Fluoroquinolones In Urine Research Articles

Determination of norfloxacin, cipfloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin in urine by HPLC with a two-channel fluorescence detector

A sensitive HPLC-FLD method with two-channel fluorescence detection was established and validated for quantification of four fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin) in urine samples. The fluorescent detector was set at two-channel excitation and emission wavelengths: 280/445 nm (for NOR, CIP) and 290/500 nm (for LEVO, MOXI). The measurement protocol was in compatible with both of the sample treatment procedures including the liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE). The method was well-validated with the limit of quantification: 0.027; 0.034; 0.024; 0.020 µg/mL (for LLE), and 0.028; 0.033; 0.024; 0.020 µg/mL (for SPE) for NOR, CIP, LEVO, MOXI, respectively. The method has been proved to be precise and accurate, with the relative standard deviation lower than 3% and the recovery ranging from 98.0%¸102.0%, for all fluoroquinolones. The proposed HPLC-FLD method provides an alternative approach for the simultaneous analysis of fluoroquinolones in urine. ® 2023 Journal of Science and Technology - NTTU

Carbon nanotubes in high internal phase emulsion polymer composite for packed-cartridge micro-solid-phase extraction of fluoroquinolones in urine

Aim of this study stands in the evaluation of a carbon nanotubes-based polymerized high internal phase emulsion composite (CNT/polyHIPE) as sorptive phase in biological sample preparation. A micro-solid-phase extraction procedure (µSPE) was developed for trace fluoroquinolone (FQ) antimicrobials, namely Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Lomefloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Norfloxacin and Sparfloxacin, in human urine samples. PolyHIPEs modified by incorporation of different concentrations of nanotubes (0.2–0.8 wt %) were one-pot synthesized and applied in the packed-cartridge setting. The sorption affinity for the drugs was investigated in tap water and buffered aqueous solutions, demonstrating the key role of the nanotubes embedded in the polymer. The 0.5 wt % CNT composite was selected to develop a straightforward µSPE procedure directly in raw urine (1 mL sample), followed by HPLC-MS/MS. Targets were retained on the sorbent at near neutral pH and, after an aqueous washing (0.1 % v/v formic acid), eluted in a single-step with 4 % v/v ammonia aqueous solution (15 % v/v acetonitrile), thus combining extraction and clean-up. The method allowed accurate quantification of FQs, as evidenced by the recoveries (74–116 %, n = 3) obtained on blank pooled urine samples spiked with 40, 75, 150 µg L−1, accompanied by good inter-day precision (RSD < 14 %, n = 3). To confirm the applicability of the analytical method, some real-life blind samples were processed as a proof of concept.

Determination of norfloxacin, cipfloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin in urine by HPLC with a two-channel fluorescence detector

A sensitive HPLC-FLD method with two-channel fluorescence detection was established and validated for quantification of four fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin) in urine samples. The fluorescent detector was set at two-channel excitation and emission wavelengths: 280/445 nm (for NOR, CIP) and 290/500 nm (for LEVO, MOXI). The measurement protocol was in compatible with both of the sample treatment procedures including the liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE). The method was well-validated with the limit of quantification: 0.027; 0.034; 0.024; 0.020 µg/mL (for LLE), and 0.028; 0.033; 0.024; 0.020 µg/mL (for SPE) for NOR, CIP, LEVO, MOXI, respectively. The method has been proved to be precise and accurate, with the relative standard deviation lower than 3% and the recovery ranging from 98.0%¸102.0%, for all fluoroquinolones. The proposed HPLC-FLD method provides an alternative approach for the simultaneous analysis of fluoroquinolones in urine.&#x0D; ® 2023 Journal of Science and Technology - NTTU

Efficient capture of fluoroquinolones in urine and milk samples with multi-monolith fibers solid phase microextraction based on hybrid metal–organic framework/monolith material

To capture fluoroquinolones (FQs) from complex samples efficiently, a new hybrid metal–organic framework (MOF)@monolith material (HMM) was fabricated and employed as the extraction medium of multi-monolith fibers solid phase microextraction (MMF-SPME). Porous monolithic fibers based on allyltrimethylammonium chloride-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate/divinylbenzene polymer were fabricated firstly. After that, the strategy of layer-by-layer self-assembly was employed to prepare zeolitic imidazolate frameworks within the pores and the surface of the monolith. Various characterization results well evidenced that the introduction of MOF not only enhanced the surface area of adsorbent, but also introduced new active sites. The prepared HMM/MMF-SPME presented satisfactory capture performance towards studied FQs by multiple interactions. Enrichment factors of FQs in human urine and milk samples were in the ranges of 99–128 and 85–121, respectively. Under the most beneficial fabrication and extraction parameters, HMM/MMF-SPME was combined with high-performance liquid chromatography to quantify trace FQs in urine and milk samples. High sensitivity (limits of detection were 0.0072–0.031 μg/L for urine sample and 0.016–0.057 μg/kg for milk sample) and good precision (RSDs below 10%) were obtained. In the analysis of FQs in actual samples, the recovery at different spiked contents varied from 77.4% to 120%, with good reproducibility. Accuracy and reliability of established approach were well verified with confirmation experiments. Satisfactory results evidence that the developed HMM/MMF-SPME can be a prominent technique for the capture of trace FQs in complex samples.

Efficient Capture of Fluoroquinolones in Urine and Milk Samples with Multi-Monolith Fibers Solid Phase Microextraction Based on Hybrid Metal-Organic Framework/Monolith Material

Efficient Capture of Fluoroquinolones in Urine and Milk Samples with Multi-Monolith Fibers Solid Phase Microextraction Based on Hybrid Metal-Organic Framework/Monolith Material

Impact of pH on bacterial growth and activity of recent fluoroquinolones in pooled urine

Acidification of urine is widely recommended for prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections. We set out to describe the effect of modification of pH on bacterial growth of relevant bacteria as well as on activity of modern fluoroquinolones in urine in vitro. Bacterial growth of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Klebsiella oxytoca ATCC 700324 was determined in pooled human urine adjusted to pH levels between 5.0 and 8.0. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and time–kill curves were performed for ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin in pH-adjusted urine and Mueller–Hinton Broth (MHB). Uptake of radioactive labeled [C 14]-ciprofloxacin into bacterial cells was investigated at different pHs. While no difference in bacterial growth of E. coli and K. oxytoca was observed at pH values between 5.0 and 8.0, acidification of urine led to major impairment of antimicrobial activity of all tested fluoroquinolones, indicated by an up to 40-fold increase in MIC compared to MHB and nearly total neutralization of activity in time–kill experiments. The most probable mechanism behind this observation may have been reduced uptake of fluoroquinolones into bacterial cells, as indicated by bacterial uptake of [C 14]-ciprofloxacin and a reversibility of the effect. The observed reduction in activity of modern fluoroquinolones confirms previous observations from older compounds.

Fully Automatic Sample Treatment by Integration of Microextraction by Packed Sorbents into Commercial Capillary Electrophoresis−Mass Spectrometry Equipment: Application to the Determination of Fluoroquinolones in Urine

This paper describes a new and innovative way to integrate microextraction by packed sorbents (MEPS) into commercial CE equipment. The suggested integration allows the automatic sample cleanup and preconcentration requiring only a few microliters of sample and no additional hardware and software. The MEPS was integrated in the outlet region of a commercial CE equipment cartridge in order to provide easy manipulation and exchange. The robustness of the proposed integration was demonstrated by the design and use of a (MEPS)-nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE)-MS method used to determine fluoroquinolones "FQs" (namely, ofloxacin, marbofloxacin, enrofloxacin, danofloxacin, and difloxacin) in urine. The method allows the analysis of micrograms per liter of FQs to be carried out with only 48 microL of urine sample. The obtained LODs were in the range 6.3-10.6 microg/L. An analysis of spiked urine samples was used to validate the method. Absolute recoveries were in the range of 71-109% while the precision expressed as repetitivity of peak area was lower than 5.9%.

Determination of fluoroquinolones in urine and serum by using high performance liquid chromatography and multiemission scan fluorimetric detection

A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of four fluoroquinolones. The studied compounds have been enoxacin (ENO), norfloxacin (NOR), ofloxacin (OFLO) and enrofloxacin (ENRO). An isocratic elution method, using a mixture of tetrahydrofuran (8%) and phosphate buffer (pH 3.00, 30.0 mM, 92%) as mobile phase, has been developed. Fluorimetric detection, exciting at 277 nm, and multiemission scan (407 nm for ENO, 444 nm for both NOR and ENRO and 490 nm for OFLO) has been used. Detection limits of 500, 14.7, 25.2 and 15.0 ng mL −1 for ENO, NOR, OFLO and ENRO, respectively, have been obtained. The proposed method has been satisfactorily applied to analyze NOR, OFLO and ENRO in human urine and serum samples.

Fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents in the treatment of prostatitis and recurrent urinary tract infections in men

Chronic bacterial prostatitis is the most frequent cause for recurrent urinary tract infection in young and middle-aged men. The selection of an appropriate antimicrobial agent that has optimal pharmacokinetics for urine and prostatic secretion and tissue is important in both entities. Fluoroquinolones possess several pharmacologic characteristics that favor them for treatment of urinary tract infection and prostatitis. The pharmacokinetics of fluoroquinolones and the theoretical background of drug penetration into the prostate are outlined. Analyzing the concentrations of various fluoroquinolones in urine, prostatic and seminal fluid, and in prostatic tissue, it becomes obvious that the fluoroquinolones differ in plasma concentrations and in their concentrations at these sites. Nevertheless, overall, the concentrations at the site of infection of most of the fluoroquinolones should be sufficient for the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis and vesiculitis and recurrent urinary tract infection in men caused by susceptible pathogens.

Fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents in the treatment of prostatitis and recurrent urinary tract infections in men.

Chronic bacterial prostatitis is the most frequent cause for recurrent urinary tract infection in young and middle-aged men. The selection of an appropriate antimicrobial agent that has optimal pharmacokinetics for urine and prostatic secretion and tissue is important in both entities. Fluoroquinolones possess several pharmacologic characteristics that favor them for treatment of urinary tract infection and prostatitis. The pharmacokinetics of fluoroquinolones and the theoretical background of drug penetration into the prostate are outlined. Analyzing the concentrations of various fluoroquinolones in urine, prostatic and seminal fluid, and in prostatic tissue, it becomes obvious that the fluoroquinolones differ in plasma concentrations and in their concentrations at these sites. Nevertheless, overall, the concentrations at the site of infection of most of the fluoroquinolones should be sufficient for the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis and vesiculitis and recurrent urinary tract infection in men caused by susceptible pathogens.

Detection of Fluoroquinolones in Urinary Specimens from Patients Undergoing Anti-Tuberculous Therapy

A paper strip impregnated with ferric chloride has been developed for visual detection of fluoroquinolones in urine based on a change of colour due to the chelation of the transition metal ion to the β-oxo acid array in the 4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid moiety of the fluoroquinolone molecule. In urine specimens, the detection limit of the strip was 100 mg/l for pefloxacin, 200 mg/l for ciprofloxacin, fleroxacin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin and sparfloxacin, and 300 mg/l for trovafloxacin. In 193 urine specimens taken from 138 patients on ofloxacin therapy and 55 controls preliminary evaluation of the strip showed that all the 55 specimens from control patients were negative, while 112 out of the 138 ofloxacin-treated patients were positive. Quantitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography of the 26 strip-test-negative specimens taken from patients with ofloxacin treatment indicated that these urinary specimens contained less than 200 mg/l of the antimicrobial, mostly because of poor renal function and in some occasions, non-compliance. This strip method would provide a convenient way of monitoring drug compliance in patients who receive fluoroquinolone therapy for tuberculosis.