Fluid Of Children Research Articles

Clinical impact of pleural fluid Streptococcus pneumoniae PCR testing in children with complicated pneumonia.

While Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) is the leading cause of pediatric complicated community acquired pneumonia (cCAP), it is infrequently recovered by culture-based methods. We studied the real-world clinical impact of an Spn PCR assay for pleural fluid. This pre-post quasi-experimental cohort study compared pathogen detection, antibiotic usage, and outcomes in children hospitalized with cCAP requiring pleural effusion or empyema drainage at Children's Hospital Colorado between 2016 and 2023. Patients were compared across two diagnostic periods: pre-Spn PCR and post-Spn PCR. Cox proportional hazard models compared time from admission to pathogen detection, optimal therapy (narrowest pathogen-directed or guideline-recommended empiric therapy), and MRSA therapy discontinuation between periods. Compared to the pre-Spn PCR cohort (N=149), the post-Spn PCR cohort (N=79) was more likely to have a pathogen detected (73.4% post-PCR vs. 38.9% pre-PCR, p < 0.001), driven by more Spn detections (45.6% vs. 14.1%, p < 0.001). Time to pathogen detection during hospitalization was shorter in the post-Spn PCR period (p < 0.001). The post-PCR cohort was more likely to receive optimal therapy (84.8% vs. 53.0%, p < 0.001), with shorter median times to optimal antibiotics (4.9 vs. 10.0 days, p < 0.001) and MRSA therapy discontinuation (1.5 vs. 2.5 days, p = 0.03). There were no differences in hospital length of stay or readmissions. Spn molecular testing of pleural fluid in children with cCAP resulted in significantly more microbiologic diagnoses and was associated with the optimization of antibiotics and decreased exposure to MRSA therapy, suggesting its clinical impact for pediatric complicated pneumonia.

Management of Pediatric Parenteral Fluids.

Parenteral fluid therapy in children requires careful consideration of patient-specific factors such as weight, hydration status, and concomitant disease states. Recent literature has changed the standard of care for maintenance fluids for children in the past decade and brought to light more questions. Concentrations of electrolytes in fluids and the use of balanced fluids are still controversial. This article will review the use of parenteral fluids in children, including fluid content, maintenance fluid rate, treatment of dehydration, and the basics of parenteral fluid ingredients. All pediatric patients should have a plan for fluid therapy that includes careful consideration of hydration status and individual response to therapy.

Penerapan Terapi Bermain Meniup Baling-Baling Pada Anak Sekolah Dengan DBD Terhadap Penurunan Intensitas Nyeri Setelah Pemasangan Infus

The process of installing an IV will cause pain which can disturb the child. Pain is an unpleasant event in individuals that can cause sufferers to feel sick. Apart from that, there will be changes in vital signs such as increased pulse rate, blood pressure and breathing, so it will be an unpleasant experience for the child. Pain from installing IV fluids in children can be minimized with non-pharmacological measures which aim to manage pain, namely with relaxation therapy, playing blowing propellers. To determine the effectiveness of blowing propeller play therapy on reducing pain in children when installing an IV. This research uses a descriptive case study with a nursing process approach with a case study design of 3 respondents, with a paper propeller game and the Wong Baker pain scale. The data collection process was carried out on respondents by blowing a propeller for 5 minutes on each respondent. The research results showed that play therapy blowing propellers was effective in reducing the intensity of pain in children after installing an IV as proven in An. B from scale 7 to scale 4, An. Z from scale 8 to scale 6, and An. R from scale 7 to scale 5. The results of the research are that it is hoped that propeller blowing therapy can reduce the intensity of pain in children after infusion.

The effect of &lt;i&gt;Streptococcus mutans&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Candida albicans&lt;/i&gt; and other cariesogenic factors on the concentration of cathelicidin LL-37 in oral fluid in children with early childhood caries

BACKGROUND: Human antimicrobial peptides play a significant role in innate immunity. In the oral cavity salivary glands and mucosal epithelium produce human antimicrobial peptides, including defensins and cathelicidin LL-37. Cathelicidin is the most significant peptide protecting against different types of infections, controls the activity of commensal bacteria and prevents colonization and growth of pathogenic bacteria. AIM: To determine the concentration of cathelicidin LL-37 in the oral fluid of children 2–5 years old and the oral hygiene index depending on some of the parameters and intensity of the carious process in the oral cavity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted in a group of children aged 2-5 years old; the concentration of catelicidine in the oral fluid was determined by enzyme immunoassay. Moreover, the concentration of Streptococcus mutans in saliva, the presence of Candida albicans in dental plaque, oral hygiene index and the concentration of 25-hydroxycalciferol in venous blood were assessed in these children. RESULTS: The stydy revealed the dependence of the concentration of cathelicidin in the oral fluid on the intensity of the carious process in children as well as on the concentration of Streptococcus mutans in saliva, the presence of Candida albicans in plaque and poor oral hygiene. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that in children with high intensity of caries, the concentration of antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is twice lower than in children with low and medium intensity of early childhood caries.

CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D IN ORAL FLUID IN CHILDREN WITH PROGRESSIVE MYOPIA

Aim. Assess the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in oral fluid in children with progressive myopia. Materials and methods. We examined 34 children (68 eyes) with mild myopia and 18 conditionally healthy children (36 eyes) without ophthalmological pathology. The children were divided into 2 groups: Group I (main) – 34 children (68 eyes) with mild myopia, in which subgroup Ia – 16 children (32 eyes) – with a progressive course of myopia and subgroup Ib – 18 children (36 eyes) – with a stable course of myopia. The control group consisted of 18 conditionally healthy children (36 eyes) without ophthalmological pathology. A standard ophthalmological examination was carried out: visometry, autorefractokeratometry before and after cycloplegia, biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, determination of the axial length of the eye. The level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in oral fluid was determined by the immunoenzymatic method. Results. In children with a progressive course of myopia, the indicator of 25-hydroxyvitamin D is 1,2 times lower than in children with a stable course of myopia and 2,4 times lower than in children of the control group (p&lt;0,05). Correlation analysis showed a significant inverse relationship between the axial length of the eye and the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (r=–0,50,p&lt;0,05) and between the progressive course of myopia and the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (r=–0,69,p&lt;0,05). According to the ROC analysis the optimal value of the cut-off threshold for the indicator of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in oral fluid in children was ≤ 20,154 ng/ml. (sensitivity is 87,9%, specificity is 94,7%), (р &lt;0,001). Conclusions. In children with a progressive course of myopia, the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D is 2,4 times lower than the level of conditionally healthy children. A decrease in the level of 25 hydroxyvitamin D in the oral fluid is an additional risk factor of the progressive course of myopia in children.

Neurofilament Light Chain Concentration in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Children with Acute Nontraumatic Neurological Disorders.

(1) Introduction: This pilot study aimed to analyze neurofilament light chain levels in cerebrospinal fluid (cNfL) in a cohort of children with different acute nontraumatic neurological conditions. (2) Methods: This prospective observational cohort study consisted of 35 children aged 3 months to 17 years and was performed from November 2017 to December 2019. Patients' clinical data were reviewed, and patients were assigned to the following groups: n = 10 (28.6%) meningitis, 5 (14.3%) Bell's palsy, 7 (20.0%) febrile non-CNS infection, 3 (8.6%) complex febrile seizure, 4 (11.4%) idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and 6 (17.1%) others. cNfL levels were measured using a sensitive single-molecule array assay. (3) Results: The cNfL levels [median (range)] in children with meningitis were 120.5 pg/mL (58.1-205.4), in Bell's palsy 88.6 pg/mL (48.8-144.5), in febrile non-CNS infection 103.9 pg/mL (60.1-210.8), in complex febrile seizure 56 pg/mL (53.2-58.3), and in idiopathic intracranial hypertension 97.1 pg/mL (60.1-124.6). Within the meningitis group, children with Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) had significantly higher cNfL concentrations (median 147.9 pg/mL; range 87.8-205.4 pg/mL) than children with enterovirus meningitis (72.5 pg/mL; 58.1-95.6 pg/mL; p = 0.048) and non-significantly higher cNfL levels when compared to Bell's palsy (88.6 pg/mL; 48.8-144.5 pg/mL; p = 0.082). There was no correlation between cNfL levels and age. (4) Conclusions: Although the number of patients in this pilot study cohort is limited, higher cNfL levels in children with LNB compared to those with viral meningitis (significant) and Bell's palsy (trend) may indicate the potential of cNfL as a biomarker in the differential diagnosis of pediatric meningitis and facial palsy.

IL-27 Levels in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Children with Post-infectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans.

Pulmonary neutrophils may play a crucial role in the development of bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) following measles virus infection. IL-27 could potentially have a negative regulatory effect on the release of reactive oxygen species and cytotoxic granules in neutrophils. To investigate the levels of IL-27 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) and analyze the relationship between IL-27 levels and neutrophil proportions. A total of 24 children with PIBO were recruited for the experimental group, while 23 children with bronchial foreign bodies were included in the control group. Bronchoscopic alveolar lavage was performed in both groups. The levels of IL-27 in BALF were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The proportions of neutrophils in BALF were determined by smear staining. The relationship between the levels of IL-27 in BALF and the neutrophil proportions was analyzed by the Pearson test. The levels of IL-27 in BALF were significantly lower in children with PIBO compared to children with bronchial foreign bodies (p<0.05). Additionally, the proportions of neutrophils in BALF were significantly higher in children with PIBO compared to children with bronchial foreign bodies (p<0.05). The levels of IL-27 were negatively correlated with the neutrophil proportions in BALF in children with PIBO (p<0.05), but not in children with bronchial foreign bodies (p>0.05). The present study suggests that a decrease in IL-27 may be associated with an increase in neutrophils in BALF and may contribute to the pathogenesis of PIBO.

Peer education program to improve fluid consumption in primary schools—lessons learned from an innovative pilot study

BackgroundAlthough it is widely recognized that more attention needs to be paid to children's fluid intake, there is little information on how to improve it. Peer education has been suggested as an effective approach to changing health behaviors among school children. As a new approach, our study piloted a peer education program to improve children's fluid intake in primary schools. MethodsUniversity students were prepared for their role as peer educators in an elective university course, including the concept of peer education and different pedagogical methods. The peer educators evaluated the training process by completing a questionnaire. The intervention took place during a School Health Day led by the peer educators. An anonymous survey with a questionnaire on knowledge of fluid intake was administered two weeks before, at the end of, and 15 weeks after the intervention. Changes in hydration knowledge were tested using repeated measures ANOVA. ResultsThe pilot program showed increased knowledge about fluid consumption (p < 0.001) in lower and upper primary school children (N = 326) at the end of the School Health Day compared to pre-intervention measures. A positive change was observed after 15 weeks only in upper primary students. Feedback from peer educators was useful for fine-tuning the program. ConclusionsThis innovative program induced positive changes in knowledge about fluid intake in primary school children. The persistence of the changes differed between lower and upper primary school children. Based on the results, the intervention should be replicated to adapt the program to the needs of lower primary school children. Because the training of peer educators and the peer education program appeared to be successful, this program is worthy of international replication. This approach may also be suggested for other behavior change issues.

Quantification of meropenem in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in children with bacterial meningitis with augmented renal clearance by UPLC–MS/MS

Meropenem is an ultrabroad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that is often recommended for the treatment of bacterial meningitis (BM) in children. However, a subtherapeutic phenomenon occurred in BM children complicated with augmented renal clearance (ARC) at the recommended dose of meropenem. To support its pharmacokinetics, a sensitive, fast and robust ultra-liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) method was developed to measure meropenem concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The method involved protein precipitation, and samples were diluted with a large proportion of water to eliminate solvent effects. The separation of samples was performed on a Waters Acquity™ BEH C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm i.d., 1.7 μm) with a gradient profile. The mobile phases were formic acid–water (1:1000, v/v) and acetonitrile. The linear range was good, with a concentration range of 0.100–100 μg/mL for serum and 0.0400–20.0 μg/mL for CSF. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 8.0%, and the intra-day and inter-day accuracies varied −6.6% from 6.5% for the both serum and CSF. The selectivity, carry-over, dilution integrity, matrix effect, recovery and stability were validated according to international guidelines. The developed UPLC–MS/MS method successfully determined the meropenem concentrations in the serum and CSF of children with BM complicated with ARC. The results indicated that under the recommended dosing regimen (40 mg/kg every 8 h), the time to reach the effective treatment target of 50%T > MIC was only approximately 3 h and lower CSF concentrations of meropenem were observed in children with BM with ARC.

Characterization and quantification of fluid in the abdomen by ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in children with clinical suspicion of appendicitis.

While regarded as a secondary sign of pediatric appendicitis, the frequency of physiologic intra-abdominal fluid in children with suspected but absent appendicitis is unknown. Ex vivo: to assess the validity of US/MRI measurements of free fluid. In vivo: in suspected pediatric appendicitis, to assess the amount of abdominal fluid by US and MRI, determine performance characteristics of US in fluid detection and identify fluid volume ranges in confirmed appendicitis. Ex vivo: criterion validity of US and MRI for fluid volume measurements was tested using tissue-mimicking phantoms filled with different volumes of distilled water. In vivo: all participants from a previous prospective study of suspected appendicitis were evaluated by US; MRI was performed after equivocal USs. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of abdominal fluid and correlation of fluid presence with appendicitis were performed. Ex vivo: no difference was found between phantom-fluid amount and measured volume using the formula for volume of an ellipsoid forUS(P=0.19) or MRI (P=0.08). In vivo: intra-abdominal fluid was present in 212/591 (35.9%) patients; 75/212 patients with fluid (35.4%) had appendicitis, 60 (28.3%) had alternate diagnoses, and 77 (36.3%) had physiologic fluid. Sensitivity and specificity of US for fluid detection were 84% (95% CI 71-93) and 65% (95% CI 52-77), respectively. In children with versus without appendicitis, the respective ranges of fluid volume were 0.7-1148.8 ml and 0.8-318 ml. The volume of an ellipsoid formula is a valid method for quantifying intra-abdominal fluid. The sole presence of intra-abdominal fluid on US does not support the diagnosis of pediatric appendicitis.

A pragmatic, open-label, randomized controlled trial of Plasma-Lyte-148 versus standard intravenous fluids in children receiving kidney transplants (PLUTO)

Acute electrolyte and acid-base imbalance is experienced by many children following kidney transplant. This is partly because doctors give very large volumes of artificial fluids to keep the new kidney working. When severe, fluid imbalance can lead to seizures, cerebral edema and death. In this pragmatic, open-label, randomized controlled trial, we randomly assigned (1:1) pediatric kidney transplant recipients to Plasma-Lyte-148 or standard of care perioperative intravenous fluids (predominantly 0.45% sodium chloride and 0.9% sodium chloride solutions). We then compared clinically significant electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities in the first 72 hours post-transplant. The primary outcome, acute hyponatremia, was experienced by 53% of 68 participants in the Plasma-Lyte-148 group and 58% of 69 participants in the standard fluids group (odds ratio 0·77 (0·34 - 1·75)). Five of 16 secondary outcomes differed with Plasma-Lyte-148: hypernatremia was significantly more frequent (odds ratio 3·5 (1·1 – 10·8)), significantly fewer changes to fluid prescriptions were made (rate ratio 0·52 (0·40-0·67)), and significantly fewer participants experienced hyperchloremia (odds ratio 0·17 (0·07 – 0·40)), acidosis (odds ratio 0·09 (0·04 - 0·22)) and hypomagnesemia (odds ratio 0·21 (0·08 – 0·50)). No other secondary outcomes differed between groups. Serious adverse events were reported in 9% of participants randomized to Plasma-Lyte-148 and 7% of participants randomized to standard fluids. Thus, perioperative Plasma-Lyte-148 did not change the proportion of children who experienced acute hyponatremia compared to standard fluids. However fewer fluid prescription changes were made with Plasma-Lyte-148, while hyperchloremia and acidosis were less common.

The interplay between investment traits and cognitive abilities: Investigating reciprocal effects in elementary school age.

Based on investment theories and guided by Mussel's (2013) intellect model, the present study investigated reciprocal relations over 1 year (2021-2022) between investment traits (need for cognition, achievement motives, epistemic curiosity) and fluid and crystallized cognitive abilities in 565 German elementary school children (298 girls; Mage = 8.40, SD = 0.59; 59.5% with immigration background). Children's fluid and crystallized abilities increased over time, whereas fear of failure and curiosity decreased. Investment traits barely predicted change in cognitive abilities. However, mathematical ability predicted change in most investment traits (.14 ≤ |β| ≤ .20), even after accounting for control variables. Results largely contradict investment theories but support the role of crystallized abilities for the development of investment traits in elementary school age.

A toolbox for mimicking gastrointestinal conditions in children: Design and evaluation of biorelevant dissolution media for mimicking paediatric gastric- and small intestinal conditions

The goal of the present work was to develop an in vitro toolbox to evaluate the oral administration of dosage forms to children of different age groups and under different administration conditions (fasted/fed). Based on current data on the gastrointestinal physiology of children, a set of new biorelevant media was designed to mimic the composition and physicochemical properties of resting gastric and resting small intestinal fluid in children of different age groups. In addition, guidelines were developed on how to generate fasted and fed state gastric and small intestinal fluids by combining these media with age-specific drinking volumes or portions of already established simulated paediatric breakfast meals, respectively. These fluids can simulate the conditions in the paediatric stomach and small intestine after administration of a dosage form in the fasting state or after a breakfast. The in vitro toolbox was evaluated using the example of pre-school children with a total of five paediatric medicines. Results from the corresponding set of in vitro studies highlight the importance of addressing patient-specific characteristics rather than downscaling existing adult in vitro models.

Results of the study of the mineralizing capacity and hydrogen indicator of the oral fluid in children taking into account the dental status and age

Caries is one of the most common dental diseases in children, which is characterized by enamel demineralization. The condition of the hard tissues of temporary and permanent teeth is influenced by a significant number of factors, including the oral fluid that is in direct contact with the teeth. The mineralizing ability of the oral fluid affects the state of the hard tissues of the teeth, that is, the acid resistance of the enamel, the decrease of which leads to demineralization with further progression of the carious process. The aim of the study was to study the indicators of the mineralizing potential and the pH of the oral fluid in children aged 7–12 years with caries of temporary and permanent teeth and to compare them with the indicators of children with intact teeth. The dental status of 223 children aged 7–12 years was studied (in each child, the condition of the hard tissues of the teeth was determined and the DMFT (Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth) in the temporary bite, DMFT/dmft (Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth) in the variable bite, dft (decayed and filled teeth) in the permanent bite index was calculated), mineralizing potential and pH of the oral fluid were calculated. Indicators were compared in children with and without caries. The course of caries of both temporary and permanent teeth in children occurs against the background of a decrease in pH and microcrystallization of oral fluid. This is especially noticeable in children who have affected permanent teeth. The caries rate of temporary and permanent teeth has inverse correlations with the pH and microcrystallization index of the oral fluid. The obtained data suggest the need for primary and secondary prevention, aimed at improving oral homeostasis indicators, planned remediation, which will make it possible to reduce the prevalence and intensity of caries in children, which will be the subject of our further research. Keywords: caries, intact teeth, pH of oral fluid, microcrystallization of oral fluid.

Characteristics for the third molar extraction with orthodontic indications in the aspect of age

The research analyzes the effectiveness of third molar extraction with orthodontic indications in children of different ages. The study was conducted on 95 patients divided into three groups: the I group included 30 children aged 11–13 years; to II – 35 children aged 13–16 years, and III – 30 children aged 16–18 years. Clinical examinations were carried out according to generally accepted methods immediately after tooth extraction, 3 and 6 days later. The paraclinical parameters for the study were the level of lysozyme activity in the oral fluid of observation groups’ children, which was determined according to Horin H. method modified by Levitskyi A. and Zhigina O., as well as the concentration of secretory IgA, which was determined due to simple radial immunodiffusion method. Statistical processing of data was carried out using generally accepted methods of variational statistics. The results of the study show that the age of 11–13 years old is the most reasonable period for third molars extraction with orthodontic indications, which is justified by a shorter duration of postoperative period, fewer complications and a better protective capacity of children's oral fluid in this age period. In particular, in the dynamics of observation of children of the I group in the postoperative period, significantly fewer signs of the inflammatory process were noted, which can be explained by the less traumatic surgical manipulations. On the other hand, in children of II and III groups, the above-mentioned clinical symptoms had a higher degree of manifestation, were diagnosed in a larger number of children and indicated the development of the postoperative inflammatory process. The level of lysozyme activity in the oral fluid of children in the observation groups ranged from (40.87±2.01) units/l to (26.13±1.76) units/l, and secretory immunoglobulin A from (0.35±0.02) g/l up to (0.32±0.02) g/l, which generally indicates a deterioration of local protective reactions with increasing age of children. Keywords: сhildren, hermectomy, postoperative period, lysozyme, immunoglobulins.

Impact of a Treatment Guide on Intravenous Fluids in Minimising the Risk of Hospital-Acquired Hyponatraemia in Denmark.

Hypotonic intravenous (IV) fluids are associated with an increased risk of hospital-acquired hyponatraemia, eventually leading to brain injury and death. We evaluated the effectiveness of a treatment guide to improve prescribing practices of IV fluids. We conducted a before-and-after cross-sectional survey among physicians working at Danish emergency departments. The primary outcome was prescribing practices of IV fluids. Participants were asked which IV fluid they would select in four clinical scenarios. We applied multivariate logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratio of selecting hypotonic fluids. Secondary outcomes included knowledge about IV fluids and hyponatraemia, and the receipt, reading, and usefulness of the treatment guide. After the intervention, about a third (47/154) reported that they would use hypotonic fluids in patients with increased intracranial pressure, and a quarter (39/154) would use hypotonic maintenance fluids in children, both of which are against guideline recommendations. A total of 46% selected the correct fluid, a 3% hypertonic saline solution for a patient with hyponatraemia and severe neurological symptoms. None of the knowledge questions met the predefined criteria of success of 80% correct answers. Of the respondents, 22% had received the treatment guide. Since the implementation failed, we recommend improving distribution by applying methods from implementation science.

Physico-chemical properties of the oral fluid and their importance in ensuring dental health

Background. The incidence of dental caries is high regardless of age and region. In this regard, there is a need to study the risk factors for the development of caries, in particular, the physicochemical properties of oral fluid as one of them. Aim of the research was to study the physico-chemical properties of oral fluid in children with caries of different levels of intensity and in caries free children. Materials &amp; Methods. An examination of 6-year-old children living in Bukovina was conducted. The following observation groups were selected: Group I – 69 children suffering from caries, and Group II – 26 caries free children. The rate of saliva secretion, physicochemical properties of oral fluid were studied: pH, viscosity, buffer capacity. The probability of the results was statistically assessed. Results. In children with different levels of caries intensity, the level of salivation differed: for children with a high level of intensity was characterized by a low level of salivation, and for children with a low level – a high level of salivation. The viscosity of saliva was increased in children with caries of varying intensity. The buffer capacity of saliva was low in children with low levels of caries and very low in children with high levels of caries. PH in children with medium and high intensity was below normal. The analysis of the results of the Test of enamel resistance depending on caries activity showed that in children with a low level of intensity of caries, the enamel was conditionally resistant, and under the conditions of medium and high levels of intensity – the average structural and functional resistance of the enamel and the average acid resistance of the teeth. Conclusions. Thus, in children suffering from caries with different levels of intensity, there are changes in the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the oral fluid, which lead to disorders of the homeostasis of the oral cavity and deepening of the pathological process in the hard tissues of the teeth. Keywords: caries, children, buffer capacity, level of salivation, pH.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN BOTOL MINUM DENGAN STIKER BERKARAKTER PADA ANAK USIA PRASEKOLAH UNTUK PEMENUHAN KEBUTUHAN CAIRAN PADA ANAK

Children are very susceptible to large fluid losses, this is because children are susceptible to diseases, such as fever and diarrhea. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of giving drinking bottles with character stickers to preschool-aged children to meet the needs of fluids in children. Research design with quasi-experimental. This research was conducted with a sample of 30 people, 15 people in the intervention group and 15 people in the control group. The intervention group was given drinking bottles with character stickers while the control group was not given. The measurement tool is the amount of fluid intake every 24 hours in milliliters (ml). Data analysis using unpaired T test, obtained the amount of fluid intake after being given a drinking bottle with a post-test character sticker in the experimental group was 1290 ml, while the fluid intake in the control group was 896.67 ml. The results of the statistical test obtained a p value of 0.000. It can be concluded that there is a significant effect on the amount of fluid intake after being given a drink bottle with a sticker with a character between the experimental and control groups.

Preoperative ultrasound evaluation of gastric contents in children one hour after ingestion of clear liquid: An observational study.

Gastric ultrasound is an effective, non-invasive method to assess the nature and volume of gastric content in the pediatric population. Recently, the UK, European, and French Pediatric Anesthesia Societies recommend fast for clear fluids in children for 1 h. However, studies showing that 1 h of fasting is safe in the pediatric population are still scarce. This study aims to verify by ultrasound evaluation if 1 h of fasting for clear liquids is sufficient to have an empty stomach before anesthetic induction. Patients between 11 months and 16 years of age scheduled for elective outpatient surgery were included. A qualitative and quantitative ultrasound evaluation was performed by calculating the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the gastric antrum, 1 h after ingesting a volume of 3 mL/kg of a non-carbonated sports drink, before anesthetic induction. Fifty patients were included. The average CSA measured by ultrasound was 2.85 ± 1.64 cm2 with an average calculated total volume of 12.9 ± 11.06 mL. All patients had an empty stomach criterion (calculated volume ≤1.5 mL/kg) during the ultrasound evaluation, with an average of 0.40 ± 0.23 mL/kg. With the qualitative assessment of gastric volume, 19 patients (38%) were classified as grade 0, 31 patients (62%) as grade 1, and none as grade 2. One hour of fasting after ingestion of 3 mL/kg of a non-carbonated sports drink is sufficient to meet ultrasound criteria for an empty stomach in a pediatric population undergoing elective outpatient surgery.

The Relative Strengths of Relationships Between Fine Motor Skills, Working Memory, Processing Speed and Fluid Intelligence in Early Elementary School Children.

The goal in the present paper was to examine the combined and relative impact of fine motor ability, auditory working memory, and processing speed on fluid intelligence in a sample of early elementary school students. Our participant sample was 145 children (Mage = 9.1years, SD = 1.1; 80 boys, 65 girls). We used the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices Test as a measure of fluid intelligence and five other measures to represent the three predictor variables: the Grooved Pegboard Test as a measure of fine motor skills, Digit Span Forwards and Digit Span Backwards tests as measures of working memory, and Rapid Automatized Naming and Letter-Digit Substitution tasks as measures of processing speed. Regression analyses indicated that only two of these measures had a statistically significant association with the fluid intelligence test scores, namely, scores on the Grooved Pegboard (fine motor skills) and Digit Span Backwards (working memory) tests, with these two measures explaining 35% of the variance in the fluid intelligence test scores. Thus, fine motor skills and working memory were correlated with fluid intelligence in early elementary-grade students. Until the directions of these relationships are better understood, we might assume that interventions aiming to increase young children's fluid intelligence, or at least their intelligence scores, might partly target working memory and fine motor skills.