New insights into triazole fungicide-caused hematopoietic abnormality in zebrafish based on GRα screening developmental toxicity

Joint toxic effects of thiamethoxam and flusilazole on the adult worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)

Environmentally friendly etchant of in situ plasmon-activated water to improve SERS sensing of pesticides

Flusilazole (FLUS) is a broad-spectrum organosilicon triazole fungicide used for protecting economically important cereals and orchard fruits. Considering the exposure route of pesticides, pesticide contamination of food is inevitable. Furthermore, excessive exposure to pesticides causes health problems in both target and non-target organisms. It was aimed to evaluate the effects of the triazole fungicide FLUS on cytotoxicity and neurite extension in differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The SH-SY5Y cells were differentiated into mature neurons using 10-µM all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) treatment for 7 days. Then the differentiated SH-SY5Y cells were treated with 50, 100 and 200 μM FLUS for 24 h. Afterwards, cell viability assays were performed including crystal violet, neutral red cell viability, and lactate dehydrogenase leakage assays. The morphological examinations were performed and neurite lenghts of the cells were measured in all experimental groups. FLUS treatment induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells differentiated with RA. Significant decreases in cell viability percentages were observed. Furthermore, neurite lengths were negatively affected by the treatment of FLUS at the highest concentration. FLUS is a fungicide widely used in agriculture to protect crops from fungal diseases. However, the intensive use of these compounds causes a potential risk to human and environmental health. According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that high concentrations of FLUS cause neurotoxicity by causing neural cell death and adverse effects on neurite outgrowth in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. FLUS exposure can cause neuronal degeneration in mammals.

Cell differentiation in the cardiac embryonic stem cell test (ESTc) is influenced by the oxygen tension in its underlying embryonic stem cell culture

Solid agrochemicals with poor thermal stability pose a huge challenge to its production and application. Herein, two low melting point fungicides, pyraclostrobin (ZJ) and flusilazole (FZ), were des...

Flusilazole induces spatio-temporal expression patterns of retinoic acid-, differentiation- and sterol biosynthesis-related genes in the rat Whole Embryo Culture.

Conazole fungicides inhibit Leydig cell testosterone secretion and androgen receptor activation in vitro

Triazole-induced gene expression changes in the zebrafish embryo

Compound-specific effects of diverse neurodevelopmental toxicants on global gene expression in the neural embryonic stem cell test (ESTn)

Summary In field experiments with spring barley (Conchita, Mauritia and Sebastian cultivars) carried out in 2010–2011, the effect of fungicides Alert 375 SC (flusilazole, carbendazym), Artea 330 EC (propiconazole, cyproconazole) and Capalo 337,5 SE (fenpropimorph, metrafenone, epoxyconazole) on grain yield, yield components, diseases occurrence, grain filling and protein content in grain of spring barley cultivars were studied. All fungicides affected the increase in grain yield of spring barley cultivars, and reduced the intensity of fungal diseases caused by Pyrenophora tere, Rhynchosporium secalis and P. graminea. Yield increase was related to the increase of grain mass per ear and 1000 seed weight. The effect of applied fungicides on protein content in grain of spring barley cultivars was small. The positive effect of the applied fungicides on grain filling of spring barley was also stated.

Due to its fungistatic or fungicidal potential, chitosan, a high molecular-weight polymer that is non-toxic and biodegradable, has become an alternative to conventional fungicides. In addition, chitosan is reported to elicit defense mechanisms in plant tissues. In this study, we explored the in vitro fungicidal effect of chitosan on some of the most important grapevine wood fungi, such as Botryosphaeria sp. (dieback and cane blight), Phomopsis sp. (Phomopsis cane and leaf spot), Eutypa lata (eutypa dieback), Neonectria liriodendri (black foot disease), Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Petri disease and esca) and Fomitiporia sp. (esca). Inhibition of mycelial growth was evaluated at five concentrations 50, 25, 5, 2.5 and 0.5 mg a.i. l-1 of chitosan. Chitosan was effective in reducing mycelial growth of all the fungi. The lowest EC50 values were obtained with Pa. chlamydospora, Fomitiporia sp. and Botryosphaeria sp., and the highest with Neon. liriodendri. All these were inferior to the maximum recommended field rate (8.33 mg a.i. l-1) with exception of the value obtained with Neon. liriodendri. Greenhouse experiments were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of foliar sprays of chitosan on potted grapevine plants (cultivar Castelão) growing in a substrate artificially infested with Pa. chlamydospora or Neon. liriodendri. The effect of chitosan against Neon. liriodendri was similar to that achieved with some selected fungicides (carbendazim+flusilazole, cyprodinil+fludioxonil and tebuconazole). Chitosan significantly improved plant growth (plant height and number of roots) and decreased disease incidence compared with untreated plants. As regards Pa. chlamydospora, chitosan only reduced the disease incidence caused by this fungus.