Fluoride Mouthrinse Research Articles

Comparative evaluation of cranberry extract and sodium fluoride as mouth rinses on S. mutans counts in children: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

Recently, research in the field of caries prevention is emphasizing upon identification of edible non-toxic compounds that can interfere with the formation of cariogenic biofilm. This trial aimed to assess the effectiveness of non-dialyzable material (NDM) containing cranberry mouth rinse (C-MR) on the Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) counts and compare with that of a sodium fluoride (F-MR) mouth rinse. 280 children (8-12years old) were enrolled in this double-blind single center, parallel, one-month, IRB/IEC approved non-inferiority trial. The participants fulfilling the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated into one of the two groups: C-MR and F-MR. All participants were given verbal and written instructions about at-home mouth-rinsing regimen under parental supervision for a month. Dental plaque samples were collected before and after a month of mouth-rinsing and subjected to culture techniques. S. mutans counts were assessed and compared in both groups. Primary outcome was the difference in the S. mutans counts between two interventions. Both intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol analysis were carried out using two-sample t test with equal variance. The mean S. mutans counts (after log transformation) in C-MR group were: 14.66 (90% CI 14.4,14.9) at baseline and 12.85 (90% CI 12.5, 13.2) colony-forming units/ml (CFU/ml) at one-month post intervention (p = 0.001); while these counts were 14.69 (90% CI 14.5, 14.9) at baseline and 12.71 (90% CI 12.3, 13.1) at one-month intervention in F-MR groups (p = 0.001). ITT analysis showed an inter- group difference of 0.14CFU/ml (90% CI -0.32,0.59) in post-SM counts between groups (p = 0.629). The study demonstrated that the cranberry mouth rinse was non-inferior to the fluoride mouth rinse in terms of S. mutans levels change. Cranberry-based mouth rinse can be used effectively to reduce the S. mutans counts in children. Registration number in case of Clinical Trials-CTRI/2019/05/019395.

Evaluation of Caries Risk Using Cariogram Among Orthodontic Patients Before and During Treatment: A Comparative Study.

Objective The primary objective was to examine the Cariogram parameters among orthodontic patients with fixed appliances and evaluate the impact of preventive measures on mitigating the risk of dental caries during orthodontic therapy. Materials and methods Patients visiting the representative orthodontic clinics across 14 districts of Kerala participated in the comparative cross-sectional study from January 2023 to January 2024. The sampling method employed in this study was convenience quota sampling, where study subjects were allocated from each of the low, moderate, and high caries risk profiles until the sample size reached the minimal requirement within each group. The baseline Cariogram scores were used to divide the consented participants into two distinct groups. The intervention group was provided with preventive initiatives, including toothpaste comprising 1,450 ppm fluoride, 0.2% NaF mouthwash, pre-cut strands of SuperFloss, an orthodontic toothbrush designed for orthodontic braces, and an interdental flexible brush, as well as videos, pamphlets, and brochures that promoted oral health habits. In contrast, the control group received normal oral health education solely through the use of pamphlets and brochures. After six months, the Cariogram elements were re-evaluated for individuals in both groups. The independent sample t-test and paired t-test were applied to evaluate statistically significant differences between and within the two groups, respectively, using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26 (Released 2019; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, US). The distribution of patients based on their caries risk profiles was compared between groups at the commencement of the study and six months later using the Chi-square test. Results While the intervention group had 20 males and 22 females, the control group consisted of 21 males and 21 females. The average age in the intervention and control groups was 20.7±3.56 years and 21.2±3.12 years, respectively. Between the two groups, age (t=-0.68; p=0.50) and gender differences (λ2=0.05; p=0.83) were statistically insignificant. The percentage mean of the "Chance to avoid caries" associated with the intervention group increased significantly from 46.15±0.96 to 57.88±1.91, (p<0.001). On the other hand, the chance to avoid caries in the control group at the commencement of the treatment and six months later was found to be statistically insignificant. A statistically highly significant differences for all the Cariogram parameters were found when contrasted between the groups after six months of orthodontic treatment. The distribution of caries risk categorization between the control and intervention groups after six months of orthodontic treatment was found to be statistically significant (λ2=20.16;p<0.0001). Further, a statistically significant difference was observed during the pre-treatment phase and six months later in the intervention group (λ2=13.02; p=0.001). Conclusion The study findings reveal that it would be prudent to utilize 0.2% sodium fluoride mouth rinse, SuperFloss, an orthodontic toothbrush designed for orthodontic braces, and an interdental flexible brush, along with toothpaste containing 1450 ppm fluoride daily, to mitigate the risk of dental cavities during orthodontic treatment, in comparison to the control group.

Fluoride Varnish Intervention for Caries Prevention in Resource-Limited African Settings- A review

Background: Fluoride may not be available to some children in African countries due to the non-use of fluoride containing toothpaste, parental perception and awareness of the benefits of fluoride in caries prevention and non-availability of fluoride in community and school water. Fluoride may also not be affordable for children of low socio-economic status in remote areas, slums areas and rural areas. Topical and systemic sources of fluoride, like fluoride drops, fluoride gel,fluoride solution, fluoride mouthrinses, fluoride tablets, and fluoride lozenges, may not be available in resource-poor countries. Method: An electronic literature search in Google Scholar, African journals online, Science direct and Google was done in August , 2023 using the Population, Concept and Context framework. Search terms and keywords were combined by Boolean operators. Two independent investigators screened titles, abstracts and accessible full texts of publications on fluoride varnish use among African children. Results: Full text was screened using inclusion criteria. Three articles were included as they were assessed to meet the aim of the review. They were hospital based and school-based studies with comparative, prospective, interventional, and randomized clinical trial and cluster-randomized controlled community trials, respectively Conclusion: Fluoride varnish can be an intervention for underserved children with white spot carious lesion in remote areas, slums areas and rural areas, and for non-cavitated carious lesions in resource poor settings. It is simple to use with simple armamentarium, More studies from diverse ethnic population in African countries will fill the gaps in knowledge. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2024; 14(1):28-30

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of metallic ion release of orthodontic brackets in three different pH conditions - An invitro study

BackgroundFluoridated mouth rinses improve anti-cariogenic environment but decrease oral pH below critical value, affecting orthodontic bracket surface topography and causing corrosive changes over prolonged use. This invitro study aimed to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the surface topography and metallic ion release of the stainless steel (SS) brackets at varying acidic and alkaline pH. Materials and methodsForty unused SS brackets were divided into four groups (Group A, B, C, D) and immersed for 48- hours in solutions of artificial saliva and sodium fluoride (0.2 %) mouth rinse at varying pH of 5.5,6.7,7 and 8. The surface morphologic changes were analyzed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) at 50×, 150×, and 500× magnification. The changes in slot area were scored using the customized scale. The Energy Dispersive Xray Spectroscopy Analysis (EDAX) was used to estimate the probed elements' atomic and weight percentage. ResultsThe mean score of the scale was 3.4 for the brackets immersed in the acidic solution which was statistically significant (p = 0.00)and for alkaline and neutral solutions (p = 0.00). Chromium was found to be significantly higher in the alkaline solution (p = 0.016) followed by the neutral solution. Carbon was found excess in acidic solution than the neutral and alkaline solution. ConclusionQuantitative and qualitative analysis of the ion release in stainless steel brackets using SEM and EDAX revealed the corrosive effect of fluoride ion causing maximum surface changes in acidic medium and chromium release in alkaline pH.

Effectiveness of fluoride mouthrinse in prevention of demineralization during fixed orthodontic treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Enamel demineralization is a very common occurrence around bonded brackets in an orthodontic practice. Fluoride (FLR) applications have been used to prevent decalcification and further progression of white spot lesions. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to systematically appraise available literature on the effectiveness of fluoride mouthrinse in the prevention of demineralization around fixed orthodontic appliances. A search was conducted for randomized controlled clinical trials among four electronic databases (MEDLINE, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Cochrane Review) through MeSH terms and keywords. Studies were excluded if random allocation was not conducted, or if they were animal or in vitro studies. About 146 articles were screened and 5 studies were selected for the present review. Only two studies were selected for MA due to variations in the measurement of outcomes among studies. This review concluded that rinsing with FLR in the course of the fixed orthodontic treatment lessens demineralization around the bracket. Using FLR mouthrinse to inhibit the formation of white spot lesions or dental caries in patients with multiple cavities or restoration can be considered in clinical practice.

Clinical Study on the Effect of Sodium Fluoride Mouthrinse /Gel and Toothpaste in Combination with Chlorohexidine Mouth Wash on Plaque and Gingivitis in Orthodontic Patients

This study is to examine which one is most effective the use of NaF mouthrinse and toothpaste with chlorohexidine mouthwash or the use of NaF gel with Naf toothpaste and chlorohexidine mouth wash on the plaque and gingivitis of maxillary anterior teeth that occurs in orthodontic patients during the treatment of fixed appliance. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study with 60 orthodontic patients (16 males and 44 females, average age from 15 to 25 ) was designed . All the patients were instruct to brush with NaF tooth past three times in the day and to use chlorohexidine mouth wash at night . Visible plaque index (VPI) and gingival bleeding index (GBI) were recorded on the six maxillary anterior teeth at bonding and after one, two and three months and evaluated with t tests .Then the patients that began to have plaque and gingivi tis were divided into two groups A and B , In group A they wer e instruct to use NaF gel (1500 ppm) in addition to NaF(145 0ppm) toothpaste and 2% chlorohexidine mouth wash while gr oup B used Naf (250 ppm) mouth rinse in addition to NaF toot hpaste and chlorohexidine . There was a significant differences( P&lt;0.05) between bonding and debonding after 3 months recorded for VPI and there was also a significant difference between gr oup A and B for the VPI and for the GBI after six weeks of th e treatment . It was concluded that the combined use of an NaF toothpaste/gel and chlorohexidine mouthwash had a slightly more inhibitory effect on the development of , plaque and gingivitis on maxillary anterior teeth during fixed orthodont ic treatment compared with NaF mouth rinse / toothpaste with ch lorohexidine mouthwash .

Effect of Fluorides on the Corrosion Properties of Titanium Mini-implants: A Systematic Review

Objective: This systematic review plans to evaluate the effects of fluoride ions on the corrosion properties of titanium mini-implants. Background: Mini-implants are broadly used in orthodontics as an alternative to traditional intraoral anchorage. They comprise of Ti-6Al-4V with a passive oxide film of titanium dioxide for high corrosion resistance properties. To maintain oral hygiene orthodontic patients are often prescribed fluoride mouth rinses, toothpastes, etc, which might affect the corrosion resistance properties of mini-implants. Materials and methods: A literature search by means of proper MeSH terms and PICO format was done using the following databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, and EBSCO HOST. The following studies will be included- Randomized Controlled Trials, Observational studies, In-vivo studies, In-vitro studies, Clinical studies, and Human studies on the corrosion of titanium mini-implants subjected to fluorides. Exclusion criteria included surveys and questionnaire-based studies, review letters, personal opinions, book chapters, and conference abstracts. Results: A total of 134 articles were obtained, and 5 were selected for inclusion in the review. Results showed that fluoride ions significantly dropped the corrosion resistance properties of titanium. Conclusion: The acidic environment due to low pH and increase in the fluoride ion concentration seems to directly affect the corrosion resistance properties of titanium mini-implants, and attention must be paid while prescribing fluoride agents when titanium mini-screws are used.

Effect of high-fluoride toothpaste and mouth rinse on the prevention of demineralized lesions during orthodontic treatment: a randomized controlled trial.

To evaluate the effect of high-fluoride mouth rinse and high-fluoride toothpaste on the development of demineralized lesions (DLs) during orthodontic treatment. Three-armed parallel-group randomized controlled trial. The trial was performed with 270 adolescent orthodontic patients. Randomization was performed in blocks of 30, enrolling the patients into one of the following groups: the fluoride mouth rinse (FMR) group receiving 0.2% sodium fluoride (NaF) mouth rinse plus 1450 ppm fluoride (F) toothpaste; high-fluoride toothpaste (HFT) group receiving 5000 ppm F toothpaste; and the Control (CTR) group receiving 1450 ppm F toothpaste. Inclusion criteria were patients scheduled for treatment in both arches with fixed appliances and age between 12 and 20 years. The primary outcome variable was the proportion of participants with at least one new demineralized lesion as assessed on digital photos taken before and after treatment, analysed by a blinded clinician. The analysis included all teeth or teeth in the aesthetic zone, i.e. all central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines. A random sample of 30 participants was assessed to check intra- and inter-reliability. For pairwise comparison between groups, Fisher's non-parametric permutation test was used for continuous variables. Blinding was employed during the caries registration and data analysis. October 2010 to December 2012. In total, 270 patients were randomized, of which 22 were excluded during treatment. Therefore, 248 participants were included in the study. The number of patients with an increase of ≥1 DL, including only central- and lateral incisors and canines, during orthodontic treatment, was significantly lower in the HFT group, 51/85 60%, compared to the CTR group, 64/82 78%, RR 0.77 (CI 0.62; 0.95), P = .01 and in the FMR group, 47/81 58%, compared to the CTR group, RR 0.74 (CI 0.60; 0.92), P < .01. To prevent demineralized lesions in the aesthetic zone, high-fluoride mouth rinse and high-fluoride toothpaste may be recommended. The protocol was not registered, and the present study did not use a double-blinded design.

A survey of white spot lesion prevention and resolution in the US dental school curricula.

White spot lesions (WSLs) are opaque white lesions on smooth tooth surfaces as a result of demineralization. Proven methods of prevention and resolution of these lesions are available yet the incidence rate, especially in orthodontic patients, is still high. Perhaps the way dental schools are educating students on the topic is insufficient. The purpose of this study was to determine if and how predoctoral dental students are taught about the prevention and resolution of WSLs. An electronic survey was developed and sent out to each of the 66 accredited dental schools in the United States and Puerto Rico. The survey consisted of 13 questions and inquired about whether the school includes instruction of WSLs in its predoctoral curriculum. If the school indicated instruction WSLs was in the predoctoral curriculum, further questions were asked pertaining to the content and method of the instruction. Demographic data was also gathered from each institution. Twenty-eight of the 66 schools responded for a 42% response rate. Eighty-two percent of schools indicated they were teaching about prevention of WSLs, while 50% indicated they were teaching about resolution, or treatment, of WSLs. The most commonly taught methods were patient education, over-the-counter fluoride mouthrinse, toothpaste, or gel, and high fluoride content toothpaste. The majority of responding dental schools are at least including some instruction of WSLs in the predoctoral curriculum. Many of the known prevention and treatment measures available, however, are not routinely taught.

Characterization of Cocoa Bean Husk Extract Particles and its Comparison as a Mouthrinse with Different Vehicles in Children aged 7-12 Years.

Assessing the efficacy of cocoa bean husk extract (CBHE) particles with different vehicles as a mouthrinse in children aged 7-12 years in comparison to chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium fluoride (NaF) mouthrinse. A total of 80 children aged 7-12 years residing at a residential school/orphanage in Bengaluru city were selected and randomly allocated into five groups-group I: 0.1% CBHE with distilled water (DW); group II: 0.1% CBHE with Ringer's lactate (RL); group III: 0.12% CHX; group IV: 0.1% CBHE with normal saline (NS); and group V: 0.05% NaF. A Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) was recorded, salivary pH was assessed, and unstimulated saliva samples were collected at baseline (BL) after 30 minutes of rinsing on day 7 and day 14. These saliva samples were subjected to microbiological analysis, and all the data from five groups at four different time intervals was tabulated and statistically evaluated. Nearly 0.1% CBHE with NS as vehicle showed maximum antibacterial properties among all the groups at all time intervals. The addition of RL to CBHE provided better anti-plaque efficacy than 0.1% CBHE with DW and 0.12% CHX mouthwash. All three combinations of 0.1% CBHE and 0.12% CHX mouthwash proved to be better anti-plaque agents than 0.05% NaF. Improving the preparation of CBHE mouthwash by using NS, RL, and with the addition of saccharin sodium also improved the patient's compliance. Thus, preparing chocolate/CBHE mouthwash with NS or RL instead of plain DW increased the salivary pH, anti-plaque efficacy, and antibacterial property by reducing Streptococcus mutans growth. Cocoa bean husk extract (CBHE) mouthwash is a better anticariogenic and nonalcoholic mouthwash compared to CHX and NaF, which can be safely used in children as a routine oral rinse and also for those with gingivitis and high-risk of caries. Kibriya S, Srinivasan I, Setty JV, et al. Characterization of Cocoa Bean Husk Extract Particles and its Comparison as a Mouthrinse with Different Vehicles in Children aged 7-12 Years. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(1):54-59.

Remineralization Effect of Calcium Glycerophosphate in Fluoride Mouth Rinse on Eroded Human Enamel: An In Vitro Study.

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the remineralization effect of calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP) in fluoride mouth rinse on permanent enamel eroded by a soft drink. Forty sound permanent premolars were embedded in self-curing acrylic resin and immersed in Coca-Cola to create erosive lesions. The teeth were divided into four groups (n = 10): Group I artificial saliva; Group II sodium fluoride; Group III sodium fluoride + sodium monofluorophosphate; and Group IV sodium monofluorophosphate + CaGP. The specimens in the assigned groups underwent pH cycling for ten days. The baseline, after erosion, and after remineralization surface microhardness (SMH) values were determined. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The mean SMH value between groups and one-way repeated measures ANOVA for the mean SMH value within each group and Bonferroni's for multiple comparisons at a 95% confidence level were determined. The average SMH was used and calculated as the percentage recovery of SMH. After being eroded by the cola soft drink, the mean SMH values in all groups were significantly decreased. After remineralization, Group I had the lowest %SMHR. The %SMHR of Groups II, III, and IV were significantly higher than Group I (P < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences among Groups II, III, and IV (P > 0.05). Fluoride mouth rinse with and without CaGP showed similar efficacies in remineralizing eroded permanent enamel.

The Remineralization Effect of Calcium Glycerophosphate in Fluoride Mouth Rinse on Demineralized Primary Enamel: An in vitro Study.

To evaluate the remineralization effect of a fluoride mouth rinse containing calcium glycerophosphate in fluoride mouth rinse based on the surface microhardness of demineralized primary enamel. 40 sound primary incisors were placed into self-curing acrylic resin and subjected to a demineralizing solution for 5 days, resulting in the formation of artificial caries. The teeth were categorized into four groups (n = 10): group I artificial saliva, group II sodium fluoride, group III sodium fluoride + sodium monofluorophosphate, and group IV sodium monofluorophosphate + calcium glycerophosphate. The specimens received a pH cycling procedure and were submerged twice in their assigned groups for 7 days. The baseline, after demineralization, and after remineralization surface microhardness values were determined. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the mean surface microhardness between groups and one-way repeated measures ANOVA for the mean surface microhardness within each group and Bonferroni's for multiple comparisons at 95% confidence level. The percentage recovery surface microhardness was determined by calculating the average surface microhardness. After demineralization, the mean surface microhardness in all groups significantly decreased. After remineralization, group I had the lowest surface microhardness values and the percentage recovery surface microhardness (P value < 0.001), and group IV had the highest surface microhardness values and the percentage recovery surface microhardness (P value < 0.001). No significant difference was found between groups II and III (P value = 0.365). Fluoride mouth rinse containing calcium glycerophosphate has a remineralization effect on demineralized primary enamel.

Do additional high-fluoride interventions among low caries prevalence orthodontic cases using fixed appliances reduce caries incidence?

Design Three-arm randomised controlled trial (RCT). Three groups were contrasted: group one used only a 1,450 ppm fluoride toothpaste as an adjunctive caries prevention method. Group two used only 5,000 ppm fluoride toothpaste as an adjunctive caries prevention method. Group three was similar to group one but with the addition of a fluoride mouth rinse (0.2% sodium fluoride). The Decayed Initial Filled Surfaces (DIFS) index based on progress radiographs was used as the primary outcome variable.Case selection Prospective orthodontic patients with a low caries prevalence are willing to participate in the RCT.Data analysis Non-parametric statistical tests were used to compare the changes in DIFS between the groups. A Cochrane-Mantel-Haenszel method was applied to control for differences in baseline values during relative risk calculations.Results All groups had an increase in DIFS during treatment (between 36% and 48% of the participants). Caries incidence was not significantly affected in either treatment group when considering two cut-off values for DIFS (one and two points). The same applied to the use of decayed filled teeth as the outcome variable.Conclusions This clinical trial assessed the potential impact of supplementary, high-fluoride interventions on caries incidence during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Included cases had a low caries history. Adjunctive, fluoride-based interventions had no bearing on the incidence of caries as measured through the DIFS index.

Detailed study to evaluate and compare the change in the modulus of elasticity and yield strength during the loading and unloading phase for five different orthodontic wires as a result of exposure to prophylactic fluoride agents and GC tooth mousse wit

Direct bonding and de-bonding procedures during orthodontic treatment lead to areas of enamel demineralization around brackets. During the etching procedures some of the extra area also gets etched and may remain exposed for plaque accumulation resulting in demineralization and white spot lesions around the brackets. To prevent this we use Ortho brush, Chlorhexidine mouth rinses, Fluoride mouth rinses and recently available GC Tooth mousse. However, they may cause corrosion and discoloration of Orthodontic wires1.Mechanical properties of the wire like Yield strength and Modulus of elasticity affects the performance of wire inside the oral cavity. Surface topography of archwire is one of the factors which influence the mechanical properties. Orthodontic mechanotherapy encompasses the use of several arch wires during various stages of treatment. Stainless steel, Nickel titanium and TMA wires are the ones predominately used. In this study we are trying to evaluate and compare the mechanical properties of Nickel titanium, Copper nickel titanium, β Titanium, Stainless steel and Australian 0.016" stainless steel wires immersed in FLUROVIL gel, PHOSFLUR mouth rinse and GC Tooth mousse with those immersed in Distilled water.

Impact of Fluoridated Mouthwashes on Strength and Durability of Three Different Synthetic Absorbable Suturing Materials: An In Vitro Study

The aim of the current in vitro research was to assess the effect of fluoride-containing mouthwashes on the strength and durability of three different synthetic absorbable suturing materials. Three types of synthetic absorbable suture materials were employed in this research, and every group comprised 20 suture samples. These include group I: Polyglactin 910, group II: Polyglycolic acid, and group III: Poliglecaprone 25. This research utilized 4-0 gauge sutures. Each example was tied using a square surgeon's knot about elastic rubber tubing. The biology of the oral milieu was replicated in vitro through the use of artificial saliva. The medium that was subjected to test prior to inclusion were 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate as well as 0.044% sodium fluoride. The tensile strength of the specimen suture materials was subjected to test at a particular time intervals: prior to immersion, the 1st day, the 7th day, as well as the 14th day after immersion. Tensile strength was evaluated using a Universal Ultra Test machine. Post-immersion in 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse, the mean tensile strength of polyglactin (PLG) 910 sutures was 24.48 ± 0.08 at pre-immersion and 4.36 ± 0.01 on the 14th day. The mean tensile strength of polyglycolic acid (PGA) sutures was 24.04 ± 0.26 at pre-immersion and 2.10 ± 0.02 on the 14th day. The mean tensile strength of Poliglecaprone 25 sutures was 23.82 ± 0.11 at pre-immersion and 1.34 ± 0.08 on the 14th day. Post-immersion in 0.044% sodium fluoride mouthrinse, the mean tensile strength of PLG 910 sutures was 24.18 ± 0.02 at pre-immersion and 5.12 ± 0.21 on the 14th day. The mean tensile strength of PGA sutures was 24.88 ± 0.34 at pre-immersion and 4.58 ± 0.10 on the 14th day. The mean tensile strength of Poliglecaprone 25 sutures was 24.48 ± 0.27 at pre-immersion and 5.08 ± 0.14 on the 14th day. A statistically noteworthy difference was noted amid the three types of sutures at dissimilar time points evaluated with p <0.001. The current research arrived at a conclusion that there is a significant difference between the mean tensile strength and purpose of the medium used for immersion as well as the tenure. Polyglactin suture material exhibited superior strength as compared to PGA and poliglecaprone suture substances following immersion in the investigational media. Suture materials are employed in the closure of incised flaps, to aid healing by primary intention, along with control of bleeding. In oral as well as periodontal surgery, the right choice of sutures is very important for good healing. Suture choice for the mouth should be influenced by the requirements of the anticipated repair and the surgeon's fondness.

Randomized study to evaluate and compare the corrosion for five different orthodontic wires surface because of prophylactic fluoride exposure and GC tooth mousse with distilled water using scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Maintaining proper oral hygiene and caries management is one of the most crucial aspects of effective orthodontic treatment. Enamel demineralization occurs around Orthodontic brackets as a result of direct bonding and de-bonding treatments. Many sites have been observed to be vulnerable to plaque buildup. Due to the numerous locations available for plaque collection and the difficulty in cleaning them, maintaining excellent oral hygiene is challenging. Chlorhexidine mouth rinses, Fluoride mouth rinses, and the newly available GC Tooth mousse are all common methods of maintaining oral hygiene in Orthodontic patients. Orthodontic wires have been found to corrode and discolour due to fluoride ions generated by fluoride prophylactic agents. The coefficient of friction is increased when the surface properties of the arch wires are altered by pitting and corrosion, which has clinical importance during the gap closure stage. Using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), the following article attempts to examine and compare the corrosion of five distinct Orthodontic wire surfaces as a result of prophylactic fluoride exposure and GC Tooth mousse with Distilled water.

Assessment of White Spot Lesion and Enamel Demineralization in Orthodontic Patients With Fixed Brackets—A Clinical Appraisal Using Fluoride Mouth Rinse, Fluoride Varnish Containing CPP-ACP, and CPP-ACFP

Purpose: Efficacy evaluation of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate complex (CPP-ACP), casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate complex (CPP-ACFP), fluoride mouthrinse, and fluoride containing toothpaste as compared to control group for the remineralization of white spot lesions (WSLs) in orthodontic patients with fixed brackets in an in vivo study. Methods: Seventy-five subjects with WSL determined by DIAGNOdent were randomly divided into 5 groups. The WSLs DIAGNOdent values for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Among the groups, the remineralizing potential of fluoride mouth rinse, fluoride containing toothpaste, and CPP-ACP were similar; however, CPP-ACFP value was superior in comparison to all other groups. Conclusion: The CPP-ACFP technique is highly beneficial for the remineralization of WSL in an orthodontic patient when compared to fluoride mouth rinse, fluoride-containing toothpaste, and CPP-ACP paste.

Effect of a mouth rinse and a high-fluoride toothpaste on caries incidence in orthodontic patients: A randomized controlled trial

The objective was to evaluate the effect of a fluoride mouth rinse and a high-fluoride toothpaste on caries incidence in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. In this 3-armed, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial, patients referred to the Specialist Clinic of Orthodontics, Mölndal, Sweden, were randomly allocated to 1 of the 3 groups. (1) Fluoride mouth rinse (FMR) group: 0.2 % sodium fluoride (NaF) mouth rinse plus 1450 ppm fluoride (F) toothpaste; (2) High-fluoride tootpaste (HFT) group: 5000 ppm F toothpaste; and (3) Control (CTR) group: 1450 ppm F toothpaste. The generation of a randomization sequence was performed in blocks of 30. Inclusion criteria included patients scheduled for treatment with fixed appliances in the maxillary and mandibular arch aged 12-20 years. The primary outcome variable was the change in Decayed Initial Filled Surfaces (ΔDiFS) based on radiographs taken before and after the treatment. For statistical comparisons between groups, the Kruskal-Wallis test were used for continuous variables, whereas the Mann-Whitney U-test was used for pairwisegroup comparisons. Furthermore, the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) based on clinically relevant cutoffs (DiFS ≥2) were calculated to compare the increase of caries during orthodontic treatment between 2 groups. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel method was used to adjust RR for baseline values. Blinding was employed during the caries registration and the data analysis. In total, 270 participants were randomized, with 15 patients dropping out, such that 255 patients were included in the statistical analyses. Recruitment was from October 2010 to December 2012. An increase in DiFS (≥1 DiFS) during treatment was observed in 48.3% of the FMR group, 42.0% of the HFT group, and 35.6% of the CTR group. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding increased DiFS (P= 0.17). The risk of increase in DiFS ≥2 during orthodontic treatment was 31.0% in the FMR group, 25.9% in the HFT group, and 18.4% in the CTR group. The RR for an increase of ≥2 DiFS during orthodontic treatment was 1.38 (95% CI, 0.81-2.34; P= 0.23) for FMR vs CTR, 1.21 (95% CI, 0.70-2.10; P= 0.51) for HFT vs CTR, and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.57-1.49; P= 0.76) for HFT vs FMR. In patients who demonstrate a low prevalence of caries and are undergoing orthodontic treatment, daily use of high-fluoride toothpaste or fluoride mouth rinse in combination with regular toothpaste does not appear to significantly alter the caries incidence compared with the use of regular toothpaste. The trial was registered in the FoU i Sverige research database (http://www.fou.nu/is/sverige), with registration no.236251. The protocol was not published before trial commencement. Local Research and Development Board for Gothenburg and South Bohuslän (grant no. 768531); and The Swedish Patent Revenue Fund (grant number EKF-780/19).

Effects of Concentrations and Frequencies of Fluoride Mouth Rinse on the Prevention of Dental Caries in a Mouse Model

Effects of Concentrations and Frequencies of Fluoride Mouth Rinse on the Prevention of Dental Caries in a Mouse Model

A Comparative Evaluation of Remineralization after an Erosive Challenge by Two Different Mouthwashes on Surface Roughness

Aims: The aims of this study were to evaluate the in vitro effect of a cocoa bean husk extract (CBHE) mouthwash in comparison with that of a fluoridated mouthwash on surface roughness of the enamel surface after subjecting the teeth to two types of energy drink challenge. Materials and Methods: Eighty (80) sound maxillary first premolar were collected and randomly divided into four groups, the teeth in the first and second groups were immersed in a tiger energy drink for 14 days and then one group in a CBHE and another in a fluoride mouth rinses for 7 days. While the remaining teeth in the third and fourth groups were immersed in a red bull energy drink for 14 days and then one group in a CBHE and another in a fluoride mouth rinses for 7 days. Enamel surface was assessed by a profilometer device at a baseline, after erosive challenge and after remineralization with the different treatment materials. Results: In all groups, there was a high statistically significant increase in surface roughness after erosive challenge. Meanwhile, there was a high statistically significant decrease in surface roughness in all groups after remineralization, with no significant differences between energy drinks or remineralization materials. Conclusion: Within the limits of the current study, cocoa bean husk extract and fluoride mouth rinses had an effective remineralizing ability after erosive energy drinks which have a destructive effect on tooth enamel. CBHE mouth wash showed a similar remineralization effect to fluoride groups.