Fluoride Concentration In Whole Saliva Research Articles

Low-Fluoride Dentifrices with Reduced pH: Fluoride Concentration in Whole Saliva and Bioavailability

This double-blind study assessed the fluoride (F) concentration in whole saliva and F bioavailability after the use of low-F dentifrices with reduced pH. Whole saliva was collected from 10 volunteers after brushing with: experimental dentifrices (pH 5.5) 275, 550 and 1,100 ppm F; commercial 500 ppm F, pH 6.9 and a ‘gold standard’ 1,100 ppm F, pH 6.5. To analyze F bioavailability, 9 volunteers ingested weights of four dentifrices equivalent to 2 mg F: 1,500 ppm F/MFP/CaCO₃, pH 9.5; 1,100 ppm F/NaF/silica, pH 5.5; 1,100 ppm F/NaF/silica, pH 7.0 and 1,100 ppm F/NaF/silica, pH 6.5 (‘gold standard’). Ductal saliva and urine were collected. F was analyzed by electrode. Data were tested using ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test (p < 0.05). The 550 ppm F/pH 5.5 dentifrice was similar to the ‘gold standard’ in its effect on whole saliva F concentration. The area under the curve of ductal saliva F concentration × time and urinary F excretion rates did not differ among the dentifrices. The results show that acidic low-F dentifrices are effective in increasing salivary F concentration and pH reduction does not seem to affect their F bioavailability.

Fluoride in whole saliva, parotid ductal saliva and plasma in children

The purpose was to investigate the relation between fluoride concentrations in whole saliva, parotid ductal saliva, and plasma in 5- to 10-year-old children ( n=17). Two stimulated whole-saliva samples were obtained from each child. Before the second sample was obtained, each child rinsed several times with a total of 100 ml of deionized water. Parotid saliva samples were obtained by use of a Lashley cup. Fluoride concentrations were determined by fluoride ion-specific electrode after diffusion with hexamethyldisiloxane. Rinsing with deionized water did not significantly reduce the fluoride concentration in whole saliva. The whole-saliva fluoride concentrations were not significantly related to those in plasma or parotid ductal saliva. Parotid fluoride concentrations, however, were significantly related to plasma fluoride concentrations ( p<0.0001) by a proportionality constant of 0.80. It was concluded that parotid salivary fluoride concentrations can be used to estimate plasma fluoride concentrations in 5- to 10-year-old children.

Fluoride concentration in whole saliva and separate gland secretions after topical treatment with three different fluoride varnishes

Fluoride concentration in whole saliva and in separate gland secretions was determined after a single application of each of 3 different fluoride varnishes with contrasting levels of fluoride in a randomized crossover design. The study group comprised 8 healthy schoolchildren aged 10-12 years treated with A: Bifluorid® 12 (6% F); B: Duraphat® (2.26% F); and C: Fluor Protector® (0.1% F). Unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva, as well as stimulated parotid and submandibular-sublingual saliva, were collected at baseline and 1, 6, 12, and 24 h after the varnish treatments. The fluoride concentrations were determined with an ion-selective electrode. Time- and dose-dependent concentration curves were obtained in all the collected secretions, A > B > C. In whole saliva, the fluoride levels were significantly elevated (P < 0.01) 1 h after the A and B varnish applications compared with baseline, while the increase was insignificant for varnish C. Similar patterns were unveiled in the parotid and submandibular-sublingual secretions, although the increase in fluoride concentration was modest. The elevated levels did not exceed 6 h for any of the varnish tested. The results of this study suggest a correlation between the concentration of fluoride of the varnish and fluoride levels obtained in saliva after application.

Fluoride Concentration in Whole Saliva and Separate Gland Secretions in Schoolchildren after Intake of Fluoridated Milk

Fluoride concentration in whole saliva and in separate gland secretions was studied after a 7–day fluoridated milk regimen (1mg F per day) in 12 healthy schoolchildren aged 10–13 years. A 2–week fluoride–free run–in period preceded the tests in order to establish the endogenous baseline levels. Unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva and stimulated parotid and submandibular–sublingual saliva were collected at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24h after F–milk ingestion, and fluoride concentrations were determined with an ion–selective electrode. Typical time–dependent excretion curves were obtained in all collected secretions. The fluoride levels were significantly elevated 1 and 3h in whole saliva and up to 6h in the gland secretions after intake of fluoridated milk when compared to baseline values. When acid–stimulated, the submandibular–sublingual glands were the major contributors of fluoride in the oral cavity. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that fluoride ingested with milk is excreted through the salivary glands, indicating that the bioavailability of fluoride from milk equals that of other vehicles.

Diurnal Fluoride Concentration in Whole Saliva in Children Living in a High- and a Low-Fluoride Area

Salivary fluoride concentrations were investigated in 12-year-old children living in areas with low (0.1 ppm) or high (1.2 ppm) fluoride concentration in the drinking water. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from 27 children from the respective areas every 2nd hour for 46 h except during sleep. The mean salivary fluoride concentration was 0.32 +/- 0.013 mumol/l (n = 419) in the low-fluoride (LF) area and 0.87 +/- 0.047 mumol/l (n = 401) in the high-fluoride (HF) area. No significant rhythm could be found for the diurnal variations in the mean or individual salivary fluoride concentrations. However, in the HF area the individual salivary fluoride concentrations fluctuated widely and randomly.

Effect of salivary flow rate on salivary fluoride clearance after use of a fluoride-containing chewing gum.

The fluoride concentration in whole saliva and the effect of variations in salivary flow rate were studied in 5 volunteers after use of a chewing gum (Fluomin®) containing 0.25 mg fluoride as sodium f

Release of fluoride from fluoride‐containing chewing gum

The release of fluoride from fluoride-containing chewing gum and the fluoride concentration in whole saliva was measured at different intervals after the start of the chewing procedures. The residual fluoride contents were 78, 32, and 6% of the initial 0.25 mg in the gum after chewing for 2, 5, and 10 min, respectively. When chewing for 10 min, the salivary fluoride increased from 0.05 to 11.7 and 15.3 parts/10(6) after 2 and 5 min, respectively, followed by a fall to 3.9 parts/10(6) after 10 min. Concentrations exceeding the preintake level were still recorded 60 min after the start of the chewing.

Fluoride concentration in duct saliva and whole saliva.

Fluoride concentrations were determined in saliva from children and young adults by means of a fluoride ion electrode (Orion Research Inc.). Children who consumed drinking water containing 1 ppm fluoride (Group 1) showed a mean fluoride concentration of 0.009 ppm in parotid saliva. Children residing in a community with less than 0.1 ppm fluoride in the drinking water (Group 2) showed a mean concentration of 0.007 ppm. The comparable mean concentration was 0.008 ppm in children from the same community receiving a daily supplement of 1 mg fluoride (Group 3) while adults from a non-fluoridated community who refrained from the use of fluoride dentifrices for one week (Group 4) had a mean concentration of 0.010 ppm in parotid saliva. It was further found that simultaneously collected stimulated parotid and submaxillary saliva had identical concentrations on an individual basis. Fluoride concentrations were higher in whole saliva than in duct saliva from the same individual. The mean fluoride concentration in whole saliva in Group 1 was 0.033 ppm compared to 0.011, 0.015 and 0.017 ppm respectively in Groups 2, 3 and 4. The increased fluoride concentrations in whole saliva were attributed to inclusion of cellular debris and mucus since the concentrations decreased when whole saliva was ‘cleared’ by centrifugation. Also the fluoride concentration tended to decrease in a series of successively collected samples of whole saliva. Dental plaque and material scraped from the tongue contained significant amounts of fluoride.