Fly Bottom Ash Research Articles

Utilization of FABA (Fly Ash-Bottom Ash) as a Planting Medium and Goat Manure with Cow Rumen Bioactivator on the Growth and Yield of Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L).

Utilization of FABA (Fly Ash-Bottom Ash) as a Planting Medium and Goat Manure with Cow Rumen Bioactivator on the Growth and Yield of Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L).

TEKNOLOGI REKLAMASI LAHAN BEKAS TAMBANG TIMAH MELALUI PEMBERIAN BAHAN AMELIORAN DAN PEMILIHAN JENIS TANAMAN: STUDI KASUS KEPULAUAN BANGKA BELITUNG

Indonesia, besides being the country with the largest nickel reserves in the world, also holds the largest tin reserves globally in 2023. Meanwhile, in terms of production, Indonesia ranks second after China. Tin mining in Indonesia has led to serious environmental damage, illustrated by the numerous open pits and inadequately restored tin mining sites. The characteristics of soil in these post-mining lands generally include sandy texture, low pH, nutrient deficiencies, low organic carbon content, and low water holding capacity. This study aims to improve the soil chemical properties in post-mining lands by utilizing the KOMFABA technology, which consists of a mixture of compost and fly ash-bottom ash with appropriate dosages tailored to the type of crops to be planted, along with revegetation strategies involving suitable plant selections. The research methodology consists of field experiments to test the application of KOMFABA with various dosages and crop types, as well as a literature review to identify suitable revegetation strategies. The research result show that Indonesia holds tin reserves of 800,000 tons, making it the largest in the world, with a production of 74,000 tons, placing it second after China. Additionally, the results of KOMFABA testing demonstrate its effectiveness in improving soil chemical properties such as soil pH, organic carbon content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), nutrient content, and soil base saturation. The success of reclaiming post-mining lands also dependent on proper fertilization dosages and suitable plants selection.

Light Pyrotechnics Using Gunpowder Derived from Fly Ash Bottom Ash (FABA) Waste and Activated Carbon

Pyrotechnic materials are a category of materials that are often used in various applications, including military activities, lighting, signaling, and combat effects. In this study, an experiment was conducted to create a light pyrotechnic material using gunpowder, which is a mixture of potassium nitrate, sulfur, and activated carbon. The manufacturing process involved the activation of carbon from fly ash bottom ash (FABA) waste and the composition of different pyrotechnic materials. The experiment involved testing pyrotechnic compositions with varying ratios of KNO3 : carbon : sulfur. The results showed that the composition with a ratio of 15 : 7.5 : 7.5 produced the highest light intensity, reaching 104 lux, and provided optimal visual effects. In addition, the relative proportions of oxidizer, carbon and sulfur affected the type of pyrotechnic effect produced. Pyrotechnic light generation from gunpowder could be considered successful, and the best composition for spectacular visual effects was a ratio of 15 : 7.5 : 7.5. However, sufficient caution and knowledge were required in the use of pyrotechnic materials to ensure safety and compliance with applicable regulations.

ANALYSIS OF THE QUALITY OF FABA (FLY ASH BOTTOM ASH) BASED CONCRETE AS AN FINE AGGREGATE SUBSTITUTE WITH REFERENCE TO MIXTURE PROPORTION IN WORK UNIT PRICE ANALYSIS

In this research, the author used FABA (Fly Ash Bottom Ash) waste as an alternative to fine aggregate. This research can determine the physical properties of faba aggregate with the results of sieve analysis testing of faba aggregate which has a fineness modulus value of 2.34 which is included in the medium fine aggregate type. Testing for water content in faba fine aggregate in SSD conditions was 3.09%. Faba fine aggregate sludge content is 0%. Testing the organic substances on the faba fine aggregate showed that the NaOH color was reddish brown, because it needed to be washed first before being used as a concrete mixture. The face dry specific gravity of faba fine aggregate is 2.2 gr/cm2. Therefore, faba aggregate can be used as a substitute for sand because it has physical properties that meet the requirements as fine aggregate. Results The final compressive strength of faba concrete and normal concrete as a control at the age of 7 days and 28 days has reached the planned quality, but the compressive strength at normal concrete (control) is higher than faba concrete. With the results of the standard deviation values ​​at 7 days and 28 days, it is included in perfect workmanship condition because it has a standard deviation value of less than 3 MPa. The results of the concrete flexural strength test were only normal K300 concrete with a flexural strength of 4.60 MPa, which complies with SNI 2847:2013, namely producing a minimum flexural strength of fs = 4.4 MPa. Normal concrete has a much higher flexural strength than faba concrete, and the higher the quality of the planned concrete, the greater the resulting flexural strength of the concrete.

Examining waste-to-energy technology potential through the pilot project of Bantargebang Waste-to-Energy Power Plant

Municipal waste management in Indonesia, particularly Jakarta, poses a significant environmental challenge. Jakarta has been relying on the Bantargebang landfill to address its waste disposal needs for many years. Due to the persistent accumulation of waste, the Bantargebang landfill nears its maximum capacity. In response, a Waste-to-Energy (WtE) power plant was introduced in Bantargebang, serving as a pioneering initiative for WtE technology implementation in Indonesia. The Bantargebang WtE Plant employs incineration technology to convert municipal waste into electricity. Despite its usefulness, there are general environmental concerns about WtE plants, specifically focusing on their emissions and the potential presence of hazardous substances This research assesses the Bantargebang WtE Plant’s performance based on 2022 operational data, specifically examining waste reduction efforts and comparing incineration byproducts, including FABA (Fly Ash, Bottom Ash), and flue gas emissions, against government standards. The study indicates the plant can reduce waste mass by 96.5%. Furthermore, the WtE plant’s byproducts align with government standards for flue gas emissions and FABA residue. These results emphasize the potential of large-scale WtE power plants to achieve sustainable waste management goals in Indonesia. Nonetheless, there are opportunities for maximising waste accumulation reduction performance and enhancing operational value of WtE plant.

Effect of fly ash and bottom ash application as mix growing media on heavy metals status in vegetables

Coal fly ash-bottom ash (FABA) is still possible to be used directly as a mixture of soil with other growing media in small-scale agriculture. This study aimed to determine and to identify the level of safety for the consumption of vegetable crops related to the adsorption of heavy metals due to the use of mixed FABA planting media. In this study, the proportion mixture of 6% FABA, 6% compost, and 8.6% fine coal (lignite) was applicated. The proportion ratio between FABA and soil was 1:15. The FABA media application was prepared for eggplant, chili, water spinach, spinach, mustard greens, and moringa vegetables. The study was conducted without any control treatment without FABA on the same soil type. As an alternative control, vegetables from local farmers, local markets, and supermarkets surrounding the study site were taken. The experimental results showed that the application of FABA did not increase nitrate and heavy metals content in vegetables. It can be concluded that vegetables grown on FABA media were safe and suitable for consumption in terms of acceptable daily intake of nitrate and various heavy metals, except for As intake in water spinach and mustard greens, which were recommended to be confirmed in further determination research.

Use of coal ash- and lignite-enriched compost to improve soil biological properties and reduce pineapple disease in Ultisols of Central Lampung

Ultisols used for pineapple cultivation are classified as suboptimal lands because of their low soil fertility. Application of compost enriched with other soil ameliorants, such as coal ash in the form of fly ash, bottom ash (FABA), and lignite, can be a good alternative to improve soil properties, including increasing the soil microbial and fauna populations, which play an important role in improving soil fertility and reducing the incidence of pineapple disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of FABA- and lignite-enriched compost on microbial and earthworm populations and the incidence of pineapple disease. FABA- and lignite-enriched compost at a dose of 50 tons/ha was applied using a spread-and-row technique in the pineapple plantation area in Central Lampung. The parameters observed included the microbial population (Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Actinomycetes, Trichoderma), functional microbial populations (nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing microbes, siderophore producers), earthworm population, and incidence of pineapple diseases (marbling, brown spot, cork spot, and pink diseases). Generally, all treatments with FABA- and lignite-enriched compost showed better results than the control for all observed parameters. The treatment of FABA-enriched compost applied with a row technique was the best compared to other treatments because it tended to increase the population of Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Actinomycetes, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, as well as earthworm abundance and biomass. In addition, in this treatment, there was no incidence of pineapple fruit disease. The abundance of earthworms and soil microbes, especially Pseudomonas was one of the factors which can create a healthier soil ecosystem to suppress the incidence of pineapple diseases.

Effect of Coal Ash Enriched Compost on Soil Chemical Properties of Ultisols

Ultisols are soils that develop in humid tropical areas and are formed due to an intensive leaching process, resulting in the accumulation of clay in the subsoil. A decrease in the chemical-physical properties of Ultisols, such as a decrease in the levels of organic C, total N, cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation, and on the other hand, an increase in Al saturation and soil bulk density, can occur as a result of continuous monoculture cultivation. Improving the quality of degraded soil is usually carried out by amelioration using compost. Still, the addition of compost often only has a significant effect on improving the physical properties of the soil. Coal ash in the form of fly ash-bottom ash (FABA) is a waste product from burning coal in electric steam power plants. The amount of FABA is very abundant and its utilization is minimal. FABA has an alkaline pH and contains various nutrients in varying amounts. Therefore FABA has the potential to be used as an ameliorant to improve the chemical properties of acid soils such as Ultisols. Experiments with the spread technique of compost+FABA at a dose of 50 tons/ha and in rows technique at a dose of 25 tons/ha, 15 tons/ha, and 5 tons/ha were conducted to determine the effect of the treatment on soil chemical properties. Application of FABA-enriched compost in rows technique at a dose of 25 tons/ha had a significant effect and showed the best soil chemical properties, including increasing organic C, total N, total P, available P, exch-K, -Ca, -Mg, and -Na, CEC, base saturation, and decreased Al saturation. Utilization of FABA as a soil ameliorant combined with compost can improve soil quality more effectively.

Growth rate and survival rate of montipora coral transplant on faba material in Baluran National Park

Coral transplantation is one of the rehabilitation efforts that can be applied to accelerate the coral reef recovery process. FABA (fly ash bottom ash) is an environmentally friendly material and is declared suitable for use as a coral transplantation medium. This study aims to determine the growth rate of transplanted corals as an effort to rehabilitate damaged coral reef ecosystems and restore coral reef habitat and biota associated with coral reef communities in Bama waters, Baluran National Park, East Java. The corals studied were Montipora sp. The research location has a salinity range of around 31-34 psu, temperature 28-30°C,100% brightness, turbidity (turbidity) 1.2-1.6 NTU, current velocity between 0.07 m/s to 0.31 m/s, and sedimentation ranged from 2.81 mg/cm2/day to 5.92 mg/cm2/day, nitrate 0.004-0.026 mg/l, ammonia 0.048-0.189 mg/l, and orthophosphate 0.008-0.028 mg/l. In general, the water conditions in Bama are still in quite good condition for coral growth. During the 4 months of observation, the achievement of growth in length and height of coral species of Montipora sp. reach 60.56 mm and 21.31 mm, respectively. The growth rate of the average length and height of Montipora sp. respectively reached 15.14 mm per month and 5.33 mm per month.

Improving the rheological characteristics of fly ash water slurry using aqueous extract of Diascorea hispida

ABSTRACT Transportation of high-concentration slurry is a specialized field that requires a deep understanding of the rheological behavior of slurry. Fly ash, a fine, powdery residue of pulverized coal combustion in power plants, is transported in pipelines as a slurry with water as a carrier medium and flow-improver additives. The current research aims to compute the rheological properties of the fly ash-water slurry by adding 0.1 to 1 g/mL of Diascorea hispida extract as a natural drag reducer or flow improver. In addition to the effect of D. hispida, other parameters such as temperature, addition of fly ash, and fly ash-bottom ash mixture on the rheological performance of fly ash-water slurry have been investigated. The economic effect of the developed dispersant, D. hispida, has been examined by applying Darby – Melson combined equation by varying the slurry flow rate from 1 m/s to 3 m/s at a fixed 250 mm pipe diameter. The slurry head loss, solids conveying rate, hydraulic power need, and specific power consumption at different .D hispida concentrations were calculated.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Faba (Fly Ash Bottom Ash) Pltu Karangkandri Sebagai Adsorben Pengolahan Limbah Batik Di Desa Kutawaru Cilacap

In this modern era, many technologies are increasingly advanced and industrial developments are increasing, resulting in waste that can contaminate water. The purpose of this study was to determine the best adsorbents from fly ash and bottom ash and to determine the effect of filtration time on the decrease in content, color, BOD5, COD, TSS and pH in the Cilacap batik fabric industrial wastewater treatment process. The steps taken in this study were to find the best filtration time from variations of 60, 120, 180 minutes on fly ash and bottom ash adsorbents and to determine the best adsorbents from fly ash and bottom ash. The results of the color, BOD5, COD, TSS and pH tests showed that the most optimum adsorbent was fly ash, which produced the highest percentage reduction in color content at 60 minutes filtration time of 34.1%, the highest percentage reduction in BOD5 levels at 180 minutes of 69, 5%, the highest percent reduction in COD levels at 120 minutes was 71.5%, the highest percent reduction in TSS levels at 180 minutes was 69.1% and a neutral pH was produced. Analysis of the results of the most optimum time is the filtration time of 180 minutes where the results of filtration using bottom ash adsorbents show the highest percentage reduction in BOD5, COD, TSS levels of 55.4%, 55.3%, 20.4%.

Coral recruits on concrete hemispherical artificial reef (HSAR) with different composition in Pasir Putih, Situbondo, Indonesia

Artificial reefs (AR) are artificial habitats laid in seabed by mimicking some of the characteristics of natural reefs, hence can be used as natural substrates for recruitment process for coral larvae. One of well-developed AR is concrete hemispherical artificial reef (HSAR) which serve as a solid platform for settlement and recruitment processes of coral larvae. In this study, we constructed HSAR made of concrete with crushed shell waste (CSW) and fly ash-bottom ash (FABA) as substitutes for coarse and/or fine aggregates. The purpose of the research is to compare the diversity, density and level of coral recruitment on HSAR with different composition; namely C1), conventional concrete composed by a mixture of Portland cement, sand and gravel (1:3:2); C2), concrete with CSW as substitutes for gravel or coarse aggregates (1:3:2); and C3) concrete composed by Portland cement, FABA, sand and CSW (1:2:2:1). Observation of coral recruits conducted in-situ in Pasir Putih beach, Situbondo, East Java, Indonesia. All observed ambient environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, lucidity, level of dissolved oxygen and sedimentation level) are in range for tolerance level of coral growth and development as well as to support larval settlement and recruitment. Results of one-way Anova and LSD test (p = 0.05) showed that there was no difference in term of density of recruits in C1 (9.5±2.07 colonies/m2) and C2 (8.7±2.5 colonies/m2), yet significantly differed with C3 (6.5±1.43 colonies/m2). We identified at least 12 genera of coral recruits grown on the surface of HSAR, dominated by Acropora (60.08%), Porites (26.98%) and Seriatopora (17.06%), respectively; with relatively similar genera composition on each AR. These results suggest that addition of CSW to concrete AR may not have significant positive effect on the coral larval settlement. Furthermore, concrete AR contain FABA was presumably less suitable for coral recruitment process.

Political Capture in the Exclusion of FABA and Slag from Hazardous Waste List Regulation in Indonesia

Purpose: This research analyses the political capture that exists in the Indonesian law-making process to show the possible link between the involvement of business in the coal and mining sectors and politicians’ personal interest that may outweigh the goal of protecting human’s health and the environment. Design/methodology/approach: The analysis departs from a conceptual and normative approach on the law-making process in Indonesia, then juxtaposes it with facts and provisions around the enactment of hazardous waste regulation. Findings: This paper concludes that business and political influence is undeniably infringing the protection of human rights and environment through the exclusion of fly ash bottom ash (FABA) and slag from the hazardous waste list. Despite the potential harm that FABA and slag may cause to human health and the environment, the government remains confident that they are non-hazardous materials. The debate on the benefit and drawbacks of FABA utilisation put aside the facts regarding limited access to remedy and weak environmental law enforcement. Research limitations/implications: This paper aims to invite more discussion to criticise the policy process and law-making process in Indonesia in which politicians’ personal interests should not outweigh the interests of protecting human health and the environment.

Sustainable Approach of Using Arundo donax Leaves Reinforced Cement Mortar/Fly Bottom Ash Composites.

Earlier research suggested using ash to substitute cement, whereas other studies looked at the possibility of using plant-derived agricultural wastes as fiber reinforcement in cement applications. This study offered an environmentally friendly option to change traditional mortars by replacing cement with fly bottom ash (FBA) waste at 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt %. Likewise, Arundo donax leaves (ADL) were employed to reinforce the modified cement mortars at 0.4, 2, 5, and 7 wt %. X-ray diffraction analysis of used materials was performed. The morphology of composites made with FBA and ADL was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the density, water uptake, thermal conductivity, energy gain, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of the prepared composites were discussed. Their flexural strength, compressive strength, and displacement were also compared. Results revealed that the addition of FBA in the mortar matrix has a positive effect on decreasing the thermal conductivity and lightness of the mortar. In addition, 20 wt % of cement replacement by FBA guarantees simultaneously moderate mechanical properties, nearly 51% of energy gain, and 20% of total CO2 emission reduction. In the same, adding ADL to the 20wt %FBA mortar reduced the thermal conductivity and the lightness of the mortar. The 0.4 wt % ADL reinforcement ensured 59% energy gain and 6% of total CO2 emission reduction. A major amelioration was observed in the compressive strength (an increase of 14%) and in the plasticity (an increase of 27%) of the considered composite materials. In conclusion, using FBA as a cement replacement with low ADL content inclusion results in a thermal-resistant composite with reasonable durability and strength.

Influence of Sodium Silicate, Sodium Aluminate, and Filicium Decipiens Charcoal on The Conductivity of Artificial Zeolite

Fly ash-bottom ash of coal is a solid waste in many industries and electric power plants. One method to reduce that solid waste is by using it to produce artificial zeolite. The Filicium decipiens charcoal was added into artificial zeolite to increase its performance to adsorb water pollutants. The pumice stone is also used in this work as a source of silica. The manufacture of artificial zeolite was carried out by the hydrothermal method by optimizing the composition of sodium silicate from Lampung pumice silica, sodium aluminate from aluminum scrap, and charcoal of Filicium decipiens. From the characterization of the LCR meter, the optimum artificial zeolite obtains the conductivity value from 9.14×10-6 (S/cm) to 6.09×10-6 (S/cm), confirming that artificial zeolite is a semiconductor material. The highest conductivity of artificial zeolite will increase its performance as a catalyst and absorbent. The composition of the artificial zeolite after XRF characterization was aluminum, silica, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, Mangan, and ferrite. From the XRD characterization result obtained, the dominant phase is Zeolite-A. SEM-EDX characterization results obtained a spherical and cylindrical microstructure of artificial.

The Effect of Portland Cement on Fly Ash Bottom Ash Geopolymer Hybrid Concrete Exposed to Peat Water Environment

Geopolymer hybrid concrete is prepared by activating fly ash bottom ash with an alkaline solution and curing with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). OPC could be added to the mixture to increase the reaction, promote hydration, and assist in curing at room temperature. Peat water is an acidic organic environment that may reduce the durability of concrete. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of Portland cement on the properties of FABA geopolymer hybrid concrete exposed to peat water. Portland cement was used in geopolymer as an additive and a substitute. Compressive strength, porosity, and weight change were evaluated for both mixtures. The NaOH molarities were 10, 12, and 14M, the NaOH/sodium silicate ratios were 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5, and the Ordinary Portland Cement percentages were 0, 10, and 15%. Specimens were exposed to peat water for up to 91 days following 28 days of room temperature curing. The geopolymer mixture with 10M NaOH, 2.5M Ms, and 15% OPC had the highest compressive strength and the lowest porosity. The FABA geopolymer hybrid with OPC had a slightly greater compressive strength and a lower porosity than the geopolymer containing OPC as a cement replacement material. In addition, weight change is more stable in geopolymers containing OPC. Based on the performance of both mixes in peat water, it is recommended to use OPC as an additive in FABA geopolymer hybrid concrete.

Evaluating Properties of Blended and High Volume Fly Ash Bottom Ash (FABA) Concrete in Peat Water

FABA is a by-product of coal combustion in power plants comprising fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA) in ratios of 80/20. Fly ash has great potential as a mineral ingredient in concrete, while bottom ash compromises its strength and durability. However, both materials are used to improve the strength and durability of structures in sulfate, chloride, and acidic environments. This research evaluated the properties of blended and high-volume FABA concrete, such as the strength, porosity, weight loss, and sorptivity in organic acidic peat water. OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) was compared to the blended concrete containing 25% FABA and its high-volume containing 50% and 75% FABA with target strengths of 15, 21, and 29 MPa. The compressive strength of blended and high volume FABA increased during the immersion period, while the porosity and sorptivity rates decreased. Furthermore, the strength of the OPC concrete declined at 28 days, with a gradual marginal weight loss of 5% observed in all mixes. This research suggested that blended and high-volume FABA has potential as a construction material in an acidic peatland environment.

Life cycle assessment of fly ash bottom ash in coal power plants: A review

Fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA) from coal combustion give environmental impacts and health problems. As the demand for coal increases, FABA quantity and environmental impacts will also increase. Thus, to reduce the environmental impact, the utilisation of FABA is key. To properly utilise FABA as a sustainable material, FABA’s life cycle in Indonesian power plants needs to be studied. For initial work and comparison, this study conducted a literature review related to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of FABA from coal-fired power plants. The literature review used descriptive method, with the criteria for the main articles’ selection are published papers within the last ten years. This paper discusses system boundary, inventory, environmental impact, improvement efforts, and challenges. The main beneficiaries of FABA are construction and geotechnical industries, other studies have also shown a wider range of uses in various fields. The wide utilisation of FABA faces challenges from the intrinsic character variation, non-technical issues, standards, and knowledge for proper utilisation in composite materials.

Physiochemical Properties of Poly-vinyl alcohol-modified Fly- Bottom Ash Mixture for Engineering Utilization

Despite the current advancements in, and increasing use of renewable types of energy, approximately 40% of the world’s electricity is still produced by coal fired power stations. This trend is significantly higher in some continents, for example approximately 70% in India and up to 90% in South Africa. In this study the fly-bottom ash (FBA) mixture with different component percentages of BA (bottom ash)100, FA (fly ash) 25-BA75, FA50-BA50, FA75-BA25 and FA100 were modified with 2% of poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA), and tested in terms of particle size distribution, specific gravity, pH, surface morphology, mineralogical-compound content, and engineering properties. The physiochemical modified FBA were examined via scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray fluorescence, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Polymeric-modified FBA for all compositions exhibited high pH values within the range of 10.11–10.70. SEM image exhibited agglomerated and strongly bonded PVA-modified FBA with FA50-BA50 composition because of the effect of polymer that reacted with the fine ashes. The unsubstantial shift in peak position of Si/Al-O stretches showed electrostatic interaction between PVA and FBA based on FTIR analysis. The PVA-modified FBA at composition of FA50-BA50 increased the gradient of stress–strain curves, which significantly improved the strength behavior of PVA-modified FBA sample. It is thus imperative that other sustainable methods of managing coal combustion-by products be expanded .

The effect of barite addition and graphite particle size on the specific abrasion of fly-ash/phenolic composite for brake lining application

Annually, million tons of fly-ash and bottom fly-ash is a waste of coal power plant. Fly ash contains Iron-oxide, alumina and silica. Those hard particle makes fly-ash can be used as a reinforcement in polymer composite. This composite is a wear resistance material and can be used as material for brake lining application. Fly ash reinforced phenolic composite has a low specific abrasion. The composite for brake lining material consisted of the reinforcement, friction modifier, solid lubricant and filler. Graphite is used as solid lubricant while barite is used as filler. Many research were carried out research on the particle size effect on the composite mechanical properties. However the size different between the constituent in composite has not investigated. Also the optimal barite weight fraction has not being observed. The composite was made by mixing all of the constituent, pressing in the mold and curing. The result show that the graphite particle size ? 150 mm has the lowest specific abrasion. The observation using scanning electron microscope shows that the composite contained small particle of ? 56 mm tends to agglomerate than the composite contained larger particle of ? 150 mm. the composite contained 15% barite has the lowest specific abrasion. The micrograph of scanning electron microscope shows the mixed of phenolic and barite evenly covered the graphite and fly-ash particles.