micelle.

Formulation Development of Canine Antifungal Shampoo Containing <i>Senna tora</i> (L.) Roxb. Seed Extract

This research aims to develop canine shampoo containing Senna tora seed extract. The crude ethanolic extract was partial purified through column chromatography. The extract and shampoo formulation were identified for four main anthraquinones i.e. aloe-emodin, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion using a RP-HPLC. Formulation development was evaluated for compositions, physical properties, and antifungal activity against Microsporum canis. Our results indicated that sodium lauryl ether sulfate (20%) was an appropriate detergent with cocamidopropyl betain (4-6%) as a foam booster. Polyethylene glycol-120 methylglucose (2-3%) was a thickening agent and propylene glycol (6-7%) was a co-solvent and humectant. This shampoo showed relatively potent antifungal activity against M. canis compared with 2% ketoconazole commercial shampoo (%inhibition 75.27 and 85.85, respectively). The formulation was clear, dark brown liquid with delicate and stable foam, including effective cleaning action. Although this shampoo showed decrease in pH and viscosity after heating and cooling acceleration test, it was still effective as antifungal against M. canis with %inhibition of 69.10. Further long term stability study and some optimizations are still needed.

Screening of CO2-philic surfactants morphology for high temperature-pressure sandstone reservoir conditions

The conventional foaming surfactants have drawbacks such as premature lamellae rupture in contact with oil, copious water amount required for foam generation, adsorption issue or surfactant partitioning in water/oil interface, salinity tolerance problem and instability at temperature and high pressure. The addition of CO2-philic functionalities in surfactant structure and surfactant blending is suggested to alleviate these problems, improve mobility control, and accelerate foam propagation. In our previous publications, foaming performance of a newly developed surfactant blend with CO2-philic functionalities was described based on surfactant structure-property characterization in Malaysian reservoir conditions. In this study, we develop a fast-track screening procedure for sulfonate anionic based surfactant blend design accounting for the effect of surfactant tail groups (single, double and triple-tailed) and morphology on CO2 foam performance targeting high pressure/high temperature sandstone reservoirs. A visualized foam meter and HTHP coreflood was used to observe performance of the foam generated. IFT surfactant solutions with CO2were also used to examine the attraction of surfactant with CO2.It was observed that triple tailed surfactant perform better both in bulk and coreflood tests in terms of stability, propagation and oil recovery at a high temperature of 102 °C, pressure of 125 bar and salinity of 30,000 ppm. The addition of tail into surfactant structure also increased surfactant activity at C/W interface and reduced surface tension. However, the adsorption of surfactants onto Berea sandstone rock showed a direct relation with the number of tail groups that impose a limitation on it. The blend of selected superior surfactants with betaine foam booster were compared in terms of foam propagation in coreflood in the absence and presence of oil, where blend of triple-tail surfactant performed better than double-tail surfactants, as expected.

Influence of lauryl betaine on aqueous solution stability, foamability and foam stability

In gas flooding, one of the major problems in implementing foam as a gas mobility control method is the stability of foam. Foam booster when blended with surfactant could improve the foam stability. However, the influence of foam booster on the conventional foam stability and foamability at elevated temperature and presence of inorganic electrolytes is not yet explicit due to limited studies in this area. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the influence of a foam booster on aqueous solution stability, foamability and foam stability when blended with surfactant at different ratios at an elevated temperature in the presence of brine composed of monovalent and divalent ions. Three different surfactants AOS C14–16 (alpha-olefin sulfonate), SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and a locally manufactured surfactant ‘Surf X’ were chosen as base surfactants. An amphoteric surfactant lauryl betaine was chosen as a foam booster in this study. The aqueous solution stability was visually evaluated, whereas the bulk foam experiments were conducted in a commercial foam analyzer apparatus. It was found that not all solutions were stable when lauryl betaine was blended. Lauryl betaine did not improve the foam generation time. The foam stability was improved; however, not all solutions were able to generate stable foam. ‘Surf X’ was able to generate more stable foam as compared to AOS and when blended with lauryl betaine it also required less amount of lauryl betaine to generate stable foam.

Synthesis, Surface Properties, and Self‐Aggregation Behavior of a Branched N,N‐Dimethylalkylamine Oxide Surfactant

AbstractAmine‐oxide surfactants have emerged as highly stable, nontoxic, and cost‐effective constituents of detergent formulations, specifically as wetting agents and foam boosters. With the aim of enhancing their functional behavior, a new member of this family, N,N‐dimethyl‐2‐propylheptan‐1‐amine oxide, bearing a branched alkyl tail (C10DAO‐branched) was synthesized and purified using a simple and easily scalable strategy starting from 2‐propylheptan‐1‐ol. 2D‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry confirm the obtainment of the desired product in high yield and purity. The protonation behavior of the branched surfactant is not affected by alkyl tail branching, as shown by potentiometric titrations. In contrast, surface activity and aggregation behavior of C10DAO‐branched is dramatically different from that of the linear analog N,N‐dimethyldecyl‐1‐amine oxide (C10DAO‐linear), in that it occupies a higher area at the solution interface and aggregates at much higher concentration, forming larger aggregates, as detected using tensiometry and dynamic light scattering (DLS), respectively. Aggregation behavior of C10DAO‐branched is less sensitive to pH variations. Foaming tests show that C10DAO‐branched is a more effective foam booster than its linear analog, in both acidic and basic solutions. The experimental results indicate that the branched surfactant can be used in applications that require enhanced and pH‐independent surface activity and foamability.

A review of shampoo surfactant technology: consumer benefits, raw materials and recent developments.

Surfactants form the core of all shampoo formulations, and contribute to a wide range of different benefits, including cleansing, foaming, rheology control, skin mildness and the deposition of benefit agents to the hair and scalp. The purpose of this review was to assist the design of effective, modern, shampoo surfactant technologies. The mechanisms through which surfactants help deliver their effects are presented, along with the appraisal techniques through which surfactant options can be tested and screened for product development. The steps that should be taken to select the most appropriate blend of surfactants are described, and useful information on the most widely used surfactants is provided. The review concludes with an examination of recent developments in 'greener' surfactants, 'sulphate-free' technologies and structured liquid phases for novel sensory properties and for suspending benefit agents.

Safety Assessment of Diethanolamine and Its Salts as Used in Cosmetics.

The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel assessed the safety of diethanolamine and its salts as used in cosmetics. Diethanolamine functions as a pH adjuster; the 16 salts included in this rereview reportedly function as surfactants, emulsifying agents, viscosity increasing agents, hair or skin conditioning agents, foam boosters, or antistatic agents. The Panel reviewed available animal and clinical data, as well as information from previous CIR reports. Since data were not available for each individual ingredient, and since the salts dissociate freely in water, the Panel extrapolated from previous reports to support safety. The Panel concluded that diethanolamine and its salts are safe for use when formulated to be nonirritating. These ingredients should not be used in cosmetic products in which N-nitroso compounds can be formed.

The effect of betaine on the foam stability: Molecular simulation

Zwitterionic betaines are widely used as foam boosters due to these can enhance the stability of foam films. In this paper, mechanistic insights of betaine to improve the stability of alkyl-polyoxyethylene carboxylate (AEC) foam are provided by molecular simulation. In the simulation, we observe the electropositive nitrogen atoms in betaine interact with the electronegative sulfur atoms, an electrostatic structure is formed at the air/water interface. Interaction energies of the mixed surfactants are calculated by the quantum chemistry methods. The calculations show betaine-AEC and betaine–betaine possess attractive interaction, and that AEC–AEC has repulsion to each other. In the other words, the repulsion between the headgroups of anionic surfactants is relaxed by betaine. Additionally, the influence of concentration of betaine on the stability of foam films is also simulated. The RDF and coordination numbers show that the electrostatic structures become denser with the increasing concentration of betaine. Therefore, entry barrier is enhanced accordingly. The SMD simulation also demonstrates the same variation tendency of entry barrier. The simulation details provide vital supplements to experiments.

Simulation Studies on the Role of Lauryl Betaine in Modulating the Stability of AOS Surfactant-Stabilized Foams Used in Enhanced Oil Recovery

The stability of foam in the presence of oil is of fundamental interest in enhanced oil recovery processes using foam for mobility control. Experimentally, it is known that lauryl betaine (LB) increases foam stability of certain anionic surfactants, and LB is referred to as a foam booster. However, the molecular basis for this effect is not well understood. Using molecular dynamics simulations, here we study a system of LB and alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS-14), an anionic surfactant that is used as a foam stabilizer. We monitor the area per molecule, a quantity that correlates with the surface shear viscosity, and the surface dilatational modulus to infer the stability of the various mixtures. We find that the influence of LB is nonmonotonic: the area per molecule and surface dilatational modulus have a minimum and maximum, respectively, around 30% LB in the monolayer. We show that this net effect has its basis in two competing effects: the favorable interaction between LB and AOS-14 that tends to shrink th...

Advances in Evaluation of Surfactant Performances at High Temperature by Static Foam Tests

—Foam stability and mobility reduction are the key parameters for foam assisted enhanced oil recovery. The harsh conditions such as high temperature, pressure and salinity present in an oil reservoir tend to destabilise the foam leading to poor sweep efficiency. Screening for the best performing foaming recipes has been performed to ascertain foam stability in the presence and absence of oil. Static foam test has been performed in order to study the foam stability and foam oil interactions at 90°C. Two anionic surfactants, alpha olefin sulphonate (AOS14-16) and methyl ester sulphonate (MES16-18) were mixed with betaine (foam booster) in different proportions to design the formulations. In addition to the ternary formulations, binary formulation involving surfactant and betaine were also evaluated for foam stability. For the study of oil effects on foaming performance of surfactant formulation, n-decane, diesel and Dulang crude oil are used. The recipes were evaluated by static foam tests to note the foam height and endurance time. It was found that the anionic surfactant played a major role in foam stability and the betaine was found less significant. However, the betaine alone was found effective for foaming and was poor for endurance time. While in mixture, the surfactant and betaine were found to interact strongly and a profound synergistic effect was noted. During oil interaction studies, the alkane type oils of low molecular weight become solubilised with surfactant molecule forming an emulsion and hence decimate the foam stability. However, higher alkanes with molecular chain more than ten carbon atoms (decane) stabilised the foam because of low solubilisation efficiency between surfactant and oil to form emulsions. The obtained results of the designed experiment have been analysed and discussed in detail to understand the contribution of individual component as well as their interactions with each other in order to stabilize foams.Keywords—Static Foam, Foam-Oil interactions, AOS, MES, Enhanced Oil Recovery