FM Broadcast Research Articles

Learning Deep Embedding with Acoustic and Phoneme Features for Speaker Recognition in FM Broadcasting

Text-independent speaker verification (TI-SV) is a crucial task in speaker recognition, as it involves verifying an individual’s claimed identity from speech of arbitrary content without any human intervention. The target for TI-SV is to design a discriminative network to learn deep speaker embedding for speaker idiosyncrasy. In this paper, we propose a deep speaker embedding learning approach of a hybrid deep neural network (DNN) for TI-SV in FM broadcasting. Not only acoustic features are utilized, but also phoneme features are introduced as prior knowledge to collectively learn deep speaker embedding. The hybrid DNN consists of a convolutional neural network architecture for generating acoustic features and a multilayer perceptron architecture for extracting phoneme features sequentially, which represent significant pronunciation attributes. The extracted acoustic and phoneme features are concatenated to form deep embedding descriptors for speaker identity. The hybrid DNN demonstrates not only the complementarity between acoustic and phoneme features but also the temporality of phoneme features in a sequence. Our experiments show that the hybrid DNN outperforms existing methods and delivers a remarkable performance in FM broadcasting TI-SV.

An SVR-Based Radio Propagation Prediction Model for Terrestrial FM Broadcasting Services in Beijing and Its Surrounding Area

An SVR-Based Radio Propagation Prediction Model for Terrestrial FM Broadcasting Services in Beijing and Its Surrounding Area

An Investigation on Effects of In-Leaf and Out-of-Leaf Conditions on Propagated Radio Broadcast FM Signal

The daily increasing desire for the right information at any place, anytime, and anywhere by people has made broadcast media indispensable media for disseminating information to the public. Propagation models are deployed in planning and designing wireless communication systems. Different environments do require a unique propagation model. In this paper, least squares regression analysis was utilized to create the path loss models for the in-leaf and out-of-leaf conditions of a teak (Tectona grandis) plantation. The developed model was found to be more suitable compared to the existing Weissberger’s and COST235 models because it gives the least difference in root mean square error of 3.9 dB in the two scenarios compared to COST 234 and Weissberger, which stand at 11.2 dB and 10.8 dB, respectively, and the developed model was closer to the assessed path loss obtained from the measurement carried out. The results of the study establish a standard model that can be deployed in the effective planning and design of wireless communication links for very high bands within the radial distance in the tropical rain forest of 30m to 45m foliage depth. This study confirms the need for distinctive models for radio signals at different locations under different conditions.

Radio Pakistan in the Digital Age

With the advancement of technology, the use of streaming media by media petitioners has taken a quantum leap in recent years. The use of webcasting is now common in PSB (public sector broadcasting) across the globe. With the adaptation of the latest technology and its use in different program formats, Radio Pakistan has planned to use the best streaming gadgets in the coming years. Webcasting has increased the availability of radio communication, to anyone who has access to a computer. Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation, commonly known as Radio Pakistan, adopted web-based technology for its programming in 2010 in its initial stages. To reach across the globe, medium waves and FM broadcasts of Radio Pakistan are now using Garden Radio Apps to increase their listenership and improve their reception. Under the vision, ‘’Digital Pakistan had decided on a complete digital migration of Radio Pakistan under the Phase 1 and Phase 11 DRM (Digital Radio Mondiale) Plan.

Strategi Komunikasi Penyiar Radio Magelang FM pada Program Siaran “Mbangun Magelang” untuk Menarik Minat Pendengar

Being in the midst of the digital era, LPPL Radio Magelang FM, which stands under the Magelang City Communication, Informatics and Statistics Service, as a mass media has certain strategies that its broadcasters use in order to maintain its existence and attract the interest of listeners through broadcast programs so that they can continues to develop in providing up-to- date information and providing cooperation with the community. Researchers used descriptive qualitative research methods through interviews, documentation and observation approaches. From the results of the research that has been carried out, the researcher can conclude that the communication strategies used by Radio Magelang FM broadcasters in attracting listeners' interest through the “Mbangun Magelang” broadcast program are strategies for determining messages, strategies for achieving effects and communication styles used in packaging broadcast programs to make them attractive to listeners.

SkyWatch: A Passive Multistatic Radar Network for the Measurement of Object Position and Velocity

Quantitative three-dimensional (3D) position and velocity estimates obtained by passive radar will assist the Galileo Project in the detection and classification of aerial objects by providing critical measurements of range, location, and kinematics. These parameters will be combined with those derived from the Project’s suite of electromagnetic sensors and used to separate known aerial objects from those exhibiting anomalous kinematics. SkyWatch, a passive multistatic radar system based on commercial broadcast FM radio transmitters of opportunity, is a network of receivers spaced at geographical scales that enables estimation of the 3D position and velocity time series of objects at altitudes up to 80[Formula: see text]km, horizontal distances up to 150[Formula: see text]km, and at velocities to [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]km/s ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]Mach). The receivers are designed to collect useful data in a variety of environments varying by terrain, transmitter power, relative transmitter distance, adjacent channel strength, etc. In some cases, the direct signal from the transmitter may be large enough to be used as the reference with which the echoes are correlated. In other cases, the direct signal may be weak or absent, in which case a reference is communicated to the receiver from another network node via the internet for echo correlation. Various techniques are discussed specific to the two modes of operation and a hybrid mode. Delay and Doppler data are sent via internet to a central server where triangulation is used to deduce time series of 3D positions and velocities. A multiple receiver (multistatic) radar experiment is undergoing Phase 1 testing, with several receivers placed at various distances around the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), to validate full 3D position and velocity recovery. The experimental multistatic system intermittently records raw data for later processing to aid development. The results of the multistatic experiment will inform the design of a compact, economical receiver intended for deployment in a large-scale, mass-deployed mesh network. Such a network would greatly increase the probability of detecting and recording the movements of aerial objects with anomalous kinematics suggestive of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP).

Compact and Robust MFCC-based Space-Saving Audio Fingerprint Extraction for Efficient Music Identification on FM Broadcast Monitoring

The Myanmar music industry urgently needs an efficient broadcast monitoring system to solve copyright infringement issues and illegal benefit-sharing between artists and broadcasting stations. In this paper, a broadcast monitoring system is proposed for Myanmar FM radio stations by utilizing space-saving audio fingerprint extraction based on the Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC). This study focused on reducing the memory requirement for fingerprint storage while preserving the robustness of the audio fingerprints to common distortions such as compression, noise addition, etc. In this system, a three-second audio clip is represented by a 2,712-bit fingerprint block. This significantly reduces the memory requirement when compared to Philips Robust Hashing (PRH), one of the dominant audio fingerprinting methods, where a three-second audio clip is represented by an 8,192-bit fingerprint block. The proposed system is easy to implement and achieves correct and speedy music identification even on noisy and distorted broadcast audio streams. In this research work, we deployed an audio fingerprint database of 7,094 songs and broadcast audio streams of four local FM channels in Myanmar to evaluate the performance of the proposed system. The experimental results showed that the system achieved reliable performance.

Appraising the Effect of Null-fill to the Broadcast Coverage of Four-bay Collinear Array

Null-fill is a method of improving the signal level in areas where pattern nulls occur. To take advantage of itin improving FM broadcast coverage, factors such as antenna height in relation to the average terrain, the number of bays in the array and the location of the target area are considered. It is therefore important to understand the radiation characteristics of the antenna system after the application of null-fill. This paper presents an analysis of the radiation characteristics of a four-bay FM collinear antenna array composed of circularly polarized elements with varying upper and lower bank power ratios. The analysis leads to the discussion of the capabilities and limitations of null-fill with the different bank ratios. Results show that, in the elimination of pattern nulls, the bank power ratio of 95:5 produces the best results. Also, irrespective on the value of the bank ratio, there exists a pattern null near the tower base. If left uncorrected, this pattern null poses reception difficulty in that area. An explanation on the existence of this kind of null and a method of eliminating it is worth considering in future studies. Keywords—Broadcast antenna, Collinear array, FM antenna, Null-fill, Pattern null, Polarization

UWB Wire-Bowtie Array for FM-PCL Passive Radar

Passive coherent location (PCL) systems using commercial FM radio broadcast stations as illuminators of opportunity (FM-PCL) require an antenna system with a null in its radiation pattern for suppressing the direct path interference (DPI) from the selected FM broadcast station. To maximize the surveillance coverage of the FM-PCL, ideally, the antenna should have a cardioid radiation pattern, which can be obtained by the ideal couplet of isotropic radiators. We carry out a theoretical and experimental analysis to show that such a cardioid pattern cannot be realized by a couplet of cylindrical wire antennas. Therefore, we introduce an alternative array configuration and at the same time seek a simple and low-cost antenna solution for FM-PCL. The proposed antenna is a two-element array of UWB wire bowties, which has an ultrawide bandwidth, a stable main beam, a large beamwidth, and a fixed array setup within the FM-PCL frequency range (88–108 MHz), leading to a simple antenna implementation. At the same time, as it does not require expensive RF and mechanical parts, a low-cost antenna solution for FM-PCL is obtained. Hence, the proposed antenna satisfactorily meets the goal of this work, i.e., simple and low-cost antenna solution for the FM-PCL passive radar.

Novel Meteor Observations Using FM Radio Broadcast Over Gadanki, India

A novel GNU radio-based software-defined radio receiver using USRP (universal serial radio peripheral) front end and YAGI antenna is developed to record meteor echoes in passive mode using FM broadcast. Pilot observations are made for four days in August-September 2020 to record FM signals at 103.2MHz, 104MHz, and 107.5 MHz with a varying sample rate of 8 KHz and 200 KHz. The in-phase and quadrature signals are processed to obtain the amplitude and phase of the received signals for identification of the meteor echoes. A new algorithm is developed to automatically detect the echoes using a normalized amplitude threshold and a minimum temporal separation between two echoes. Overdense meteor echoes with a plateau-like amplitude response are found using a ratio test and remaining echoes are rejected. Thus, the system is able to detect almost all types of meteor echoes reported earlier. Notably, signatures of fragmentation and background wind are also observed in form of different phase patterns. Histogram of the meteor counts shows a peak for shorter durations indicating larger populations of the smaller size of meteoroids. The log-log plot of the meteor duration versus count is found to exhibit a characteristic transition of the slope. An empirical estimate of the height of the echoes is obtained. The echoes show micro-meteoroid populations which may depend upon the transmitting-receiving setup and the geometry. Hence, an inexpensive, low-power, portable, passive and automated meteor detection system is demonstrated which can be highly useful for understanding the meteor phenomena and estimation of atmospheric parameters.

FM Broadcast Transmitter Installation and Commissioning

FM Broadcast Transmitter Installation and Commissioning

Echolocating bats modify biosonar emissions when avoiding obstacles during difficult navigation tasks

Big brown bats modulate their biosonar emissions in both time and frequency when flying through acoustically cluttered environments. We challenged single bats or bats in pairs to fly along a narrow U-shaped corridor 7 m in path length formed by rows of vertical plastic chains, while also avoiding additional interspersed horizontal chains. Bats emitted calls in complex sonar sound groups in all flight conditions. When no added horizontal obstacles were present, each bat’s flight success rates averaged 80%; introducing horizontal obstacles decreased success rates to 45-65%, with little improvement over several days. When two bats flew simultaneously from opposite ends of the U-shaped path, they rarely collided, instead swerving closely past or keeping farther apart in elevation. They increased call rate and call amplitude, while decreasing terminal FM broadcast frequency, as they approached near the middle of the U-shaped path. Increases in call amplitude persisted throughout the remainder of the flight while call rate and terminal frequency returned to baseline levels. These data show the limits of call modifications during difficult maneuvers in dynamic conditions. They demonstrate the bat’s effective awareness not only of the continuously distributed clutter but also of another, moving bat. [Work supported by ONR.]

Comparative study between cognitive radio techniques in FM broadcasting band

Optimum usage of the existing frequency spectrum is a major requirement due to the large increase in the number of subscribers at the same frequency. The cognitive radio scheme has become an important application used to optimize spectrum utilization, detects spectrum bands that are not occupied by primary users to create communication links between secondary users in the same band. These non-occupied bands are described as white space. In this paper, a spectrum sensing method that is an important stage in cognitive radio communications is discussed. Various spectrum sensing methods such as energy detection (ED) and cyclostationary feature detection (CFD) are used to sense the spectrum in the FM broadcasting band. A comparison of energy detection and cyclostationary feature detection spectrum sensing methods is made to determine the empty bands in the FM broadcasting band. This enables secondary users to transfer information in these empty bands without affecting the primary users of the FM broadcasting system.

Experimental research on an FM broadcast based T N R passive radar system

Experimental research on an FM broadcast based T ^N R passive radar system

Radio-Frequency Interference at the McGill Arctic Research Station

The frequencies of interest for redshifted 21[Formula: see text]cm observations are heavily affected by terrestrial radio-frequency interference (RFI). We identify the McGill Arctic Research Station (MARS) as a new RFI-quiet site and report its RFI occupancy using 122[Formula: see text]h of data taken with a prototype antenna station developed for the Array of Long-Baseline Antennas for Taking Radio Observations from the Sub-Antarctic. Using an RFI flagging process tailored to the MARS data, we find an overall RFI occupancy of 1.8% averaged over 20–125[Formula: see text]MHz. In particular, the FM broadcast band (88–108[Formula: see text]MHz) is found to have an RFI occupancy of at most 1.6%. The data were taken during the Arctic summer, when degraded ionospheric conditions and an active research base contributed to increased RFI. The results quoted here therefore represent the maximum-level RFI environment at MARS.

Array Manifold Measurement and Verification for UCA Calibration in Multistatic PCL System based on FM Broadcasting

This study describes a method of measurement and verification of array manifold of uniform circular array antenna applicable to multistatic Passive Coherent Location(PCL) system using FM broadcasting. In an environment of outdoor test where FM broadcast signals are scattered, array manifold measurement methods using network analyzer and multi-channel digital receiver are introduced. Also, the descriptions and solutions for the test limits of each measurement method and the considerations affecting the measurement accuracy are presented. In addition, to verify the validity of the measured array manifold, the gain and phase difference were compared with the array manifold data obtained by EM simulation, and the effectiveness and accuracy of the measured array manifolds were compared and analyzed by estimating the direction of arrival of the FM broadcast signal received from the multistatic PCL system. Keywords: Multistatic PCL, Uniform Circular Array, Array Manifold, DOA Estimation Keywords: 멀티스태틱 PCL, 원형 배열 ì•ˆí Œë‚˜, ì–´ë ˆì´ 매니폴드, 도래각 ì¶”ì •

Genres, Themes and Expressive Means of Moscow FM Information Radio Stations

The article presents the results of an intermediate stage of a comprehensive study of information radio broadcasting. Using a content analysis, the authors study the morning broadcast of all-news radio stations Business FM, Vesti FM and Kommersant FM in the period of May 14–20, 2018. The criteria for the analysis include genre and theme preferences, time-line, expressive means, the structure of information sessions, formats and forms of the news programs, the work of radio hosts and reporters, and others. According to the results of the research, Business FM and Kommersant FM broadcast informational programs rather than analytical ones, while Vesti FM includes long live analytical talk-programs in its running order, which dilutes the informational format of the radio station. The programs of the informational genre are mainly informational message, press review, and mail review. The state radio station Vesti FM still broadcasts radio reports, while the two independent radio stations have stopped using them in favor of the so-called «package». Vesti FM focuses mostly on issues of international politics and social problems, whereas the commercial stations Business FM and Kommersant FM prefer mainly internal and international politics and economic problems. All the three-radio stations do not fully use the expressive means of radio; the key ones are the voice and underscoring.

주파수 변조 방송신호를 활용하는 수동형 바이스태틱 레이더에서의 합성곱 신경망 기반 표적 탐지 기법

주파수 변조 라디오 대역 수동형 바이스태틱 레이더는 고속 이동 표적의 위치와 속도를 추정하는 레이더로서, 88∼108 MHz 대역의 라디오 방송 신호를 활용하는 것이 그 특징이다. 본 논문에서 다루는 수동형 바이스태틱 레이더를 포함해서 대부분의 레이더 시스템은 일정 오경보 확률 탐지기를 통해 표적 탐지를 수행한다. 하지만, 주파수 변조 신호의 특징으로 인해 거리-도플러 맵에서 다수의 부엽이 나타나고, 모호 함수의 형태가 실시간으로 변하기 때문에, 일정 오경보 확률 탐지 기법은 표적 이외의 신호 성분을 다수 탐지하는 문제를 지니고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제의 해결책이 될 수 있는 합성곱 신경망 기반의 표적 탐지 방법을 제안한다. 이 방법은 일정 오경보 확률 탐지 기법과 동일한 탐지 확률을 달성하면서도 잡음에 의한 탐지 및 부엽에 의한 평균 탐지 개수가 적다는 특징을 가진다. 표적 탐지를 위한 합성곱 신경망의 훈련 방법을 제시하고, 모의실험을 통해 제안한 알고리즘과 일정 오경보 확률 탐지기의 성능을 비교 및 분석하여 제안한 심층 신경망 기반 표적 탐지기가 더 우수한 성능을 가지는 것을 보인다.

Research of Tunnel Full Band FM Broadcast Application

The paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the existing information service methods in the tunnel, and proposes the use of full-band FM broadcast for emergency information release. It can also cooperate with other systems to achieve integrated information release. This achievement forwards FM signals outside the tunnel in daily situations, and uses full-band FM to implement emergency information insertion in emergency situations, which not only improves the daily information service level but also implements the function of emergency warning, and effectively improves the level of tunnel safety.

Information Radio Stations Business FM, Vesti FM and Kommersant FM: a Comparative Analysis of the Morning Air

The article presents the results of the second stage of the research titled “Transformation of the content strategies of modern radio and television broadcasting in the digital environment” carried out by a research team of the Department of Television and Radio Broadcasting, Faculty of Journalism, Moscow State University. The authors analyze the content of the morning broadcast of all-news radio stations of Moscow FM band (Business FM, Vesti FM, and Kommersant FM) in the period of 2018.05.14 to 2018.05.20 chosen by the continuous sampling method. The comprehensive study required working out a questionnaire of 25 questions to analyze various parameters from air time, running time, and type of program to interactive communication with audience. The study shows that all the three radio stations demonstrate a stable broadcast schedule and strip programming. Business FM and Kommersant FM broadcast linearly in a continuous information stream. Vesti FM includes long analytical talk-programs with experts and guests interacting with the audience via SMS. The content-analysis of the three radio stations’ morning broadcast enables the authors to confirm a previously advanced thesis that Business FM and Kommersant FM fall into the category of all-news radio stations, whereas Vesti FM does not. The latter, despite its wide variety of interprogram and structural elements, is transforming its format into news talk.