Fluid Inlet Velocity Research Articles

Direct MultiSearch optimization of TPMS scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

BackgroundScaffolds designed for tissue engineering must consider multiple parameters, namely the permeability of the design and the wall shear stress experienced by the cells on the scaffold surface. However, these parameters are not independent from each other, with changes that improve wall shear stress, negatively impacting permeability and vice versa. This study introduces a novel multi-objective optimization framework using Direct MultiSearch (DMS) to design triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. MethodThe optimization algorithm focused on maximizing the permeability of the scaffolds and obtaining a desired value of average wall shear stress (which ranges between the values that promote osteogenic differentiation of 0.1 mPa and 10 mPa). Multiple fluid inlet velocities and target wall shear stress were analyzed. The DMS method successfully generated Pareto fronts for each configuration, enabling the selection of optimized scaffolds based on specific structural requirements. ResultsThe findings reveal that increasing the target wall shear stress results in a greater number of non-dominated points on the Pareto front, highlighting a more robust optimization process. Additionally, it was also demonstrated that the tested Schwartz diamond scaffolds had a better permeability-wall shear stress relation when compared to Schoen gyroid geometries. ConclusionsDirect MultiSearch was proven as an effective tool to aid in the design of tissue engineering scaffolds. This adaptable optimization framework has potential applications beyond bone tissue engineering, including cartilage tissue differentiation.

Numerical Simulation of Fixed-Free End Beam’s Modal Behaviour using Two-Way Coupled Fluid-Structure Interaction Approach

The fluid flow velocity stands as a pivotal parameter with a great influence on the mutual interaction between the fluid domain and structure. This paper focuses on structural deformation, structural velocity, von-Mises stress and frequency response of a fixed-free end beam using two-way coupled fluid-structure interaction within ANSYS Workbench. The parameters such as deformed fluid pressure and velocity were analysed across three diverse flow regimes: laminar, transitional and turbulent – each aligned with distinct fluid velocities. The outcomes show that the total deformation, velocity and von-Mises stress distribution of the fixed-free end beam increase as the inlet fluid velocity increases. As a result, the pressure and velocity distribution in the fluid flow which receiving the resultant or leftover structure deflection also increases as the incoming fluid velocity increases. Furthermore, the analysis probes the frequency response in turbulent flow conditions reveals higher values compared to laminar and transitional flows, albeit within the same natural frequency domain. This observation marks significant vibrational characteristics found in the presence of turbulent flow dynamics.

Simulation of thermoelectric-photovoltaic system integrated with various shapes of cooling ducts filled with nanomaterial

Incorporating thermoelectric (TE) modules into photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) systems can markedly increase energy output by improving the overall efficiency of energy conversion. This research focused on the design and simulation of a PVT system integrated with a TE module, utilizing ANSYS Fluent. The study assessed four different tube cross-sectional shapes—circular, square, elliptical, and triangular—all with the same cross-sectional areas. Moreover, the investigation included the impact of Cu-alumina/H2O hybrid nanofluid at a 0.024 % volume concentration, fluid inlet velocity (ui), and solar radiation (G) on PV temperature (TPV) and the overall productivity. The outputs showed that the triangular configuration considerably reduced TPV compared to the other shapes. This configuration also generated the highest thermal power, reaching 130.84 W. Additionally, at ui = 0.19 m/s, the unit's thermal efficiency and overall electrical efficiency increased by 0.93 % and 0.22 %, respectively.

Optimizing photovoltaic thermal systems with wavy collector Tube: A response Surface-Based design study with desirability analysis

A comprehensive simulation model and predictive analysis are employed to investigate the performance of a photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system with a wavy collector tube. Response surface methodology and desirability analysis are utilized to develop a robust model that considers five critical design variables: collector wavelength, amplitude, diameter, panel width, and fluid inlet velocity. The complex interactions between these variables and their impact on the system’s energy and exergy outputs are thoroughly examined. Single and multi-objective optimization techniques are strategically applied to maximize the PVT system’s performance under various operating conditions. The results reveal that the wavy tube configuration achieves superior electrical and thermal energy efficiency compared to the conventional straight-tube design. The system’s performance is significantly enhanced by optimizing the collector amplitude, inlet velocity, diameter, wavelength, and panel width. The optimized wavy-tube PVT system demonstrates remarkable overall energy and exergy efficiencies of 85% and 14.67%, respectively, outperforming the baseline straight-tube system’s efficiencies of 72.41% and 12.72%. This research provides valuable insights into the optimal design of PVT systems and contributes to the advancement of PVT technology. The findings highlight the potential for widespread implementation of highly efficient and sustainable PVT systems in the renewable energy sector.

Performance of an additive-manufactured precooler under high-temperature and negative pressure environment

This paper introduces an original plate-fin precooler designed for potential applications in extreme low-pressure environments. Utilizing additive manufacturing technology, the heat transfer plate thickness is constrained to 2.0 mm, with channel widths inside the plate achieving 0.8 mm. Through experimental methods, this study aims to assess the precooler’s performance and identify critical influencing factors. Experimental results indicate that the hot fluid inlet temperature to the precooler exceeds 1100 K, with static pressures dropping below 30 kPa. Despite these conditions, the precooler demonstrates an impressive pressure recovery coefficient exceeding 97 % and achieves a maximum temperature drop of 731.4 K for the hot fluid. Furthermore, it is observed that the overall performance of the precooler diminishes with increasing mass flow rates of the hot fluid, showing fluctuations of up to 25 % when assessed by the j/f1/3 factor. Additionally, while the hot fluid inlet velocity exceeds 90 m/s, laminar flow predominates during the heat transfer process. Moreover, regardless of whether the cooling fluid experiences a phase change within the precooler, its heat transfer performance show priority than that of the hot fluid. Thus, changes in the mass flow rate of the cooling fluid have minimal impact on the overall precooler performance. Finally, the first-stage heat exchanger plays a critical role in the heat transfer process, accounting for over 2/3 of the total temperature and pressure drop for the hot fluid. This research is expected to contribute to the design of high-efficiency, low-resistance precoolers, particularly those applied for operation under negative pressure conditions.

A new reactor with porous baffle for thermochemical heat storage: Design and performance analysis

The Ca(OH)2/CaO reaction system presents broad development prospects for thermochemical heat storage. However, the poor thermal conductivity of heat storage material and the complex internal flow limit the performance of the reactor. To improve the performance of the reactor, this work designs a new improved fixed bed reactor with baffle. The comparison with and without baffle, as well as the effects of operation conditions and structural parameters of the improved reactor on heat storage and release performance, are numerically investigated. The results show that the improved reactor can enhance heat transfer and flow inside the reactor, resulting in performance improvement. After baffle installation, there is a 64% decrease in the pressure drop, a 29.14% reduction in the heat storage time, and a 35.45% reduction in the heat release time. Besides that, the improved reactor can maintain the high temperature for longer at the outlet during heat release. The orthogonal test design analysis reveals that the inlet velocity of direct heat transfer fluid has the greatest impact on heat storage, while the inlet velocity of indirect heat transfer fluid has the smallest impact, and the same applies to heat release. The thermal conductivity and permeability of the porous baffle have minor impacts, but the air distribution chamber has a noticeable influence. This work can guide the optimization design and operation adjustment of the reactor.

A multiscale modeling to determine in vitro mechanical responses of different cells at the cell-substrate interface under fluid perfusion.

Investigating the influence of different cellular mechanical and physical properties on cells in vitro is important for assessing cellular activities like differentiation, proliferation, and migration. Evaluating the mechanical response of the cells lodged on a scaffold due to variations in substrate roughness, substrate elasticity, fluid flow, and the shapes of the cells is the main goal of the study. In this comprehensive analysis, a combination of the fluid structure interaction method and the submodeled finite element technique was employed to anticipate the mechanical responses across various cells at the interface between cells and the substrate. Fluid inlet velocity, substrate roughness, and substrate material were varied in this analysis. Different cell shapes were considered along with various components such as cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and cytoskeletons. This analysis shows the effect of these individual parameters on the elastic strain and strain energy density of cells at the cell-substrate interface. The results highlight that substrate roughness has a more significant impact on the mechanical response of cells at the interface than substrate elasticity. However, effect of the substrate elasticity becomes crucial for extremely soft substrate materials. The results of this research can be applied to identify the optimal parameters for fluid flow and create a suitable condition for cell culture.

Thermo-fluidic and entropy generation analysis of MPCMS in straight, segmental, and rib-groove microchannel heat sinks: A numerical investigation

The efficient management of thermal systems is crucial for various technological applications, necessitating innovative cooling strategies to enhance performance and reduce entropy generation. Microchannels have emerged as a promising solution due to their high heat transfer rates and compact size. This study investigates the thermofluidic characteristics and entropy generation in straight, segmental, and rib-groove microchannels utilizing de-ionized water and microencapsulated phase change slurry (MPCMS) as working fluids. Employing numerical analysis, the investigation integrates a mixture model for the base fluid and micro-encapsulated phase change material (MPCM) using an equivalent heat capacity approach to incorporate the phase transition of the MPCM (composed of paraffin with a Ti shell). Operational parameters include an inlet fluid velocity ranging from 0.575 to 3.45 m/s, heat flux varying between 15 and 30 W/cm2, and MPCM volume fractions of 5% to 20%. The ANSYS Fluent Solver, a finite volume method using a multigrid solver, was used to control the simulation by species transport. Notably, segmental channels exhibit a notable decrease in wall temperature of 29.7% and 26.3% compared to straight and rib-groove channels, respectively, under constant heat flux and flow rate. However, the effectiveness of MPCM in enhancing thermal performance was greater in straight and rib-groove channels, surpassing segmental channels by 2.5% and 3.28%, respectively, under constant heat flux. On analyzing the irreversibility, segmental channels exhibit higher frictional entropy but lower thermal entropy generation due to the fin structure, resulting in an overall reduction in total entropy generation. Moreover, segmental microchannels, when utilizing MPCMS, demonstrate superior performance in reducing irreversibility by 60.66% and 49.6% compared to straight and rib-groove channels, respectively. Total entropy generation increases with higher velocity and heat flux, while it diminishes with higher MPCM concentration across all configurations.

Stability, thermophysical properties, forced convective heat transfer, entropy minimization and exergy performance of a novel hybrid nanofluid: Experimental study

This research explores how incorporating graphene oxide (GO) into red mud (RM) creates a superior nanomaterial for heat transfer applications. RM's inherent stability and thermal conductivity (TC), stemming from its metal oxide composition, are further amplified by this hybrid nano-composite. The study primarily investigates the thermal performance of water-based RM mono nanofluid and hybrid RM + GO (50:50) nanofluids (HNFs) at nanoparticle concentrations of 0.1–0.75 vol%. An experimental setup consisting of a copper tube under turbulent flow conditions with a constant heat flux and a bulk fluid temperature of 60 °C was used to test the performance of HNF. Various techniques are used to characterize the nanoparticles (NPs), and evaluate the thermophysical properties of nanofluids. The experimental data reveal that the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) increases with higher inlet fluid velocity and nanoparticle concentrations. Notably, the HNF demonstrates a significant improvement of 47.2 % in Nusselt number (Nu) and a 13.6 % rise in pressure drop (Δp) compared to base fluid, at 0.75 vol%. The least entropy generation number (EGN) is obtained for the HNF (0.0049) compared to the RM NF (0.00583) at a concentration of 0.75 vol%. The exergy efficiency improves with an increase in concentration and Reynolds number (Re). Additionally, the study identifies the performance index (PI) of NFs and modelled correlations for estimating the Nu and friction factor (f) within the investigated concentration range.

Enhancing cooling performance and economic analysis of a vertical earth air heat exchanger (VEAHE) through geometric shape optimization

AbstractThe cooling and heating sector is responsible for the highest energy consumption in the building sector, comprising approximately 30% of the total. Extensive research has been conducted to address this issue and minimize energy consumption through the implementation of innovative technologies. Among these technologies, the passive earth‐air heat exchanger (EAHE) has proven highly effective in reducing energy usage in the cooling and heating sector. This research focused on optimizing U‐shaped EAHE systems and examined their functional and thermal‐fluidic parameters through numerical analysis. The simulation employed COMSOL Multiphysics software, and the results obtained were in excellent agreement with experimental data. The study investigated a base case, as well as five optimized cases with varying inlet velocities, to evaluate performance. The findings revealed that increasing the working fluid's inlet velocity led to a decrease in the system's thermal efficiency. However, at higher velocities, the economic parameters for energy production showed improvements. Specifically, the system generated a maximum energy output of 9132 W in the fifth case, operating at a velocity of 2 m/s. Additionally, the system achieved an impressive performance coefficient of approximately 5.13 in the same case, with an inlet velocity of 0.46 m/s. Notably, the lowest recorded output temperature of the system was 22°C at the specified inlet velocity.

Thermal performance of phase change material based heat exchanger filled with inorganic salt/expanded graphite

Solid-liquid latent heat storage, featured by the high-density energy storage capacity, is promising in facilitating the high-penetration renewable energy. However, the design of the heat exchanger is challenging due to the conflicting objectives between the heat transfer efficiency and energy storage capacity. To this end, this paper introduces a comprehensive evaluation index, based on which an orthogonal based design optimization method is proposed for heat exchangers filled with inorganic salt/expanded graphite composite phase change material (CPCM). A thermophysical properties based numerical model is built to describe and analyze the solidification and melting of CPCM. The comprehensive evaluation index is utilized to quantify the overall change in heat storage/release performance relative to the mass change of the baseline phase change heat exchanger. The orthogonal experimental method is employed to investigate the impact of various heat exchanger structural factors on the comprehensive performance, followed by optimization design. Simulation results indicated that the longitudinally finned heat exchanger outperforms the other two heat exchangers in terms of the comprehensive evaluation index. Moreover, the inlet fluid temperature exerts a more significant impact on the comprehensive evaluation index compared to the inlet fluid velocity. Additionally, the effects of pipe spacing, fin number, fin height, and tube material on the thermal performance of the longitudinally finned heat exchanger were examined and analyzed. Among these factors, the fin height was identified as the most substantial contribution to the heat transfer performance, while the tube material has a minor effect.

Thermal analysis of a bifacial vacuum-based solar thermal collector

In this study, thermal analysis of a vacuum-based bifacial solar thermal collector is conducted. This solar collector is expected to capture the solar radiation from both front and rear sides. One advantage of this collector is that it can work effectively in restricted positions where it should be installed in different positions such as vertically in narrow areas as road wind barriers. The effect of fluid inlet velocity and collector installation position, optimal tilted or vertical, on the performance of the proposed collector as one factor at a time is computationally evaluated. Further, response surface methodology is applied to evaluate the most significant factors affecting the operation of the collector and evaluating the interaction between different factors on the collector performance. The results showed that the proposed collector design still works effectively even for a vertical position of restricted areas. Further, the maximum absorber temperature is significantly increased by increasing the front radiation, water inlet temperature, and rear radiation ratio. Conversely, increasing the inlet velocity also significantly decreases the maximum absorber temperature. Furthermore, the effect of wind speed is statistically insignificant on the maximum absorber temperature. The heat loss from the proposed solar collector reduced by 78.5 % with increasing the coolant velocity from 5 mm/s to 30 mm/s.

A Novel Leak-Proof Thermal Conduction Slot Battery Thermal Management System Coupled with Phase Change Materials and Liquid-Cooling Strategies

Electric vehicles (EVs) are experiencing explosive developments due to their advantages in energy conservation and environmental protection. As a pivotal component of EVs, the safety performance of lithium-ion batteries directly affects driving miles and even safety; hence, a battery thermal management system (BTMS) is especially important. To improve the thermal safety performance of power battery modules, first, a new leak-proof phase change material (PCM)-coupled liquid-cooled composite BTMS for large-scale battery modules is proposed in this research. Second, the numerical simulation analysis method was utilized to analyze the influences of the fluid flow channel shape, working fluid inlet temperature, inlet velocity, and reverse flow conditions on the BTMS. Eventually, the abovementioned performances were compared with the traditional PCM-coupled liquid-cooling strategy. The relative data indicated that the Tmax was reduced by 17.5% and the ΔTmax was decreased by 19.5% compared to the liquid-cooling approach. Further, compared with conventionally designed PCM composite liquid cooling, the ΔTmax was reduced by 34.9%. The corresponding data showed that, when using the e-type flow channel, reverse flow II, the inlet flow velocity was 0.001–0.005 m/s, and the inlet temperature was the ambient temperature of the working condition. The thermal performance of the anti-leakage system with a thermal conduction slot PCM-coupled liquid-cooling composite BTMS reached optimal thermal performance. The outcome proved the superiority of the proposed BTMS regarding temperature control and temperature equalization capabilities. It also further reduced the demand for liquid-cooling components, avoided the problem of the easy leakage of the PCM, and decreased energy consumption.

An Investigation on an SMA Valve in Micro-Channel Through FSI Approach

Micro-channels with built-in shape memory alloys (SMAs) can respond intelligently to channel temperature variations without applying an external force and control the flow rate. In this work, a 2D micro-channel with a shape memory alloy (SMA) valve is designed and studied using fluid–structure interaction (FSI) conditions. The behavior of the SMA valve, which includes bending under the effect of force loading and inlet fluid pressure, and the recovery of the shape of the valve, has been investigated in this study. The temperature at which the valve is completely recovered and the output fluid reaches the lowest value is called the closing temperature. This research investigates the impact of different geometrical and functional parameters on closing temperature, such as fluid inlet pressure and velocity, channel height and valve thickness. The outlet fluid flow rate of the SMA micro-channel is evaluated by employing a relevant constitutive equation to model the SMA valve behavior and implement it in Finite Element Method (FEM) multiphysics frameworks. The results show that the outlet flow rate relies on the shape recovery of the SMA valve and the fluid velocity field in the FSI simulations.

Thermal performance enhancement in the receiver part of solar parabolic trough collectors

In this study, CFD analysis for thermal performance of absorber tube with inner helical axial fins which is used in solar PTC collector is considered and compared. Three-dimensional numerical model simulations were performed using flow and heat transfer interfaces in COMSOL Multiphysics software. Water is used as heat transfer fluid and copper was chosen as receiver tube material. Sun's radiation is considered as constant at around (Io=1000 W/m2) and concentration ratio is C=60. Inlet velocity of heat transfer fluid is changed from 0.2ms to 0.2 4 ms in order to define its magnitude with the length of absorber tube. Electrical analog method is utilized for mathematical modeling to evaluate heat losses through the absorber tube. Variations of surface and fluid temperature are determined to investigate the receiver which shows better performance in the given boundary conditions. In the discussion section of the article, temperature variation of the receiver tube and HTF during this process is presented.

Numerical and experimental investigation of the deviation of microparticles inside the microchannel using the vortices caused by the ICEK phenomenon.

One field of study in microfluidics is the control, trapping, and separation of microparticles suspended in fluid. Some of its applications are related to cell handling, virus detection, and so on. One of the new methods in this field is using ICEK phenomena and dielectrophoresis forces. In the present study, considering the ICEK phenomena, the microparticles inside the fluid are deviated in the desired ratio using a novel ICEK microchip. The deviation is such that after the microparticles reach the floating electrode, they are trapped in the ICEK flow vortex and deviated through a secondary channel that was placed crosswise and noncoplanar above the main channel. For simulation verification, an experimental test is done. The method used for making two noncoplanar channels and separating the particles in the desired ratio with a simple ICEK microchip is an innovation of the present study. Moreover, the adjustment of the percentage of separation of microparticles by adjusting the parameters of the applied voltage and fluid inlet velocity is one of the other innovations of the present experimental study. We observed that for input velocities of 150-1200 µm/s with applied voltages of 10-33 V, 100% of the particles can be directed toward the secondary-channel.

Solar photovoltaic-thermal system with novel design of tube containing eco-friendly nanofluid

In photovoltaic (PV) solar systems, electricity can be produced from part of the sunlight and the remaining energy raises the temperature. The aim of the current investigation is to suggest a novel design for the heat transfer tube's (HTT) cross section for overcoming this challenge in photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) systems. In this numerical simulation, the range of fluid inlet velocity (Vin) was set between 0.01 and 0.18 m/s. The value of ambient temperature (Tamb) and fluid inlet temperature (Tin) is 30 °C, and solar radiation (G) has been adjusted to 800 W/m2. A comparison was made between the circular tube and the 8-lobed tube with the same hydraulic diameter, and the better performance of the 8-lobed tube was proved. To meet the increased efficiency of the PVT system, copper fins with four different arrangements were employed. The highest efficiency occurred when the fins were placed all around the inside of the HTT. To create heat transfer fluid (HTF), non-toxic graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) have been mixed with water involving two weight fractions (0.025 % and 0.1 %). Examining the effect of changing the fluid inlet velocity (Vin), it was concluded that the system's electrical performance is increased by 5.8 %, with rise of Vin, in the best case. By using the GNP nanoplatelets (0.1 %), at Re = 1611, the maximum exergy, electrical, and thermal performances of the unit were 15.32 %, 14.05 %, and 55.22 %, respectively, in the best case. In the best case, more carbon dioxide (about 7.1 Tons) can be reduced and the carbon credit is 5.5 % higher than that of base case. In addition, the payback period is less than 2 years in the best case with 18700$ profit in the 10th year.

Performance evaluation of a sand energy storage unit using response surface methodology

The utilization of affordable and cost-effective storage materials is a crucial factor in the development of such systems. In this study, the influence of coil pitch, inlet fluid temperature and hot fluid velocity on sand based thermal energy storage (TES) unit is investigated, using experimental results and theoretical models. The experimental segment of this study focuses on measuring the thermophysical properties of two sand samples obtained from different locations within the United Arab Emirates. A conjugated heat transfer model is developed to predict TES using the experimentally measured sand properties. A regression model utilizing response surface methodology (RSM) approach is developed to represent the energy stored per kilogram of sand as a function of the input factors. Furthermore, an optimization algorithm is employed to determine the optimal values of input factors that maximize the energy storage density. The results reveal that the three factors (fluid inlet temperature, velocity, and number of coil turns) significantly affect the stored thermal energy. The RSM analysis illustrates that maintaining high levels of both inlet temperature and fluid velocity maximizes the energy stored. Similarly, keeping inlet temperature and coil turns at the high level maximizes the energy stored. The optimized sand energy storage unit mass reaches 6.348 kJ/kg after an 8-h charging period, with an associated pressure drop of 71.4 Pa for the currently designed unit.

Numerical simulation of transient boiling and void cross flow in non-uniformly heated 5 × 5 rod bundle

A multi-dimensional numerical simulation has been conducted for a transient boiling experiment by applying rapid and non-uniform power to fluid in a 5×5 bundle channel simulated a BWR fuel assembly in atmospheric pressure. The experiment is to investigate thermal hydraulic behavior in applying transient power to subcooled reactor coolant in a stand-by mode of a nuclear power plant such as reactivity initiated accident (RIA). The numerical simulation has been conducted by TRACE (version 5.0 / patch 5) which is a nuclear system analysis code to solve thermal hydraulics of boiling two phase flow by a two fluid model. The bundle channel in the upward vertical direction has been simulated by a three dimensional component with the Cartesian coordinate system attaching heat structures to simulate heating rods for thermal conduction and heat transfer calculation. It has been revealed that the numerical result is possible to simulate the void cross flow through the sub-channel in the bundle channel qualitatively as observed in the experiment. However, there was room for improvement for a wall heat transfer model in TRACE because the numerical result is larger than the experimental result in terms of the rising rate of the rod temperature during the rapid initial increasing of applied power, and it has been inferred that the evaluation model for an onset of nucleate boiling in TRACE also has to be improved because the void initiation time in the numerical result was earlier than the experimental result. Therefore, TRACE has been optimized by modifying the two physical models described above. The numerical results with the modified TRACE have been in better agreement with the experimental results than those with the original TRACE. Using the modified TRACE, a numerical experiment has been conducted putting an inlet velocity and subcooling of fluid and applied power as parameters in addition to the experimental conditions. The results have shown that there is a square law correlation between a void cross flow and applied power to the fluid. The experiments and analyses in this study have elucidated the behavior of transient boiling two phase flow in a fuel assembly of a nuclear power plant at the transient event such as RIA.

Thermal investigation and parametric analysis of cascaded latent heat storage system enhanced by porous media

Cascaded latent heat storage (CLHS) has become a promising solution to the recovery and utilization of thermal energy. Many studies optimized the inlet temperature and velocity of heat transfer fluid to improve the heat transfer rate for the charging process of CLHS systems with pure phase change materials (PCMs), but the effect is not significant, mainly because the thermal resistance of the system comes from the PCMs side due to the low thermal conductivity of pure PCMs. Porous media composite phase change materials (CPCMs) have been shown to have promising prospects in a single PCM system, but no research precedent has been found for the application of porous media CPCM in the CLHS system. Besides, when CPCMs are encapsulated in the cavities of the CLHS system instead of pure PCMs, the difference in the degree of impact between the porosity of a porous media and boundary conditions on the thermal performance of a CLHS system is still unclear. The purpose of this article is to significantly improve the heat transfer rate by applying the CPCM to the CLHS system and to comprehensively compare the impact of porosity and HTF inlet boundary conditions on the charging/discharging time and energy/exergy charged/discharged rates of a CLHS system with CPCMs through two sensitivity analysis methods. When the porosity reduces from 0.97 to 0.92, the charging time and the discharging time decrease by 74.50 % and 73.39 % respectively; the average energy charge rate and average exergy charge rate increase by about 4.11 times; the average energy and exergy discharge rates increase by 5.76 times and 5.8 times respectively. Sensitivity analysis shows that the porosity of a porous media is the most important factor affecting the charging and discharging rates of a CLHS system, but its impact on energy and exergy charge/discharge rates is not monotonic. The effect of the inlet temperature and velocity of the HTF on a CLHS system is complex, and simply changing a single variable may not be effective in optimizing thermal performance parameters. This study provides a comprehensive performance enhancement strategy for the thermal energy storage and utilization processes of CLHS systems, which have great potential in fields such as solar energy collection, waste heat recovery, and building heating.