Sodium Fluorescein Solution Research Articles

Quantitative assessment of early caries lesion activity using novel dye-enhanced fluorescence imaging

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the validity of the dye-enhanced quantitative light-induced fluorescence (DEQLF) method for assessing early enamel caries activity. MethodsSeventy extracted human teeth with early enamel caries on smooth surfaces were included. Two dentists evaluated the caries activity using the Nyvad system followed by the DEQLF method. The teeth were hydrated with distilled water for 60 s, dehydrated with compressed air for 10 s, and stained with 100 μM fluorescein sodium solution for 10 s. White and fluorescent images were captured using a QLF-D 2+ Billuminator. The change in fluorescence (ΔΔG) was calculated using image analysis software. Independent-sample t-tests were performed to evaluate the difference in ΔΔG between active and inactive lesions for both DEQLF and conventional quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) methods. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the validity of ΔΔG for distinguishing lesion activity using the area under the ROC curve (AUROC). ResultsAmong the 70 caries lesions, 33 were active and 37 were inactive. Using the DEQLF method, the ΔΔG for active lesions (3.8 ± 5.6) was significantly higher than that for inactive lesions (1.0 ± 2.5) (P < 0.05). With the conventional QLF method, there was no significant difference in ΔΔG between active (-1.1 ± 1.7) and inactive (-1.3 ± 1.7) lesions. DEQLF-derived ΔΔG demonstrated an AUROC of 0.72, a sensitivity of 0.67, and a specificity of 0.76. ConclusionsApplying the DEQLF method to human teeth enabled the quantitative assessment of lesion activity based on dye penetration. DEQLF-derived ΔΔG values showed significant differences based on lesion activity status and demonstrated high validity in distinguishing lesion activity. Clinical significanceClinicians can use the DEQLF method, which involves applying a fluorescent dye for 10 s prior to conventional QLF, to objectively quantify and distinguish the activity status of early enamel caries, potentially replacing the traditional reliance on subjective visual assessments.

The effect of decoupling humidity control on aerosol drug delivery during HFNC for infants.

Aerosol therapy is commonly used during treatment with high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in the intensive care unit (ICU). Heated humidification inside the HFNC tubing circuit leads to unwanted condensation, which may greatly limit the efficiency of drug delivery. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether a novel humidification system, which decouples temperature and humidity control, can improve the delivered dose. In a bench study setup, fluorescein sodium solution was nebulized using a vibrating-mesh nebulizer in an infant HFNC circuit to measure the delivered dose, with a conventional versus a novel decoupled humidifier. The deposition of fluorescein inside each breathing circuit component and a final collection filter at the end of the nasal cannula was collected and quantified with a UV-vis spectrometer. Droplet sizes at different sections of the breathing circuit were measured by laser diffraction. Three air flow rates: 5, 10 and 15 L/min, and two nebulizer positions: (1) at the humidifier and (2) after the inspiratory tube, were tested. The delivered dose decreased with increasing flow rate for the conventional setup and was higher when the nebulizer was placed after the inspiratory tube. Turning off the conventional humidifier 10 minutes before and during nebulization did not improve the delivered dose. The decoupled humidifier achieved a significantly higher (p = .002) delivered dose than the conventional setup. The highest delivered dose obtained by the decoupled humidifier was 62.4% when the nebulizer was placed after the humidifier, while the highest dose obtained for the conventional humidifier was 36.3% by placing the nebulizer after the inspiratory tube. In this bench study, we found that the delivered dose for an infant HFNC nebulization setup could be improved significantly by decoupling temperature and humidity control inside the HFNC circuit, as it reduced drug deposition inside the breathing circuit.

Real-time in vivo confocal laser endomicroscopic imaging of equine endometrium: Preliminary observations and feasibility study

Endometrial health is vital for the reproductive efficiency of broodmares and accurate diagnostic testing is crucial for directing the best treatment options and outcomes. Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is an endoscopic technique for obtaining in-vivo, real-time microscopic imaging of tissues using a fiber optic probe. CLE relies on induced tissue fluorescence and fluorescein sodium, given intravenously, is the contrast agent most used in human medicine. This study aimed to determine the feasibility of CLE for imaging equine endometrium and determine a standard dose of fluorescein sodium to achieve optimal cellular imaging. In-vivo CLE was performed on 44 mares, and the images were compared with routine histopathological analysis of endometrial biopsies. No adverse reactions occurred after IV fluorescein sodium administration and a dose of 4 mg/kg was established (0.04 mL/kg of 10 % fluorescein sodium solution) to achieve optimal image contrast. CLE enabled multiple regions of the endometrium to be assessed quickly. Distinct tissue architecture patterns could be appreciated using CLE, and the luminal epithelium could be assessed for integrity (ulceration) and exocytosed inflammatory cells. Endometrial gland distribution, density, shape, and epithelial height were evaluated. Blood vessels were clearly outlined, and inflammatory cells and fibrosis were discernable within the interstitium. Image quality varied between mares, and the stage of oestrous cycle may have been a factor of influence. This novel imaging modality enables collection of “virtual” biopsies and facilitates critical assessment of multiple regions of the uterus compared with the standard histopathologic assessment of a single random tissue biopsy.

Highly precisive digital polymerase chain reaction based on inkjet printer

BackgroundTo eliminate the indeterminate droplet partitions that highly obfuscate the distinguishment of the positive and the negative partitions in digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR), the highly precisive droplets array of dPCR was developed via the inkjet printer coupled with the X-Y stage. ResultsThe highly precisive droplets could be generated by the inkjet printer and the droplets array would be arranged by the movable X-Y stage at the same time. The highly precisive droplets array in a volume of at least 20,000 droplets could be obtained with a coefficients of variation (CV) of 1.57 % for the decided droplets in a diameter of 145.16 μm. The CV of the fluorescence intensities of droplets in array could be lowered to 3.17 % for the droplets of 5 μM fluorescein sodium solution, which guaranteed the clear identification of the positive droplets in the absolute quantification of dPCR. In addition, the thermal amplification in dPCR was designed to implement at the same sheet to avoid the delivery of the droplet partitions. The highly precisive dPCR was demonstrated through the wide linear range of more than 103 in the measurement of the model GAPDH gene with a low limitation of detection (LOD) of 0.60 copies/μL. Finally, the practicality of developed dPCR was confirmed by the measurement of the human mammaglobin (hMAM) gene in MCF-7 cell as well. Significance and noveltyThe successful development of the highly precisive droplet array through the inkjet printer coupled with X-Y stage eliminated the indeterminate positive droplet partitions in dPCR. It paved a way to develop the compact and highly sensitive dPCR.

Assessment of hydrophobic properties of oil-contaminated soils using the «Water Spot» method

The aim of the study was to assess the hydrophobicity degree of oil-contaminated soils using the Water Spot method. Location and time of the study. The study was carried out in 2024 in laboratory conditions with typical chernozem and gray forest soil. Methods. The sieved (2 mm, air-dried and milled soil samples were amended with oil in amounts needed to established the chosen concentration (0, 0,2, 0,5, 1, 3 and 5% on the mass basis). Then hexane and distilled water were added to reduce oil viscosity and increase soil moisture, respectively. After two days of incubating soil, sodium fluorescein solution was added onto the sample surface to visualize spot boundaries. The images were taken in a dark place under the ultraviolet light. To determine the effectiveness of chitosan (as a natural sorbent), a second series of experiments was performed in the same setup, but with chitosan addition, followed with two days incubation. Sodium fluorescein was then applied, and the area of the resulting spot was imaged. The resulted images were processed using the CorelDRAW software and the Microsoft Excel analysis package. Results. Oil contamination of soils usually disturbs the water regime. Increase in petroleum products content from 0,5 to 5% leads to decrease in absorbency and the area of the water spot on the soil surface. After treating the contaminated soil samples with 0,1% chitosan solution, the water spot area increased on average by 43% on the gray forest soil, and by 6% on typical chernozem. With a twofold increase in the concentration of chitosan solution, the water spot area increased on the gray forest soil by an average of 48% and by 46% on typical chernozem. Thus chitosan solution can be used as a sorbent when soil is contaminated with oil products. Conclusions. The water spot method is reproducible, simple, and can be used to assess soil contamination with petroleum products. The results show that with an increase in the degree of pollution, a decrease in the area of the water spot on the soil is observed.

Effects of immersion in 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride/methyl methacrylate-tri-n-butyl borane resin-activated liquid on microtensile bond strength of root canal dentin

Background/purpose4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride/methyl methacrylate-tri-n-butyl borane (4-META/MMA-TBB) resin is used for indirect restorations. We aimed to evaluate effects of immersion in 4-META/MMA-TBB-activated liquid on the bond strength of root canal dentin. Materials and methodsWe used freshly extracted single-rooted human teeth. After decoronation, each root was vertically sectioned into halves; their dentin walls were polished and flattened. The control group underwent dentin treatment with Green Activator. The immersion group was treated with Green Activator and Teeth Primer and immersed in 4-META/MMA-TBB-activated liquid. After bonding the resin blocks with Super-Bond, microtensile bond strength (μTBS) tests were performed (n = 6), and fracture surfaces were analyzed. Before surface treatment, dentin was immersed in a sodium fluorescein solution for 3 h, and resin blocks were bonded with Super-Bond with rhodamine B as in the bond strength test. The bonded cross section was observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). ResultsμTBS was significantly higher in the immersion group than in the control group (61.5 [51.3–66.7] vs. 33.0 [20.4–57.8] MPa; P < 0.05). Fracture mode analysis showed that, compared with the control group, the immersion group had a significantly lower rate of adhesive failure at the dentin interface and a significantly higher rate of cohesive failure in Super-Bond (P < 0.01). CLSM showed a water droplet-like accumulation of fluorescein dye above the hybrid layer in the control group, not in the immersion group. ConclusionImmersion in a 4-META/MMA-TBB-activated liquid inhibited water exudation from the root canal dentin and improved the bond strength.

Polyaniline/Prussian blue nanolayer enhanced electrochemical sensing of H2O2 in EBC using an integrated condensation facemask

The low concentration of respiratory H2O2 requires high detection sensitivity and stability. In this work, a Polyaniline/Prussian Blue Nanolayer (nano-PANI/PB) coated electrode using a 30 nm porous alumina template was fabricated to enhance the roughness of the electrode surface to improve the sensitivity of H2O2 detection. The limit of detection of 2.52 μM was realized within a detection range of 0–1 mM. In addition, a condensing device that uses microchannel with a secondary flow structure was designed with computational fluid dynamics to downsize the exhaled breath condensing device and improve the condensing efficiency. Increasing the contact area between exhaled breath and condensing materials in the microchannel can obviously increase the amount of condensate. The performance of the condensing device was visualized through the condensing of sodium fluorescein solution. A multichannel condensing device was integrated with screen printing electrode, three-electrode detection circuit and display module into a N95 mask to realize portable Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) detection and showed a favorable feasibility. The application of this portable exhaled breath measurement device could be expanded through modifying the specific biomarker probes on electrode, and may provide some inspirations for the development of wearable and portable non-invasive healthy monitoring devices.

Laparoscopic fluorescence imaging technique for visualizing biliary structures using sodium fluorescein: the result of a preclinical study in a porcine model.

Near-infrared fluorescence imaging has been recently applied in the field of hepatobiliary surgery. Our objective was to apply blue-light fluorescence cholangiography during laparoscopic surgery. Therefore, we designed a preclinical study to evaluate the feasibility of using blue-light fluorescence for cholangiography in a porcine model. Five millimeters of sodium fluorescein (SF) solution was administered into the gallbladder of 20 male 3-way crossbred (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) pigs in laparoscopic approach. The biliary tree was observed under blue light (a peak wavelength of 450 nm) emitted from a commercialized light-emitting diode (LED) light source (XLS1 extreme, Chammed). In 18 of 20 porcine models, immediately after SF solution was administered into the gallbladder, it was possible to visualize the biliary tree under blue light emitted from the LED light source. This study provided a preclinical basis for using blue-light fluorescence cholangiography using SF in laparoscopic surgery. The clinical feasibility of blue-light fluorescence imaging techniques for laparoscopic cholecystectomy remained to be demonstrated.

A Highly Integrated and Diminutive Fluorescence Detector for Point-of-Care Testing: Dual Negative Feedback Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Drive and Photoelectric Processing Circuits Design and Implementation.

As an important detection tool in biochemistry, fluorescence detection has wide applications. Quantitative detection can be achieved by detecting fluorescence signals excited by excitation light at a specific wavelength range. Therefore, the key to fluorescence detection is the stable control of the excitation light and the accurate acquisition of weak photoelectric signals. Moreover, to improve portability and instantaneity, devices are developing in miniaturization and integration. As the core of such devices, fluorescence detectors should also have these features. Under this circumstance, we designed a highly integrated and diminutive fluorescence detector and focused on its excitation light driving and photoelectric signal processing. A current–light dual negative feedback light-emitting diode (LED) driving circuit was proposed to obtain constant current and luminance. In addition, a silicon photodiode (PD) was used to receive and convert the fluorescence signal to an electric signal. Then, amplifying, filtering, and analog-to-digital (A/D) converting were applied to make the detection of weak fluorescence signals possible. The test results showed that the designed circuit has wonderful performance, and the detector shows good linearity (R2 = 0.9967) and sensitivity (LOD = 0.077 nM) in the detection of fluorescein sodium solution. Finally, a real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) of Legionella pneumophila was carried out on a homemade platform equipped with this detector, indicating that the detector met the requirements of real-time PCR detection.

High-Throughput Continuous-Flow Separation in a Micro Free-Flow Electrophoresis Glass Chip Based on Laser Microfabrication.

Micro free-flow electrophoresis (μFFE) provides a rapid and straightforward route for the high-performance online separation and purification of targeted liquid samples in a mild manner. However, the facile fabrication of a μFFE device with high throughput and high stability remains a challenge due to the technical barriers of electrode integration and structural design for the removal of bubbles for conventional methods. To address this, the design and fabrication of a high-throughput μFFE chip are proposed using laser-assisted chemical etching of glass followed by electrode integration and subsequent low-temperature bonding. The careful design of the height ratio of the separation chamber and electrode channels combined with a high flow rate of buffer solution allows the efficient removal of electrolysis-generated bubbles along the deep electrode channels during continuous-flow separation. The introduction of microchannel arrays further enhances the stability of on-chip high-throughput separation. As a proof-of-concept, high-performance purification of fluorescein sodium solution with a separation purity of ~97.9% at a voltage of 250 V from the mixture sample solution of fluorescein sodium and rhodamine 6G solution is demonstrated.

LIFGO: A modular laser-induced fluorescence detection system based on plug-in blocks

In this work, a laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection system built in a modular assembling mode was developed based on commercial LEGO blocks and 3D printed blocks. We designed and fabricated a variety of 3D printed building blocks fixed with optical components, including laser light source, filters, lens, dichroic mirror, photodiode detector, and control circuits. Utilizing the relatively high positioning precision of the plug-in blocks, a modular construction strategy was adopted using the flexible plug-in combination of the blocks to build a highly sensitive laser-induced fluorescence detection system, LIFGO. The LIFGO system has a simple structure which could be constructed by inexperienced users within 3 h. We optimized the structure and tested the performance of the LIFGO system, and its detection limits for sodium fluorescein solution in 100 μm i.d. and 250 μm i.d. capillaries were 7 nM and 0.9 nM, respectively. Based on the LIFGO system, we also built a simple capillary electrophoresis (CE) system and applied it to the analysis of DNA fragments to demonstrate its application possibility in biochemical analysis. The separation of 7 fragments in DL500 DNA markers were completed in 600 s. Because of the features of low cost (less than $100) and easy-to-build construction, we introduced the LIFGO system to the experimental teaching of instrumental analysis for undergraduate students. The modular construction form of the LIF detection system greatly reduces the threshold of instrument construction, which is conducive to the popularization of the LIF detection technique in routine laboratories as well as the reform of experimental teaching mode.

The efficacy of sodium fluorescein for visualizing biliary structures in a preclinical experience

Fluorescent imaging techniques have been introduced to promote real-time image-guided surgery and the technique has been widely adopted in hepatobiliary-pancreas surgery. The aim of this study is to validate the usefulness of blue light fluorescence imaging and fluorescein as a fluorophore in a mouse model. Sodium fluorescein solution were administered intravenously to mouses, after laparotomy. The dose of solution was calculated based on the renal clearance of fluorescein. Whole abdominal organs were observed under blue light (wavelength of 440 to 490 nm) emitted from a LED curing light. After the solution was administered into the circulatory system of mouse, the bile duct under blue light emitted from the light source was well visualized. This study established the preclinical basis of the blue light fluorescence imaging technique. The safety and feasibility of this technique should be demonstrated for human use.

Effect of bioactive glass pretreatment on the durability of dentin bonding interface

To study the effect of bioactive glass (BG) on the dentin bond strength and the microleakage of hybrid layer. In the study, 30 dentin planes were prepared from the third molars with no caries and equally assigned to the control group, BG group, and sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP)-polyacrylic acid (PAA)-BG group (S-P-BG group), randomly. After etched with 35% phosphoric acid, the dentin planes of BG group were pretreated with 0.5 g/L BG, and the dentin planes of S-P-BG group were pretreated with 5% STMP, 5% PAA and 0.5 g/L BG. No additional pretreatment was done to the dentin planes of control group. Then the dentin planes were bonded using 3M Single Bond 2 adhesive to 3M Z350XT composite resin, and cut into 0.9 mm×0.9 mm column samples, which were stored at 37 ℃ artificial saliva (AS). After 24 hours, 1 month, and 3 months, the microtensile bond strength test was performed. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and LSD method. The morphology of the bond fracture interface was observed with scanning electron microscope. Other 27 teeth were collected and the enamel layer and roots cut off, with the pulp chamber exposed. 0.1% rhodamine B was added to the 3M Single Bond 2 adhesive, and then the adhesive was applied to complete the bonding procedures as above. The teeth were stored in 37 ℃ AS for 24 hours, 1 month, 3 months, and then 0.1% sodium fluorescein solution was placed in the chambers and stained for 1 hour. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to observe the interface morphology and microleakage of the hybrid layer. At the end of 24 hours and 1 month, there was no significant difference in the microtensile bond strength among the three groups (P>0.05). After 3 months of soaking, the S-P-BG group [(36.91±7.07) MPa] had significantly higher microtensile bond strength than the control group [(32.73±8.06) MPa] (P=0.026); For the control group and the BG group, the microtensile bond strength significantly decreased at the end of 3 months compared with 24 hours (control group: P=0.017, BG group: P=0.01); The microtensile bond strength of S-P-BG group af the end of 3 months had no significant difference in compared with 24 hours [(37.99±7.98) MPa] (P>0.05). Observation of the fracture surface at the 24 hours showed no obvious mineralization in all the three groups. After 1 and 3 months, mineral formation was observed in BG group and S-P-BG group, and no obvious collagen exposure was observed in S-P-BG group. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed no obvious differences in the morphology and quantity of the resin tag in the control group, BG group and S-P-BG group. At the end of 24 hours, leakage was found in all the three groups. The microleakage of the control group increased at the end of 3 months, while the microleakage of the BG and S-P-BG groups decreased. BG pretreatment of dentin bonding interface can induce mineralization at the bonding interface and reduce the microleakage of the hybrid layer; pretreating the dentin bonding interface with STMP, PAA and BG may enhance the maintaining of the dentin bonding durability.

TREATMENT OF DEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN THE EPITHELIUM OF THE OCULAR SURFACE WITH "DRY EYE" SYNDROME

According to recent studies, the prevalence of dry eye syndrome makes up 14% of cases in patients under the age of 50 years and 65-75% in patients over 50 years of age. Risk factors for the development of dry eye syndrome include aging, stress, side effect of frequent instillations of eye preparations, exposure to radiant energy, and diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of using “Delargin”, an antioxidant medicine, in the treatment of dry eye syndrome. 50 patients (100 eyes) aged 30-70 years were examined at the Department of Ophthalmology and then divided into three groups depending on the treatment used. Group 1 included 10 patients (20 eyes), who were prescribed to instil Oksial eye drops. Group 2 included 10 patients (20 eyes), who received basic therapy by instilling a solution of sodium salt of hyaluronic acid 0.0015 g / ml. Group 3 involved 20 patients (40 eyes), who instilled Delargin and hyaluronic acid. Monitoring the effectiveness of the treatment was carried out using the following methods: to assess basal tear production, a Schirmer 1 test was performed using the Ophthalic Test diagnostic bands (India); a Norn test was performed to control the stability of the tear membrane. Fluorescence test (staining of the cornea with 1% sodium fluorescein solution) was applied to detect corneal defects; Lipcof test was used to assess the degree of lid-parallel fold formation of the bulbar conjunctiva relative to the costal margin of the lower eyelid. As a result of the treatment, the patients of the Group 1 demonstrated that the Norn test scores increased to some extent from 6.8 ± 0.1 s up to 7.5 ± 0.1 s; in the patients of the Group 2 following the treatment, it was 8.5 ± 0.2 s and in the Group 3, the Norn test values were 11.2 ± 0.2 s (P&lt;0.05). The frequency of blinking movements decreased significantly and approached the normal. It has been found out that the therapy of dry eye syndrome that includes the antioxidant Delargin, can significantly promotes normalizing of parameters typical for this process.

Display of low hydraulic resistance channels along Conception Vessel by in vivo fluorography in rats

To display the low hydraulic resistance channel along the running course of the Conception Vessel (CV) by using in vivo fluorography, so as to provide evidence for the existence of meridians of traditional Chinese medicine from the aspect of interstitial fluid channel. A total of 24 male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, namely CV-low impedance spots (CV-LIS), CV-low hydraulic resistance points (CV-LHRP) and non-meridian points (NMP) groups (n＝8 in each group). The CV-LIS (the imaged line between the xiphoid process and symphysis pubis), CV-LHRP (lateral and parallel to LIS) and NMP (lateral and parallel to CV-LHRP) were detected by using meridian detector and biofluid resistance meter, respectively. Sodium fluorescein solution (1%) was injected into the spot (A-spot, upper 1/5 of the CV-LIS), and one of the NMP (about 1 cm lateral and parallel to the A-spot, and the mid-point between the Kidney and Stomach meridian running courses) by using a microsyringe for observing the migration trace of sodium fluorescein. After injection of fluorescein, the migration trace of fluorescein appeared along the CV-LIS and CV-LHRP lines, and only local diffusion was found in the NMP group. The migration trace lengths along the CV-LIS and CV-LHRP were significantly longer than that of the NMP group (P<0.01), and the migration width of CV-LIS and CV-LHRP groups was significantly smaller than that of the NMP group (P<0.01). The migration speed of CV-LIS and CV-LHRP groups was significantly higher than that of the NMP group (P<0.01). Fluorography is able to be used to display the running course of CV, possibly supporting the existence of meridians from the interstitial fluid channel and providing a new method for visualization of meridians.

Study of the pharmacological impact of polymeric membranes with antibacterial effect in traumatic lesions of cornea

Introduction: The most common pathology among patients with acute eye infection is conjunctivitis – 78%, keratitis accounts for 14%. The most common infectious agent causing acute infection of the eye is Staphylococcus (55%). The opacity of the cornea in the overall structure of the causes of blindness in the world in 2015 accounted for 3.25% of total blindness and 1.14% in the structure of moderate or severe decline in vision.&#x0D; Materials and methods: The object of the study is antibacterial polymer films based on sodium carboxymethylcellulose, levofloxacin and poludan. In the in vivo experiment was modeled on the adult rabbits, an infected corneal injury in three groups. An infected corneal injury was modeled by removing the corneal epithelium and applying a suspension of microorganisms in the amount of 1 million colonies of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 to the affected area. In the experiment, 3 groups were studied: the control group (“placebo” treatment – instillation of distilled water 4 times a day), the comparison group (treatment with levofloxacin 0.5% in the form of instillations 4 times a day and poludan twice a day), the experimental group (treatment using antibacterial polymer films with immunomodulating effect once a day). The area of the defect on the cornea was evaluated by staining with a 1% solution of sodium fluorescein. The scoring of the clinical course of the post-traumatic infection of the cornea was performed using the semantic differential method after injury and infection, after 1 hour, 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, 7 days.&#x0D; Results and Discussion: In the study of the rates of resorption of the antibacterial membrane, as well as the release of active substances from the polymer, complete dissolution of the sample was detected within 30 hours. Based on the results of the study of the rate of resorption of the volume of the polymer membrane, a decrease in the index over a period of 24 hours in a physiological solution was found to be 4.5-fold. A weak dependence of the adhesion force on the parameters of the microrelief of the polymer membrane was revealed. The fastest rates of complete restoration of the integrity of the epithelium of the cornea were revealed in the experimental group. In the comparison group, the cornea was completely regenerated on the 7th day.&#x0D; Conclusions: Under the conditions of the in vitro experiment, it was found that the antibacterial polymer membrane gradually dissolves, releasing the active components within 24 hours. When assessing the area of the defect of the cornea after an infected traumatic lesion, it was found that the treatment with polymeric antibacterial membranes with immunomodulating effect resulted in the reduction in the duration of treatment to 5 days.

Snake spectacle vessel permeability to sodium fluorescein.

Assess vascular permeability of the snake spectacle to sodium fluorescein during resting and shedding phases of the ecdysis cycle. Ball python (Python regius). The snake was anesthetized, and spectral domain optic coherence tomography was performed prior to angiographic procedures. An electronically controlled digital single-lens reflex camera with a dual-head flash equipped with filters suitable for fluorescein angiography was used to make images. Sodium fluorescein (10%) solution was administered by intracardiac injection. Angiographic images were made as fluorescein traversed the vasculature of the iris and spectacle. Individually acquired photographic frames were assessed and sequenced into pseudovideo image streams for further evaluation CONCLUSIONS: Fluorescein angiograms of the snake spectacle were readily obtained. Vascular permeability varied with the phase of ecdysis. Copious leakage of fluorescein occurred during the shedding phase. This angiographic method may provide diverse opportunities to investigate vascular aspects of snake spectacle ecdysis, dysecdysis, and the integument in general.

THE SPECIFIC FEATURES OF FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY OF THE RETINA IN THE CHILDREN OF DIFFERENT AGE AND THE POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS OF ITS APPLICATION

Purpose. The objective of the present study was the further adaptation of the fluorescence angiography technique for the examination of the children of different ages and the evaluation of the nature, severity, and frequency of complications likely to develop in the course of such examination as a result of intravenous administration of sodium fluorescein and its intake. Material and methods. A total of 957 children at the age varying between 1.5 months and 16 years were divided into two age groups. The first group consisted of 204 (21.3%) children under the age of 1.5 months and up to 5 years including premature babies in whom fluorescence retinal angiography was performed under general anesthesia with the use of the specially developed and improved methodology. The second group was comprised of 753 (78.7%) children at the age between 6 and 16 years. To 649 of these children (86.2%), the dye was injected intravenously whereas to 104 (13.8%) of them sodium fluorescein was given per os. Results. We have developed and further improved the method for fluorescence angiography in the children of various ages including premature infants. The fluorescence angiography of the fundus of the eye in the children at the age from 1.5 months and up to 16 years resulted in the complications of varying severity in 5.2% of the patients. Mild complications in the form of nausea or vomiting accounted for 3.8% of their total number. The moderately severe complications (1.0%) manifested themselves as the development of the collaptoid state or urticaria. The severe complications (0.2%) were apparent as bronchospasm and laryngospasm. No complications whatever were documented in the children after the oral intake of a 10% sodium fluorescein solution. Conclusion. The intravenous fluorescence angiography is a fairly safe method for the examination of the fundus of the eye in the children, however it can be accompanied in rare cases (3.8%) by the complications the majority of which (75%) are mild disorders. Both intravenous administration of sodium fluorescein under general anesthesia and its oral intake can be regarded as safe interventions.

Endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea

IntroductionNasal liquorrhea indicates a cerebrospinal fluid fistula, an open communication between the intracranial cerebrospinal fluid and the nasal cavity. It can be traumatic and spontaneous. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the outcome of endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid fistula using fluorescein. MethodsThis retrospective study included 30 patients of both sexes, with a mean age of 48.7 years, treated in the period from 2007 to 2015. All patients underwent lumbar administration of 5% sodium fluorescein solution preoperatively. Fistula was closed using three-layer graft and fibrin glue. ResultsCerebrospinal fluid fistulas were commonly located in the ethmoid (37%) and sphenoid sinus (33%). Most patients presented with traumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistulas (2/3 of patients). The reported success rate for the first repair attempt was 97%. Complications occurred in three patients: one patient presented with acute hydrocephalus, one with reversible encephalopathy syndrome on the fifth postoperative day with bilateral loss of vision, and one patient was diagnosed with hydrocephalus two years after the repair of cerebrospinal fluid fistula. ConclusionEndoscopic diagnosis and repair of cerebrospinal fluid fistulas using fluorescein intrathecally has high success rate and low complication rate.

A handheld laser-induced fluorescence detector for multiple applications

In this paper, we present a compact handheld laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detector based on a 450nm laser diode and quasi-confocal optical configuration with a total size of 9.1×6.2×4.1cm3. Since there are few reports on the use of 450nm laser diode in LIF detection, especially in miniaturized LIF detector, we systematically investigated various optical arrangements suitable for the requirements of 450nm laser diode and system miniaturization, including focusing lens, filter combination, and pinhole, as well as Raman effect of water at 450nm excitation wavelength. As the result, the handheld LIF detector integrates the light source (450nm laser diode), optical circuit module (including a 450nm band-pass filter, a dichroic mirror, a collimating lens, a 525nm band-pass filter, and a 1.0mm aperture), optical detector (miniaturized photomultiplier tube), as well as electronic module (including signal recording, processing and displaying units). This detector is capable of working independently with a cost of ca. $2000 for the whole instrument. The detection limit of the instrument for sodium fluorescein solution is 0.42nM (S/N=3). The broad applicability of the present system was demonstrated in capillary electrophoresis separation of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled amino acids and in flow cytometry of tumor cells as an on-line LIF detector, as well as in droplet array chip analysis as a LIF scanner. We expect such a compact LIF detector could be applied in flow analysis systems as an on-line detector, and in field analysis and biosensor analysis as a portable universal LIF detector.