Fluid Extraction Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Effect of the Processing Conditions on the Supercritical Extraction and Impregnation of Rosemary Essential Oil in Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Films

The supercritical fluid extraction of essential oil from rosemary leaves and its subsequent impregnation in linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) films were studied. The effects of temperature (318 and 338 K), pressure (15 and 25 MPa) and rosemary particle size (0.9 and 0.15 mm) on the extraction yield were investigated. Impregnation assays were developed at two different values of pressure (12 and 20 MPa), temperature (308 and 328 K), and impregnation time (1 and 5 h). The extraction yield of rosemary essential oil was increased by increasing pressure and decreasing particle size and temperature. ANOVA results showed that temperature, pressure, and time significantly impacted the essential oil impregnation yield in LLDPE films. The maximum impregnation yield (1.87 wt. %) was obtained at 12 MPa, 328 K, and 5 h. The antioxidant activity and the physical-mechanical properties of impregnated films were analyzed. The IC50 values for all the impregnated LLDPE samples were close to the IC50 value of the extract showing that the impregnated films have a significant antioxidant activity.

Supercritical fluid extraction of essential oils from Citrus reticulata peels: optimization and characterization studies

Supercritical fluid extraction of essential oils from Citrus reticulata peels: optimization and characterization studies

Extraction of Rice Bran Oil from Rice Bran by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Extraction of Rice Bran Oil from Rice Bran by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Ultrasound-Enhanced Subcritical Fluid Extraction of Essential Oil from Nymphaea alba var and Its Antioxidant Activity

Abstract Background: The essential oil content of the water lily is extremely low; thus, finding a new method that can extract essential oil from water lilies with a high extraction rate and no residual organic solvents is essential. Objective: The optimal processing conditions for the ultrasound-enhanced subcritical fluid extraction of essential oil from Nymphaea alba var (red water lily) and the antioxidant activity of the essential oil in vitro are investigated to provide theoretical bases for identification and development. Methods: Single-factor experiments and orthogonal designs are performed to determine the effects of extraction conditions on essential oil yields. The chemical composition of essential oil is analyzed using GC–MS. Results: The optimum extraction parameters are established as follows: extraction temperature, 35°C; extraction time, 30 min/time for four times; ratio of material to liquid, 1:3; ultrasound power, 250 W/L; and ultrasonic frequency, 20 kHz. The extraction rate of essential oil is 0.315% under these conditions. Eleven components comprise more than 1% content. The main chemical constituents are 8-hexadecyne (31.04%) and 2,6,10-trimethyl-tetradecane (3.95%). The essential oil from N. alba var has an antioxidant activity in vitro; however, its antioxidant activity is weaker than that of butylated hydroxytoluene. Conclusions: Subcritical fluid is suitable for the extraction of essential oil from N. alba var, and the essential oil has a good antioxidant activity. Highlights: The essential oil content of N. alba var is 0.315%. Forty-seven chemical constituents are identified and isolated from N. alba var and analyzed by GC–MS.

Ultrasound-Enhanced Subcritical Fluid Extraction of Essential Oil from Nymphaea alba var and Its Antioxidant Activity.

Background: The essential oil content of the water lily is extremely low; thus, finding a new method that can extract essential oil from water lilies with a high extraction rate and no residual organic solvents is essential. Objective: The optimal processing conditions for the ultrasound-enhanced subcritical fluid extraction of essential oil from Nymphaea alba var (red water lily) and the antioxidant activity of the essential oil in vitro are investigated to provide theoretical bases for identification and development. Methods: Single-factor experiments and orthogonal designs are performed to determine the effects of extraction conditions on essential oil yields. The chemical composition of essential oil is analyzed using GC-MS. Results: The optimum extraction parameters are established as follows: extraction temperature, 35°C; extraction time, 30 min/time for four times; ratio of material to liquid, 1:3; ultrasound power, 250 W/L; and ultrasonic frequency, 20 kHz. The extraction rate of essential oil is 0.315% under these conditions. Eleven components comprise more than 1% content. The main chemical constituents are 8-hexadecyne (31.04%) and 2,6,10-trimethyl-tetradecane (3.95%). The essential oil from N. alba var has an antioxidant activity in vitro; however, its antioxidant activity is weaker than that of butylated hydroxytoluene. Conclusions: Subcritical fluid is suitable for the extraction of essential oil from N. alba var, and the essential oil has a good antioxidant activity. Highlights: The essential oil content of N. alba var is 0.315%. Forty-seven chemical constituents are identified and isolated from N. alba var and analyzed by GC-MS.

Influence of operating parameters on supercritical fluid extraction of essential oil from turmeric root

Abstract Turmeric oil was extracted from Curcuma Longa herb (turmeric root) using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process. Full-face central composite design was employed to optimize operating parameters of the process. These parameters were pressure, temperature, solvent flow rate, particle size and addition of co-solvent (ethanol) that varied as 20–40 MPa, 40–60 °C, 5–15 g/min, 0–0.8 mm and 0–15% of solvent rate, respectively. Turmeric oil yield found through Soxhlet extraction was 5.954 wt% of turmeric powder whereas through SFE, it varied from 2 to 5.3 wt%. Turmerone and curcumin were identified as principle compounds of turmeric essential oil, which were analyzed using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and Ultraviolet–visible Spectrophotometer, respectively. Experimental data of oil yield, Curcumin content and Turmerone content were fitted well in the Quadratic model. Optimized values of operating parameters for maximizing these responses were also predicted. Further, economic assessment of SFE of turmeric oil at industrial scale for 60 t/y production capacity was performed.

Experimental optimization and mathematical modeling of the supercritical fluid extraction of essential oil from Eryngium billardieri: Application of simulated annealing (SA) algorithm

This article presents experimental results and mathematical modeling predictions of the extraction of essential oil from Eryngium billardieri, for the first time, using supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) method. Design of experiments and experimental optimization were carried out with a response surface methodology (RSM) to investigate the effects of different operating parameters including pressure (100–300bar), temperature (308–328K), particle size (0.45–1.05mm) and extraction time (30–150min). The maximum extraction yield was found to be 0.8522% w/w at the optimum conditions 300bar, 308K, 0.75mm and 130min. Moreover, in order to describe the kinetic behavior of extraction process, a mathematical model based on the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory of adsorption with three adjustable parameters was developed for correlating experimental data. Model parameters have been optimized by applying simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. The obtained results from model predictions were consistent with experimental data in the different extraction conditions.

Simulation of supercritical fluid extraction of essential oil from natural products

A transport phenomena based model has been used and solved to predict the extraction of essential oils from three different natural materials. This study discusses the extraction of essential oils and the parameters which control the process of mass transfer. The model presented here considers both intra-particle resistance and external film resistance to mass transfer and partial differential equations for unsteady-state mass balance for solute in both solid & supercritical phases are developed based on the concept proposed by Melreles et al. (2009) and solved numerically based on a linear equilibrium relationship. The intra-particle diffusion coefficient and equilibrium constant are used as adjustable parameters for Basil & Rosemary leaves and Vetiver roots respectively. The adjustable parameter is optimized by Golden Section Method and the remaining variables such as density and viscosity are computed using available empirical correlations. The solute concentration in the supercritical carbon dioxide leaving the packed beds of natural products was predicted as a function of extraction time, bed height, solvent flow rate and particle diameter. This model predicts a cumulative yield within an error limit of +6.22% to −0.42% for Rosemary leaves, +3.68% to −3.29% for Basil leaves and +5.93% to −4.73% for Vetiver roots. The our model shows better results as compare to those obtained in the literature.

Supercritical fluid extraction of essential oil from mint leaves (mentha spicata): Process optimization and its quality evaluation

AbstractSupercritical fluid extraction of mint leaves was carried out at different process parameters using central composite rotatable design. The effects of temperature (35–55 °C), pressure (100–300 bar), dynamic time (20–90 min), and particle size (0.2–1.0 mm) were evaluated with respect to essential oil yield and carvone content in volatile oil. The particle size was found to have the most significant effect (p < 0.05) on essential oil yield followed by pressure, temperature, and dynamic time. Although in case of carvone content, pressure showed the most significant effect (p < 0.05) followed by particle size and dynamic time. The optimized SFE process parameter obtained though numerical optimization was 48 °C, 151 bar, 0.40 mm and 37.5 min, respectively having essential oil yield of 1.4%, carvone content of 998 mg/100 g and desirability value of 0.53. Quality of essential oil of mint obtained by SFE was compared with hydrodistilled oil. The essential oil obtained using SFE showed highest antimicrobial activity against E. coli and a moderate activity against S. typhi and S. aureus.Practical applicationsThe optimization of SFE process for mint oil extraction using response surface methodology approach is presented in the present study. The data obtained can be useful for scale up of batch scale SFE extraction of mint oil to a pilot or large scale system. A quadratic polynomial equation was developed, which can predict the oil yield as well as carvone content of mint leaves within the studied domain of the experimental SFE conditions. From the results obtained from this study, SFE can be used in industry for producing mint oil having high carvone content. The recommended operating condition for mint oil extraction is temperature 48 °C, pressure 151 bar, particle size of mint leaves 0.40 mm and dynamic extraction time of 37.5 min.

Application of response surface methodology for the optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of essential oil from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel.

Essential oils and volatile components of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel of the Malas variety from Meybod, Iran, were extracted using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and hydro-distillation methods. The experimental parameters of SFE that is pressure, temperature, extraction time, and modifier (methanol) volume were optimized using a central composite design after a (24-1) fractional factorial design. Detailed chemical composition of the essential oils and volatile components obtained by hydro-distillation and optimum condition of the supercritical CO2 extraction were analyzed by GC-MS, and seventy-three and forty-six compounds were identified according to their retention indices and mass spectra, respectively. The optimum SFE conditions were 350 atm pressure, 55°C temperature, 30min extraction time, and 150 µL methanol. Results showed that oleic acid, palmitic acid and (-)-Borneol were major compounds in both extracts. The optimum extraction yield was 1.18 % (w/w) for SFE and 0.21 % (v/w) for hydro-distillation.

Supercritical fluid extraction of essential oil from Leptocarpha rivularis using CO2

Supercritical CO2 extraction was applied to recover bioactive extract from L. rivularis leaves. A response surface design was applied to study the effects of temperature (38–52°C) and pressure (10.8–19.2MPa) on extraction yield, which varied from 2.91 to 5.05g/100g d.s. Extraction yield was affected positively by the temperature (p<0.01) and negatively by the pressure (p<0.05). The negative effect of the pressure was attributed by a reflection of the increased repulsive solute–solvent interactions, or by effect of the pressure in decreasing the mass transfer parameters. Based on the response surface analysis, two pressures were selected at 52°C: 10.8 and 19.2MPa. The extract obtained at 19.2MPa (0.61mmolTE/kg) showed higher antioxidant activity than that at 10.8MPa (0.35mmolTE/kg). Quantitative analysis by GC-FID showed that the extract with higher antioxidant activity contained all three target terpenoids: α-thujone (5.36mg/g), β-caryophyllene (3.43mg/g) and caryophyllene oxide (5.72mg/g), while only caryophyllene oxide (11.02mg/g) was found in the low pressure extracts. The yield with supercritical extraction (at 52°C and 19.2MPa) was 2.2 times higher than with hydrodistillation (2.11g/100g d.s.). Furthermore, supercritical extracts displayed higher antioxidant activity than hydrodistilled extract, compared by DPPH assay (0.60 and 0.46mmol TE/kg, respectively) and bleaching β-carotene assay (IC50 values of 1.99 and 10.10mg/mL, respectively).

Optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of essential oils and fatty acids from flixweed (Descurainia Sophia L.) seed using response surface methodology and central composite design.

Essential oils and fatty acids of Descurainia sophia L. seed were obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction and steam distillation methods. The effect of different parameters such as pressure, temperature, modifier volume, dynamic and static extraction timeon the extraction yield were optimized using a central composite design after a 2 (n-1) fractional factorial design. The results showed that under the pressure of 355bar, temperature of 65°C, methanol volume of 150μL, dynamic and static extraction times of 35 and 10min, respectively, the major components were methyl linoleate (18.2%), camphor (12.32%), cis-thujone (11.3%) and trans-caryophyllene (9.17%). The results indicated that by using the proper conditions, the supercritical fluid extraction is more selective than the steam distillation method. Extraction yields based on supercritical fluid extraction varied in the range of 0.68 to 17.1% (w/w), and the extraction yield based on the steam distillation was 0.25% (v/w).

Co-solvent Selection for Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Essential Oil and Bioactive Compounds from Polygonum minus

This study evaluated the biological activity (antioxidant assay) of Polygonum minus extracted using Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) added with different types of co-solvents. The seven co-solvents employed were water, methanol, ethanol, 50% methanol, 50% ethanol, 70% methanol and 70% ethanol for selection of the best co-solvent prior to optimization of SFE. 70% methanol produced the highest total yield of extract (33.1%) compared to other co-solvents. The antioxidant capacity was then evaluated using four different assays: the total phenolic content (TP), the total flavonoid content (TF), the ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) and the free radical-scavenging capacity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The highest TP and TF were from 70% methanol extract (11.2 ± 0.15 mg GAE/g sample (mg GAE/g) and 11.9 ± 0.03 mg CAE/g sample (mg CEQ/g) respectively). 70% metanol extract also showed the highest FRAP value (346.7 ± 0.66 µmol Fe (II)/g sample) and the highest percentage of DPPH radical inhibition was also shown by 70% methanol extract (88.7 ± 0.40%). There was a positive correlation between the antioxidant capacity (FRAP and DPPH) with those of TP and TF contents. Therefore, the best co-solvent chosen for further optimization of SFE is 70% methanol.

The mathematics of modelling the supercritical fluid extraction of essential oils from glandular trichomes

This article deals with mathematical tools used for solving equations of the improved mathematical model on the micro-scale for the process of supercritical fluid extraction of essential oils from glandular trichomes. Glandular trichomes are secretory structures of Lamiaceae plant family and as such represent the sites of essential oil synthesis and storage. It was previously noticed that during the extraction with carbon dioxide these secretory structures undergo cracking due to the solvent dissolving into the essential oil phase. In this study, the process of extraction is thoroughly analysed and mathematically presented on the fixed bed scale as well as on the single trichome scale. The finite differences method was applied for solving differential equations of the model. This included dividing the extractor vessel into twenty spatial, and extraction time into ten thousand time increments. Cracking time distribution of glandular trichomes in the form of Gamma distribution was incorporated in each of the twenty spatial increments. The model was applied to simulate experimental results of supercritical extraction from several species of the Lamiaceae family. The deviation of the model results from the experimental data was 9.6–35.7% lower for the improved model than for the model without the cracking time distribution function.

Pressurized fluid extraction of essential oil from Lavandula hybrida using a modified supercritical fluid extractor and a central composite design for optimization

Essential oil components were extracted from lavandin (Lavandula hybrida) flowers using pressurized fluid extraction. A central composite design was used to optimize the effective extraction variables. The chemical composition of extracted samples was analyzed by a gas chromatograph-flame ionization detector column. For achieving 100% extraction yield, the temperature, pressure, extraction time, and the solvent flow rate were adjusted at 90.6°C, 63 bar, 30.4 min, and 0.2 mL/min, respectively. The results showed that pressurized fluid extraction is a practical technique for separation of constituents such as 1,8-cineole (8.1%), linalool (34.1%), linalyl acetate (30.5%), and camphor (7.3%) from lavandin to be applied in the food, fragrance, pharmaceutical, and natural biocides industries.

Application of response surface methodology and central composite design for the optimisation of supercritical fluid extraction of essential oils from Myrtus communis L. leaves

Essential oils of Myrtus communis L. leaves were obtained using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and hydrodistillation methods. The experimental parameters of SFE such as pressure, temperature, modifier volume, static and dynamic extraction time were optimised using a central composite design after a 2n−1 fractional factorial design. The chemical compositions of the SFE extract were identified by GC–MS and determined by GC–FID. The major components of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation were α-pinene (31.8%), 1,8-cineole (24.6%), limonene (14.8%), linalool (8.3%) and α-terpinolene (4.8%). However, by using the supercritical carbon dioxide in optimum conditions, only three components represented more than 85% of the extract. Therefore, by using the proper SFE conditions, the supercritical extraction is more selective than the conventional hydrodistillation methods. The oil yields based on the hydrodistillation was 0.47% (v/w). Extraction yields based on the SFE varied in the range of 0.5–6.3% (w/w) under different conditions.

Optimization of Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Essential Oil from &lt;i&gt;Herba Moslae &lt;/i&gt; by Response Surface Methodology and Its Chemical Composition Analysis

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method was employed to extract the essential oil in Herba Moslae.The optimal conditions were determined by response surface methodology (RSM).Box-Behnken design was applied to evaluate the effects of three independent variables (temperature, pressure and extraction time) on the yield of the essential oil of Herba Moslae.The optimal conditions to obtain the highest yield of essential oil of Herba Moslae were determined as following values: 50°C of temperature, 20MPa of pressure and 77 min of dynamic extraction time. Under these optimal conditions, the experimental results agreed with the predicted values obtained by using analysis of variance. This indicates a high goodness of fit of the model used and the success of response surface methodology. Furthermore, the chemical compositions of essential oil in Herba Moslae were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The results showed that thymol (41.87%), carvacrol (26.91%) and p-Cymene (9.27%) are the major constituents in the essential oil of Herba Moslae.

Supercritical fluid extraction of essential oils: Results of joint research

Peppermint, creeping thyme, and sage herbs, as well as yarrow flowers were extracted with supercritical and liquid carbon dioxide at 9-13 MPa and 25-60?C. Two extraction periods were distinguished except in the case of thyme extraction. Almost pure essential oil was extracted in the first, fast period. The extraction was retarded in the second period controlled by essential oil-matrix interaction, and waxes and water prevailed over the essential oil in the extract. To estimate the effect of essential oil-vegetable oil interaction during the extraction of essential oils from seeds, the limonene + vegetable oil + CO2 equilibrium was investigated using thermodynamic modeling. Changes in the composition of the essential oil in the extracts are demonstrated on the example of sage oil. Compared to hydro distillation, the extracts contained less monoterpenes, the most volatile components, because the separation of the extract from gaseous ??2 in the cold trap was incomplete. The yield of sesqui- and di-terpenes in the extracts, however, was higher than their yield by hydrodistillation. The extraction of sage essential oil was most efficient at 13 MPa and 50?C, when the yield of diterpene manool was more than two times higher than its yield by hydrodistillation.

Separation of nutmeg essential oil and dense CO 2 with a cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membrane

The association of membrane separation processes to the supercritical fluid extraction of essential oils from vegetable matrices can be an alternative to the reduction of recompression costs derived from the depressurization step necessary for the recovering of the extracts. In this work, a cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membrane was applied to perform the separation of nutmeg essential oil and dense carbon dioxide. The effects of feed stream essential oil concentration, temperature and transmembrane pressure on essential oil retention and CO 2 permeability were investigated. The average retention of essential oil by the membrane was of 96.4% and it was not affected significantly by any of the process variables. The CO 2 flux was linearly proportional to the transmembrane pressure applied and decreased as the essential oil concentration in the feed stream increased. The membrane presented good CO 2 permeability and resisted well to the severe pressure conditions applied.

Essential oils from seeds: solubility of limonene in supercritical CO 2 and how it is affected by fatty oil

Fatty oil influence on the solubility of limonene in CO 2 was investigated under pressures 8–12 MPa at 313.2 K, a temperature typically applied in supercritical fluid extraction of essential oils. Solubility in CO 2 was measured using the dynamic method both for limonene and for the mixture of limonene and blackcurrant seed oil. In the whole range of pressures applied, the concentration of fatty oil in the vapour phase is negligible in comparison with the concentration of limonene. Limonene is distributed between the liquid phase rich in fatty oil and the vapour phase rich in CO 2, and its equilibrium concentration in the latter decreases with the diminishing limonene-to-oil ratio in the saturator. There is a steep increase of the limonene partition coefficient with pressure between 8 and 10 MPa, near the critical pressure of the binary mixture of limonene and CO 2. The observed behaviour of the three-component system was confirmed and explained by thermodynamic modelling. The thermodynamic model applied was the Soave–Redlich–Kwong cubic equation of state with either the one fluid linear van der Waals mixing rule or with the MHV2 mixing rule. Appropriate conditions for an efficient supercritical fluid extraction of essential oils from seeds follow from the results obtained. Extraction pressure should be approx. 20% larger than the critical pressure of the essential oil+CO 2 binary mixture and rather tight packing of the ground seed in the bed should be applied.