Fluid Interleukin-6 Research Articles

Increase of serum corticol levels in response to stress, interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and adhesion degrees after laparotomy and laparoscopy (experimental research in rabbit which performed ileum abrasion)

Background : Peritoneal adhesion occurs in more than 50 - 97% of cases of transperitoneal surgery whisch is still an issue of high morbidity and mortality. Minimally invasive surgery has a significantly lower incidence of postoperative peritoneal adhesions. Peritoneal adhesions involve many mediators such as IL-8, TNF-±, IL-1², IL-6, TGF-². Laparoscopy minimize tissue trauma so that the levels of ACTH, cortisol, prolactin, noradrenaline and adrenaline are lower. This study seeks to prove the correlation between the type of abdominal surgery with peritoneal adhesion levels mediated by the increase in cortisol levels and the increase in IL-6 levels. Methods : A laboratory experimental research using twelve male New Zealand rabbits which divided into two groups was done. The treatments were laparotomy and laparoscopy where the terminal ileum abrasion was done. Blood cortisol levels were taken before treatment and 6 hours after treatment. Levels of IL-6 levels were tht aken from the peritoneal fluid samples on 7 day after treatment. Examination using ELISA method. Assessment of the adhesion degree was done based on macroscopic criteria. Results : The level of serum cortisol, peritoneal fluid IL-6 and intra peritoneal adhesion degrees in the laparotomy group is significantly higher than the laparoscopy group (p=0.021, p<0.001, p=0.002). There were strongly positive and significant correlation between the levels of cortisol and IL-6 (p=0.001 and r=0.827). There were strongly positive and significant correlation between the levels of IL-6 and the degrees of adhesion (p<0.001 and r=0.878). Conclusion : The level of serum cortisol, peritoneal fluid IL-6 and intra peritoneal adhesion are higher in laparatomy compared with laparoscopy.

In Premature Newborns Intraventricular Hemorrhage Causes Cerebral Vasospasm and Associated Neurodisability via Heme-Induced Inflammasome-Mediated Interleukin-1 Production and Nitric Oxide Depletion.

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) occurs in 60-70% of neonates weighing 500-750 g and 10-20% of those weighing 1,000-1,500 g. All forms of IVH have been associated with neurocognitive deficits. Both subarachnoid and IVHs have been associated with delayed vasospasm leading to neurological deficits. Pathways linking hemoglobin release from blood clots to vasospasm include heme-induced activation of inflammasomes releasing interleukin-1 (IL-1) that can cause calcium dependent and independent vasospasm. Free hemoglobin is a potent scavenger of nitric oxide (NO). Depletion of NO, a potent endogenous vasodilator, has been associated with features of vasospasm. In premature newborns, IVH causes cerebral vasospasm and associated neurodisability via heme-induced increased inflammasome-mediated IL-1 production and NO depletion. This hypothesis could be confirmed in the IVH animal model with visualization of any associated vasospasm by angiography and in newborns with IVH by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and correlation with cerebrospinal fluid IL-1 and NO metabolite levels. Confirmation of the role of heme in activation of inflammasomes causing IL-1 production and NO binding could be achieved by measuring the effect of heme scavenging interventions on IL-1 levels and levels of NO metabolites. In addition to removal of the accumulated blood of an IVH by drainage, irrigation, and fibrinolytic therapy intrathecal application of vasodilators and heme scavenging agents like haptoglobin and haemopexin and systemic treatment with inhibitors of inflammasomes like telmisartan could be used to prevent and treat cerebral vasospasm, and thus reduce the risk of associated brain injury in premature neonates.

Maternal serum C-reactive protein concentration and intra-amniotic inflammation in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes.

ObjectiveTo evaluate maternal serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in pregnancies complicated by preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) in relation to the presence of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) and/or intra-amniotic inflammation (IAI).MethodsTwo hundred and eighty-seven women with singleton pregnancies complicated by PPROM between 2014 and 2016 were included in this study. Maternal blood and amniotic fluid samples were collected at the time of admission. Maternal serum CRP concentration was measured using a high-sensitivity immunoturbidimetric assay. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration was measured using a point-of-care test. MIAC was diagnosed based on a positive polymerase chain reaction result for Ureaplasma species, Mycoplasma hominis, and/or Chlamydia trachomatis and for the 16S rRNA gene. IAI was characterized by an amniotic fluid IL-6 concentration of ≥ 745 pg/mL.ResultWomen with MIAC and IAI had higher maternal serum CRP concentrations than did women without (with MIAC: median 6.9 mg/L vs. without MIAC: median 4.9 mg/L; p = 0.02; with IAI: median 8.6 mg/L vs. without IAI: median 4.7 mg/L; p < 0.0001). When women were split into four subgroups based on the presence of MIAC and/or IAI, women with the presence of both MIAC and IAI had higher maternal serum CRP than did women with IAI alone, with MIAC alone, and women without MIAC and IAI (both MIAC and IAI: median: 13.1 mg/L; IAI alone: 6.0 mg/L; MIAC alone: 3.9 mg/L; and without MIAC and IAI: median 4.8 mg/L; p < 0.0001). The maternal serum CRP cutoff value of 17.5 mg/L was the best level to identify the presence of both MIAC and IAI, with sensitivity of 47%, specificity of 96%, positive predictive value of 42%, negative predictive value of 96%, and the positive likelihood ratio of 10.9.ConclusionThe presence of both MIAC and IAI was associated with the highest maternal serum CRP concentrations. Maternal serum CRP concentration in women with PPROM at the time of admission can rule out the presence of the combined condition of both MIAC and IAI, therefore, it may serve as a non-invasive screening tool to distinguish between women with PPROM who are at high or at low risk for the presence of both MIAC and IAI.

Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes between 34 and 37 Weeks: A Point-of-Care Test of Vaginal Fluid Interleukin-6 Concentrations for a Noninvasive Detection of Intra-Amniotic Inflammation

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether a previously reported vaginal fluid point-of-care interleukin (IL)-6 cut-off value of 2,500 pg/mL can be used for the identification intra-amniotic inflammation in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) between 34 and 37 weeks. Material and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in women with singleton gestation complicated by PPROM between 34 + 0 and 36 + 6 weeks. Vaginal fluid was successfully obtained in 118 women from the posterior vaginal fornix via aspiration using a sterile urine sample tube with a suction tip. Amniotic fluid was obtained via transabdominal amniocentesis. IL-6 concentrations were assessed in both fluids immediately after sampling. Intra-amniotic inflammation was defined as an amniotic fluid point-of-care IL-6 concentration of ≥745 pg/mL. Results: The tested vaginal fluid IL-6 cut-off value had a sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 91%, positive predictive value of 50%, negative predictive value of 99%, positive likelihood ratio of 9.7, and negative likelihood ratio of 0.1 for the identification of intra-amniotic inflammation. Conclusion: The point-of-care vaginal fluid IL-6 test with a cut-off value of 2,500 pg/mL shows good sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value for the identification of intra-amniotic inflammation in PPROM between 34 and 37 weeks.

Periodontal disease and intra-amniotic complications in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes

Objective: Periodontal disease is frequently suggested as a possible causal factor for preterm delivery. The link between periodontal disease and preterm delivery is a possible translocation of periopathogenic bacteria to the placenta and amniotic fluid as well as a systemic response to this chronic inflammatory disease. However, there is a lack of information on whether there is an association between clinical periodontal status in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) and the presence of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) and intra-amniotic inflammation (IAI). Therefore, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and severity of periodontal disease in women with PPROM. The secondary aim was to characterize an association between periodontal status and the presence of intra-amniotic PPROM complications (MIAC and/or IAI).Materials and methods: Seventy-eight women with PPROM at gestational ages between 24 + 0 and 36 + 6 weeks were included in this study. The samples of amniotic fluid were obtained at admission via transabdominal amniocentesis, and amniotic fluid interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations were determined using a point-of-care test. All women had a full-mouth recording to determine the periodontal and oral hygiene status. Probing pocket depth and clinical attachment loss were measured at four sites on each fully erupted tooth.Results: In total, 45% (35/78) of women with PPROM had periodontal disease. Mild, moderate, and severe periodontal disease was present in 19% (15/78), 19% (15/78), and 6% (5/78) of women, respectively. The presence of MIAC and IAI was found in 28% (22/78) and 26% (20/78) of women, respectively. Periopathogenic bacteria (2 × Streptococcus intermedius and 1 × Fusobacterium nucleatum) was found in the amniotic fluid of 4% (3/78) of women. There were no differences in periodontal status between women with MIAC and/or IAI and women without these intra-amniotic complications.Conclusions: The presence of MIAC and IAI was not related to the periodontal status of women with PPROM.

Timing of valproic acid in acute lung injury: prevention is the best therapy?

BackgroundAcute lung injury and respiratory distress syndrome is characterized by uncontrolled inflammation of the lungs after a severe inflammatory stimulus. We have previously demonstrated an ameliorated syndrome and improved survival in mice with early administration of valproic acid (VPA), a broad-spectrum histone deacetylase inhibitor, while studies in humans have shown no benefit when anti-inflammatories are administered late. The current study tested the hypothesis that early treatment would improve outcomes in our gram-negative pneumonia-induced acute lung injury. Materials and methodsMice (C57BL/6) had 50 × 106 Escherichia coli (strain 19,138) instilled endotracheally and VPA (250 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally 3, 4, 6, and 9 h (n = 12/group) later. Six hours after VPA administration, the animals were sacrificed, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor, neutrophils and macrophages as well as the E coli colony-forming units were quantified. Plasma IL-6 was also measured. A separate group of mice (n = 12/group) were followed prospectively for 7 days to assess survival. ResultsBAL IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor as well as plasma IL-6 were significantly lower in the animals administered VPA within 3 h (P < 0.05) but not when administered later (4, 6, 9 h). There was no difference in the BAL E coli colony-forming units, macrophage, or neutrophil numbers at any time point. Survival improved only when VPA was administered within 3 h. ConclusionsA narrow therapeutic window exists in this murine model of gram-negative pneumonia-induced acute lung injury and likely explains the lack of response in studies with late administration of anti-inflammatory therapies in clinical studies.

Circulating and peritoneal fluid interleukin-6 levels and gene expression in pelvic endometriosis.

Current data are inconsistent regarding the association between interleukin-6 (IL-6), a marker of acute phase inflammation, and pelvic endometriosis. The aim of the present study was to assess IL-6 levels in serum and peritoneal fluid (PF), as well as IL-6 gene expression in adipose tissue (AT) and endometrial samples in pelvic endometriosis. A total of 30 patients with endometriosis and 18 women with a normal pelvis were enrolled in this case-control study. IL-6 levels in PF and serum were determined using a human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and IL-6 gene expression was evaluated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. It was observed that IL-6 levels in the PF were higher in patients with endometriosis than in the control group (P=0.047) and patients with stage III/IV endometriosis exhibited higher IL-6 levels in the PF than those with stage I/II endometriosis and the control group (P<0.001). Furthermore, a strong correlation between PF IL-6 levels and the revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine score for endometriosis severity was identified (r=0.77; P<0.001). IL-6 gene expression did not differ significantly between endometriosis and control groups in endometrial samples or in AT of both groups. The results of the current study suggest that there may be an association between IL-6 and the presence and severity of pelvic endometriosis. The source of this higher IL-6 seems not to be specifically related to regional AT.

Levels of multiple proteins in gingival crevicular fluid and intra-amniotic complications in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes

Objective: The primary aim of this study was to identify the association between the local inflammatory response in gingival crevicular fluid measured by the levels of multiple proteins and maternal and intra-amniotic inflammatory responses measured by maternal serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and amniotic fluid interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations, respectively, in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM).Methods: A prospective study was performed in which 78 women with singleton pregnancies complicated by PPROM between 24 + 0 and 36 + 6 weeks of gestation were included. Transabdominal amniocenteses were performed at the time of admission. A bedside assessment of amniotic fluid IL-6 was performed. Maternal serum CRP concentration was also measured at the time of admission. Gingival crevicular fluid was collected from the pocket of the selected tooth (the tooth with the deepest pocket) using standard sterile paper strips within 72 h after admission. Twenty-six proteins in the gingival crevicular fluid were assessed by multiplex the Meso-Scale technology.Results: No correlations between the levels of proteins in the gingival crevicular fluid and maternal serum CRP and amniotic fluid IL-6 concentrations were found, except for a weak positive correlation between granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and CRP.Conclusions: The local inflammatory response in the gingival crevicular fluid is not related to the maternal and intra-amniotic inflammatory responses in women with PPROM.

Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-10:IL-6 ratio as biomarkers for small B-cell lymphoproliferations with leptomeningeal dissemination

We here report for the first time that low levels of interleukin (IL)-10 do not exclude lymphomatous meningitis (LM) in B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (CLPD). Unexpectedly, IL-10 levels and IL-10:IL-6 ratio in CLPD differed from the levels observed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We report the usefulness of adding the IL-10:IL-6 ratio in order to potentially reveal more aggressive lymphomas: either a transformation or an association with another “hidden” lymphoma such as primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL).

Effect of 1.2% of simvastatin gel as a local drug delivery system on Gingival Crevicular Fluid interleukin-6 & interleukin-8 levels in non surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis patients

AimThe present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of 1.2% simvastatin gel as local drug delivery (LDD) system on Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) Interleukin -6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels in chronic periodontitis patients, in addition to scaling and root planing (SRP). MethodsA total of 46 chronic periodontitis patients were equally divided into two groups. Group I patients were treated by SRP; Group II patients were treated by SRP followed by LDD of 1.2% simvastatin (SMV) gel. Plaque index (PI), Gingival index(GI), Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI), Probing pocket depth (PPD) and Relative clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded & GCF samples were collected at baseline (0day) and at 45th day from both the groups. The collected GCF samples were analysed for IL-6 and IL-8 levels with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ResultsBoth the groups showed significant reduction in all the clinical parameters scores and IL-6 and IL-8 levels after non-surgical periodontal therapy (SRP for group I/SRP+1.2% SMV gel for group II) in contrast to baseline values. However, a greater reduction was observed in group II. A non-significant positive correlation was observed between clinical parameters and IL-6 and IL-8 levels except at baseline, a significant correlation was observed between PPD &IL 6 levels in group II. ConclusionsIn adjunct to SRP, 1.2% Simvastatin gel acts as an effective local drug delivery agent for the management of chronic periodontitis.

Serum and Synovial Fluid Interleukin-6 for the Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infection

A gold standard for diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) has not yet been established. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of serum and synovial fluid interleukin (IL)-6 levels for PJI. The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for studies describing PJI diagnosis using serum and synovial fluid IL-6 and published between January 1990 and October 2016. Seventeen studies were included in the analysis. The pooled sensitivities of serum and synovial fluid IL-6 were 0.72 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.63–0.80) and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.82–0.96), respectively. The pooled specificities of serum and synovial fluid IL-6 were 0.89 (95% CI: 0.77–0.95) and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.84–0.95), respectively. The pooled diagnostic odds ratios (DORs) of serum and synovial fluid IL-6 were 20 (95% CI: 7–58) and 101 (95% CI: 28–358), respectively, and the pooled areas under the curve (AUCs) were 0.83 (95% CI: 0.79–0.86) and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.94–0.98), respectively. Synovial fluid IL-6 had high diagnostic value for PJI. Although serum IL-6 test was less sensitive than synovial fluid IL-6 test, it may be regularly prescribed for patients with prosthetic failure owing to its high specificity.

High synovial fluid interleukin-6 levels are associated with increased matrix metalloproteinase levels and severe radiographic changes in osteoarthritis patients

High synovial fluid interleukin-6 levels are associated with increased matrix metalloproteinase levels and severe radiographic changes in osteoarthritis patients

Biomarker of extracellular matrix remodelling C1M and proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 are related to synovitis and pain in end-stage knee osteoarthritis patients.

Little is known about local and systemic biomarkers in relation to synovitis and pain in end-stage osteoarthritis (OA) patients. We investigated the associations between the novel extracellular matrix biomarker, C1M, and local and systemic interleukin 6 (IL-6) with synovitis and pain. Serum C1M, plasma, and synovial fluid IL-6 (p-IL-6, sf-IL-6) were measured in 104 end-stage knee OA patients. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was used to semiquantitatively assess an 11-point synovitis score; pain was assessed by the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and the Neuropathic Pain Questionnaire (NPQ). Linear regression was used to investigate associations between biomarkers and synovitis, and biomarkers and pain while controlling for age, sex, and body mass index. We also tested whether associations between biomarkers and pain were confounded by synovitis. We found sf-IL-6 was associated with synovitis in the parapatellar subregion (B = 0.006; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.003-0.010), and no association between p-IL-6 and synovitis. We also observed an association between C1M and synovitis in the periligamentous subregion (B = 0.013; 95% CI 0.003-0.023). Furthermore, sf-IL-6, but not p-IL-6, was significantly associated with pain, WOMAC (B = 0.022; 95% CI 0.004-0.040), and NPQ (B = 0.043; 95% CI 0.005-0.082). There was no association between C1M and WOMAC pain, but we did find an association between C1M and NPQ (B = 0.229; 95% CI 0.036-0.422). Lastly, synovitis explained both biomarker-NPQ associations, but not the biomarker-WOMAC association. These results suggest that C1M and IL-6 are associated with synovitis and pain, and synovitis is an important confounding variable when studying biomarkers and neuropathic features in OA patients.

Cervical fluid interleukin 6 and intra-amniotic complications of preterm prelabor rupture of membranes

Objective: To determine if cervical fluid interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) allows identification of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) and/or intra-amniotic inflammation (IAI).Methods: One hundred forty-four women with singleton pregnancies complicated by PPROM were included in this prospective cohort study. Cervical and amniotic fluids were collected at the time of admission and concentrations of IL-6 were measured using an ELISA and point-of-care test, respectively. Cervical fluid was obtained using a Dacron polyester swab and amniotic fluid was obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis. MIAC was diagnosed based on a positive PCR result for Ureaplasma species, M. hominis, and/or C. trachomatis and/or by positivity for the 16 S rRNA gene. IAI was defined as amniotic fluid point-of-care IL-6 concentrations ≥745 pg/mL. The women were assigned to four subgroups based on the presence of MIAC and/or IAI: microbial-associated IAI (both MIAC and IAI), sterile IAI (IAI alone), MIAC alone, and without either MIAC or IAI.Results: (1) Women with microbial-associated IAI had higher cervical fluid IL-6 concentrations (median 560 pg/mL) than did women with sterile IAI (median 303 pg/mL; p = .001), women with MIAC alone (median 135 pg/mL; p = .0004), and women without MIAC and IAI (median 180 pg/mL; p = .0001). (2) No differences were found in cervical fluid IL-6 concentrations among women with sterile IAI, with MIAC alone, and without MIAC and IAI. (3) A positive correlation was observed between cervical fluid IL-6 concentrations and the amount of Ureaplasma species in amniotic fluid (copies DNA/mL; rho = 0.57, p < .0001). (4) A weak positive correlation was detected between cervical and amniotic fluid IL-6 concentrations (rho = 0.33, p < .0001).Conclusions: The presence of microbial-associated IAI is associated with the highest cervical fluid IL-6 concentrations. Cervical IL-6 can be helpful in the identification of microbial-associated IAI.

Interleukin-6 analysis of 572 consecutive CSF samples from neurological disorders: A special focus on neuromyelitis optica

BackgroundElevation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) interleukin (IL)-6 has been reported in various neurological disorders but has never been systematically analyzed. Our main objectives are to compare the CSF IL-6 levels among various neurological disorders and to evaluate the significance of CSF IL-6 measurements for the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO). MethodsWe retrospectively investigated the IL-6 levels of 572 consecutive CSF samples in patients with various neurological disorders. Additionally, the associations between clinical manifestations in NMO patients and CSF IL-6 levels were closely investigated. ResultsAmong the neurological disorders, patients with NMO had the highest CSF IL-6 level. Receiver operating characteristic analysis found the optimal cutoff CSF IL-6 value for diagnosing NMO as 7.8pg/ml, and the sensitivity and specificity were 0.7317 and 0.7694, respectively. In NMO, CSF IL-6 levels were correlated with the length of the spinal cord lesion and anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-positivity and decreased after treatment. ConclusionCSF IL-6 can be high in various inflammatory and non-inflammatory CNS disorders, but its upregulation appears to be the most remarkable in NMO.

Efficacy of scaling and root planning with and without adjunct Nd:YAG laser therapy on clinical periodontal parameters and gingival crevicular fluid interleukin 1-beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels among patients with periodontal disease: A prospective randomized split-mouth clinical study

Background and aimLimited evidence exists regarding the role of scaling and root planning (SRP) with adjunct neodymium yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser therapy in reducing periodontal parameters (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP] and probing pocket depth [PPD]) and levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) among patients with periodontal disease (PD). The aim was to assess the effect of SRP with and without adjunct Nd:YAG laser therapy on clinical periodontal parameters and GCF interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels among patients with PD. MethodsDemographic data was collected using a questionnaire. Mandibular right and left quadrants were randomly divided into test- (SRP+Nd:YAG laser) and control-sites (SRP alone). PI, BOP and PPD were assessed and GCF IL-1β and TNF-α levels were measured at baseline and at 3- and 6-month follow-up. Level of significance was set at P<0.05. ResultsTwenty-eight male patients with PD were included. At 3- and 6-month follow-up, PI (P<0.01), BOP (P<0.01) and PPD (P<0.01) were significantly higher in the control-sites than test-sites. In the test-sites, PI, BOP and PPD and GCF IL-1β and TNF-α levels were comparable at 3- and 6-month follow-up. At 6-month follow-up, IL-1β (P<0.05) and TNF-α (P<0.05) levels were significantly higher in control-sites than test-sites at 3- and 6-month follow-up. ConclusionAt 3- and 6-month follow-up, SRP+Nd:YAG therapy was more effective in reducing periodontal inflammatory parameters and GCF IL-1β and TNF-α levels compared with SRP alone.

Impact of microbial invasion of amniotic cavity and the type of microorganisms on short-term neonatal outcome in women with preterm labor and intact membranes.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and the type of microorganisms on pregnancy and short-term neonatal outcomes in women with preterm labor. Prospective observational cohort study including women with preterm labor from 22.0 to 36.0 weeks. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity was defined based on amniotic fluid aerobic/anaerobic/mycoplasma cultures, and intra-amniotic inflammation on amniotic fluid interleukin-6 levels. Demographic data and pregnancy outcomes were compared among women exposed to microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity by Ureaplasma spp., women with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity by other microorganisms, and a No-microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity/No-intra-amniotic inflammation group. The short-term neonatal outcome was evaluated in women delivering after 24.0 weeks. We included 228 women with preterm labor. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity occurred in 35% (80/228), 28% (22/80) being caused by Ureaplasma spp. Gestational age at admission and at delivery were significantly earlier and the rate of delivery at <24.0 weeks' gestation and of women who further developed clinical chorioamnionitis were significantly higher in women with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity by microorganisms other than Ureaplasma spp. However, after 24 weeks, regardless of the microorganisms isolated, the short-term neonatal outcome was similar between women exposed to microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and the No-microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity/No-intra-amniotic inflammation group when gestational age was considered. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity by microorganisms other than Ureaplasma spp. was associated with earlier gestational age at admission and at delivery, and a higher rate of preterm delivery <24.0 weeks and of women who developed clinical chorioamnionitis. However, we did not find differences in the short-term neonatal outcome between women exposed to microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and the no-microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity/no-intra-amniotic inflammation group delivering after 24.0 weeks' gestation when adjusted by gestational age at delivery.

Periodontology status and features local cytokine immunity in pregnant women with chronic generalized parodontitis in dynamics of gestational period

The aim of this work is to assess the condition ofperiodontal tissues and hygiene ofthe oral cavity, as well as local cytokine profile in women with chronic generalized periodontitis (present study included) easy and moderate severity in the dynamics of pregnancy. Material and methods. In the clinical group of 31 pregnant women from the present study included consistently for all three trimestrul pregnancy ELISA determined the concentration in oral fluid interleukins IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor TNF-a, and then determine a causal relationship between cytokine level and course of dental diseases. Results. In the clinical group in the dynamics of the gestational period, the increase in concentrations of IL-1, IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-a with a large gradient compared to the control group. In pregnant women with present study included moderate compared to the present study included patients with mild severity the content of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-a in saliva significantly increased, respectively, 39m2; 27,2 and 55,5% (p 0,05), and the concentration of anti-inflammatory mediator IL-4 was decreased on average by 34,4% (p 0,05). Conclusions. Increased levels ofproinflammatory mediators IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-a in oralfluid ofpregnant women with present study included light and medium severity activates inflammatory and destructive processes that destroy the periodontium and thereby contributes to the progression of dental disease.

High Mobility Group Box 1 in Children with Acute Encephalopathy and Other Convulsive Diseases

HMGB1 is known as a representative of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which play an important role in triggering inflammatory responses. In order to know the role of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in children with acute encephalopathy and other neurological disorders we analyzed HMGB1 and other cytokines in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Comparing HMGB1 in Kawasaki disease as a control, serum levels in influenza-associated encephalopathy and West syndrome were significantly lower. However, two cases of influenza-associated encephalopathy having sequelae showed extremely high levels. The levels of HMGB1 in acute encephalopathy and purulent and aseptic meningitis in cerebrospinal fluid were low; however, they were significantly higher than those in West syndrome. Serum HMGB1 levels were correlated with those of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in cerebrospinal fluid. HMGB1 is suspected to have a pivotal role in pathophysiology of acute encephalopathy and other neurological disorders.

Effect of Periodontal Therapy on Crevicular Fluid Interleukin-18 Level in Periodontal Health and Disease in Central Maharashtra (India) Population.

The incidence and progression of the periodontal disease depend on periodontal microflora and the multifaceted response of the host, and these interactions are mediated by cytokines and chemokines. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a proinflammatory cytokine of the IL-1 superfamily. The aim of the present study was the assessment of the periodontal therapy in IL-18 level in periodontal disease and health. Based on clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI) patients were divided into three groups: Group I with healthy patients, group II with chronic periodontitis, and group III with posttreatment patients having periodontitis. Mean PI, PPD, CAL, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume were significantly higher in groups II and III compared with group I. However, there were no significant differences between GI in groups I, II, and III. The total amount of IL-18 in GCF was significantly higher in group II when compared with groups I and III (p < 0.05). The present study confirmed that the IL-18 level in GCF was lower in healthy patients, higher in periodontally involved patients, and reduced at baseline, 3 and 6 weeks after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. The IL-18 might be hypothetically beneficial in distinguishing health from disease and monitoring periodontal disease activity.