Fluid Extraction Method Research Articles

OPTIMISATION METHOD FOR OBTAINING A BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES FROM THE PLANT PETROSIMONIA BRACHIATA

Kazakhstan is rich in medicinal plants, so it needs to be studied. Ten species of the Petrosimonia belonging to the Chenopodiaceae family are growing in Kazakhstan. These plants have been adapted to harsh climatic conditions in the country’s salty, saline, and desert areas. Petrosimonia plants are a new species that has not been fully studied. Chinese scientists studied Petrosimonia sibirica species and found that the plant contains alkaloids, steroids, terpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic acids and has antibacterial activity (Wen, 2015; Ying, 2016). The qualitative and quantitative compositions of biologically active substances in P. sibirica, P. Glaucescens, P. triandra, and P. brachiata growing in Kazakhstan were studied. To prepare phytopreparations from P. Sibirica, P. Glaucescens and P. triandra plants were extracted using the classical maceration method, and individual representatives of biologically active compounds were isolated (Toktarbek, 2021; Seitimova, 2022). In this study, a phytochemical study of P. brachiata was conducted. The method for obtaining biologically active complexes with high efficiency was optimised by using supercritical fluid and ultrasonic extraction methods. These methods have a short extraction time, can be carried out at room temperature, are cost effective, and are a modern green chemical approach. Using supercritical fluid CO2 extraction (180 bar, 2 hours), the plant was purified from lipophilic substances. Further, a biologically active complex was obtained by pouring 70% ethanol-water solvent into the plant raw material and performing ultrasound extraction. The obtained complex was analysed by thin-layer chromatography using different organic solvent systems. Based on our analysis, steroids, terpenes, phenolic acids, and flavonoid glycosides were found in the extract. Hexane and ethyl acetate fractions were obtained as a result of liquid-liquid extraction of the extract using organic solvents. Stigmasterol 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, isovanillic acid, quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and isorhamnetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside were isolated by washing the hexane and ethyl acetate fractions in a silica gel column with an organic solvent system. The isolated compounds will be tested for biological activity.

Optimizing the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds (Polyphenols, Lipids, and Alpha-Tocopherol) from Almond Okara to Unlock Its Potential as Functional Food.

Almond okara, a by-product of almond milk production, is rich in bioactive components, such as polyphenols, lipids, and alpha-tocopherol, making it a valuable functional food ingredient. This work aimed to investigate its composition while exploring two main aspects: (i) the impact of extraction time, solid-to-solvent ratio, ethanol concentration, and temperature on polyphenol recovery, and (ii) the quantification of okara's triglycerides (TG) and alpha-tocopherol contents. The polyphenols' optimal extraction conditions were 90 min, a 1:30 solid-to-solvent ratio (w/v), 50% ethanol, and 60 °C. These conditions achieved a total polyphenol yield of 523 mg GAE, tannin yield of 340 mg GAE, total flavonoid yield of 548 mg CE, and a total antioxidant capacity of 779 mg AAE per 100 g dry okara. The Peleg model effectively described the extraction kinetics. Additionally, TG levels, quantified by UHE/LPSFC-APCI-MS, in okara were comparable to those in almonds, and alpha-tocopherol levels, quantified by LC-UV, were 14,400 µg/100 g in almonds and 15,600 µg/100 g in okara. These findings highlight the potential of okara as a valuable resource, with a straightforward, scalable, and cost-effective solid-liquid extraction (SLE) method for polyphenols and a supercritical fluid extraction method for TG, for use in the functional food, nutraceutical, and cosmetic industries.

In-depth phytochemical profiling of Roscoea purpurea (Kakoli): Comparative UHPLC-MS/QToF and GC-MS/MS analysis of supercritical CO2 fluid - and conventional solvent - based extractive processes

The remarkable biodiversity of medicinal plants worldwide highlights their significance in traditional and alternative medicine. Astavarga, a group of eight medicinal herbs from the Himalayan region of India, including Roscoea purpurea (commonly known as Kakoli), is esteemed in Ayurveda for its health-promoting and rejuvenating properties. In this comprehensive study, we aimed to develop and optimise robust UHPLC-MS/QToF (Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with quadrupole time of flight) and GC-MS/MS (Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) methods to identify the phytochemicals in R. purpurea root hydromethanolic extract and essential oil. We also conducted a comparative assessment of supercritical fluid extraction and conventional solvent extraction methods for the first time in R. purpurea root, highlighting their relevance to the medicinal field. Using the UHPLC/MS-QToF method, we identified a total of fifty-six phytometabolites, while sixteen volatile constituents were discerned within the essential oil of R. purpurea by GC-MS/MS method. Among the volatile constituents, β-eudesmol (40.84 %), guaiac acetate (10.55 %), and γ-eudesmol (10.31 %) were emerged as the principal components. Our findings were further compared with the volatile constituents extracted via supercritical fluid extraction and conventional solvent extraction methods. Notably, our research unveiled the presence of a carotenoid metabolite, 15-methyl retinol, for the first time. Furthermore, our fatty acid analysis of the supercritical fluid extract revealed elevated levels of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly oleic and linoleic acids. The methods were validated in terms of system specificity also. The discovery of these well-recognised therapeutically active components in R. purpurea significantly enhances its potential, highlighting its unique profile among medicinal plants in the Himalayan region and its suitability for traditional Ayurveda.

GC-MS analysis and nutra-pharmaceutical potential of Mentha piperita essential oil extracted by supercritical fluid extraction and hydro-distillation

This study reports the comparative evaluation of yield, physico-chemical composition and biological attributes (antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, biofilm inhibition and hemolytic activity) of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) essential oil (EO) obtained by hydro-distillation (HD) and supercritical fluid (CO2) extraction (SCFE) methods. The yield (%) of EO obtained by HD (0.20 %) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of SCFE (0.13 %) while the variation in the physical parameters like solubility, color, density (at 25 °C) and refractive index (at 25 °C) was not significant between the tested oils. The data of chemical compositional analysis revealed that menthol was the key component in the EO obtained by HD (52.85 %) and SCFE (45.51 %), followed by menthone [HD (25.93 %) and SCFE (27.3 %)] and eucalyptol [HD (8.59 %); SCFE (8.92 %)]. The EO extracted with supercritical fluid (SCFE-EO) exhibited superior (p < 0.05) DPPH free radical inhibition potential (52 %) with an IC50 value of 15.65 μg/mL and reducing power compared to that of HD-EO. The highest antimicrobial activity was exhibited by SCFE-EO against Pasturella multocida with an inhibition zone of 18.00 mm (MIC value of 86 μg/mL). The results of biofilm inhibition and hemolytic activity revealed that the SCFE method was superior to recover high quality EO in comparison to the HD method. The peppermint EO obtained by SCFE, owing to potent bioactive components, can be a potential candidate to develop nutra-pharmaceuticals.

Simulation and optimization of fatty acid extraction parameters from Nannochloropsis sp. using supercritical carbon dioxide

Microalgae, which are rich in fatty acids, have potential applications in various sectors such as bioenergy, health, food, and biomaterials. The Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) method is commonly used to extract microalgae. This research estimated the process parameters of desorption rate constant (kd) and binary diffusion coefficient (DAB) for SFE fatty acid from Nannochloropsis sp. using a mathematical model called as hot sphere diffusion. Desorption models were used to model the release of fatty acids into the solvent (supercritical carbon dioxide). The parameter estimation process was conducted at temperatures of 313 and 333 K and pressures of 12.5, 20, and 30 MPa. The value of kd increased with increasing pressure and temperature and DAB values were obtained at varying pressures and temperatures.

Effect of Pretreatments on the Chemical, Bioactive and Physicochemical Properties of Cinnamomum camphora Seed Kernel Extracts.

Cinnamomum camphora seed kernels (CCSKs) are rich in phytochemicals, especially plant extracts. Phytochemicals play a vital role in therapy due to their strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Extracts from CCSK can be obtained through multiple steps, including pretreatment, extraction and purification, and the purpose of pretreatment is to separate the oil from other substances in CCSKs. However, C. camphora seed kernel extracts (CKEs) were usually considered as by-products and discarded, and their potential bioactive values were underestimated. Additionally, little has been known about the effect of pretreatment on CKE. This study aimed to investigate the effects of pretreatment methods (including the solvent extraction method, cold pressing method, aqueous extraction method and sub-critical fluid extraction method) on the extraction yields, phytochemical profiles, volatile compounds and antioxidant capacities of different CKE samples. The results showed that the CKE samples were rich in phenolic compounds (15.28-20.29%) and alkaloids (24.44-27.41%). The extraction yield, bioactive substances content and in vitro antioxidant capacity of CKE pretreated by the sub-critical fluid extraction method (CKE-SCFE) were better than CKEs obtained by other methods. CKE pretreated by the solvent extraction method (CKE-SE) showed the best lipid emulsion protective capacity. Moreover, the volatile substances composition of the CKE samples was greatly influenced by the pretreatment method. The results provided a fundamental basis for evaluating the quality and nutritional value of CKE and increasing the economic value of by-products derived from CCSK.

Structural Characteristic, Strong Antioxidant, and Anti-Gastric Cancer Investigations on an Oleoresin from Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. roscoe).

It is known that ginger oleoresin contains various active components and possesses bioactivities. In this study, ginger oleoresin from Chinese ginger (Zingiber officinale var. roscoe) was extracted using a CO2 supercritical fluid extraction method with a 0.52% yield (g/g), based on dry weights. Zingiberene with a content of 51.6 mg/g was the main volatile in the ginger oleoresin. In total, 17 phenolic compounds were identified, and their contents were calculated as 587.54 mg/g. Among them, a new gingertriol was detected in the Z. officinale. Antioxidant activity tests showed that the ginger oleoresin and six gingerols exhibited strong scavenging free radical activities, and the zingerone exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 11.3 µg/mL for the 2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical and 19.0 µg/mL for the 2, 2'-amino-di (2-ethyl-benzothiazoline sulphonic acid-6) ammonium salt radical cation, comparable to vitamin C. Ginger oleoresin inhibits HGC-27 human gastric cancer cell proliferation at a rate of 4.05~41.69% and induces cell apoptosis at a rate of 10.4~20.9%. The Western blot result demonstrated that the AKT signaling pathway has the potential mechanism of ginger oleoresin acting on HGC-27 cells. The anticancer potential of the gingerol standards on HGC-27 cells followed the order of 8-gingerol > 6-gingerol > 10-gingerol > zingerone. The different antioxidant and anticancer potentials of the ginger phenolic compounds could be attributed to the presence of hydroxyl groups in the unbranched 1-alkyl chain and the length of carbon side chain. Consequently, ginger oleoresin shows substantial antioxidant and anticancer therapeutic potential and can be used for novel food-drug development.

Nutritional Profiling of Underutilised Citrullus Lanatus Mucosospermus Seed Flour

The seed of Citrullus lanatus mucosospermus, known as egusi, is versatile and explored for its oil and flour functionality. Raw flour can be used as a raw material in a nutritional program due to its oil-rich, remarkably high protein content, and richness in omega-6 fatty acids. There is a need to explore eco-friendly defatting methods using the supercritical CO2 extraction method (SFECO2) to preserve this seed’s generic richness and to control the flour–oil ratio in processing formulations. The supercritical fluid extraction method uses temperature, pressure, and CO2 flow rate to determine the best yield and extraction parameters. Defatted egusi flour (DEF) was extracted using three runs. Firstly, at 60 °C, 30 g/h, and 450 bar (DEF1); secondly, at 55 °C, 30 g/h, and 600 bar (DEF2); and thirdly, extraction was performed at 75 °C, 30 g/h and 600 bar (DEF3). Trace and major elements were analysed using Agilent 7700 quadruple ICP-MS (Agilent Technologies Network, Palo Alto, CA, USA) and Thermo Cap 6200 ICP-AES (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), respectively. The sugar was separated on a gas chromatograph coupled to a Mass Selective Detector (MSD). The fundamental pasting property measurements were performed using a Rapid Visco Analyser RVA 4500 Perten instrument Sin 214 31208-45 Australia. Data analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 29 software (v. 2022). The protein content of defatted egusi flour ranged from 48.4 for DEF2 to 60.4% w/w for DEF1 and differed significantly, with a rich amino acid high in glutamine ranging from 9.8 to 12.9 g/100 g). DEF2 (512.0 cP) showed the highest peak viscosity and was the most viscous among the samples. Defatted flour with lower temperature and lower pressure (60 °C and 450 bar) offered the best nutritional properties, proffering defatted egusi flour from SFECO2, a novel flour for dietary programs.

Supercritical CO2 extraction of solid-state cultivation fungus producing azaphilone polyketides

Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) methods dedicated to microorganisms specialized metabolites are very scarce in the literature and limited to liquid cultivation. We proposed here a new sample preparation method to achieve SFE of specialized metabolites from solid-state cultivation. SFE parameters, including CO2 pressure, temperature of extraction cell and percentage of co-solvent, were optimized in the case of solid-state cultures of Penicillium sclerotiorum SNB-CN111, a filamentous fungus producing azaphilone pigments. The metabolic composition of the extracts was then analyzed by reverse-phase liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry in data dependent acquisition mode. The resulting molecular networks generated by MetGem software allowed the annotation of the extracted metabolites in the different conditions, confirming the enrichment of fractions according to the polarity of azaphilone subfamilies. First, the 100 % CO2 fraction a yield ten times higher than hexane maceration The optimization of SFE method led to an extraction yield twice as high as ethyl acetate maceration when mixing CO2 with ethanol and, indicating that CO2/ethanol SFE is more environmentally-friendly and efficient than standard maceration methods for the extraction of azaphilones from solid-state fermentation.

In vitro Safety Assessment of Extracts and Compounds From Plants as Sunscreen Ingredients.

This work investigated the safety of extracts obtained from plants growing in Colombia, which have previously shown UV-filter/antigenotoxic properties. The compounds in plant extracts obtained by the supercritical fluid (CO2) extraction method were identified using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Cytotoxicity measured as cytotoxic concentration 50% (CC50) and genotoxicity of the plant extracts and some compounds were studied in human fibroblasts using the trypan blue exclusion assay and the Comet assay, respectively. The extracts from Pipper eriopodon and Salvia aratocensis species and the compound trans-β-caryophyllene were clearly cytotoxic to human fibroblasts. Conversely, Achyrocline satureioides, Chromolaena pellia, and Lippia origanoides extracts were relatively less cytotoxic with CC50 values of 173, 184, and 89μg/mL, respectively. The C. pellia and L. origanoides extracts produced some degree of DNA breaks at cytotoxic concentrations. The cytotoxicity of the studied compounds was as follows, with lower CC50 values representing the most cytotoxic compounds: resveratrol (91μM) > pinocembrin (144μM) > quercetin (222μM) > titanium dioxide (704μM). Quercetin was unique among the compounds assayed in being genotoxic to human fibroblasts. Our work indicates that phytochemicals can be cytotoxic and genotoxic, demonstrating the need to establish safe concentrations of these extracts for their potential use in cosmetics.

АКТИВНОСТЬ НИКЕЛЬ-МОЛИБДЕНОВОГО КАТАЛИЗАТОРА, РЕГЕНЕРИРОВАННОГО МЕТОДОМ СВЕРХКРИТИЧЕСКОЙ ФЛЮИДНОЙ ЭКСТРАКЦИИ

The activity of selective hydrogenation catalyst samples after supercritical fluid extraction regeneration at a temperature of 473 K and a pressure of 20 MPa with pure supercritical carbon dioxide and modified with hexane and ethanol was evaluated. The selectivity and chemical activity of the nickel-molybdenum catalyst LD-145 was determined on a model substance by the rate of the chemical reaction of hydrodesulfurization of the substance with the formation of dibenzotifene and the hydrogenation reaction of the substance with the formation of naphthalene in a flow-through experimental setup. The qualitative composition of the hydronisate was determined by gas-liquid chromatography on a Kristall-2000 chromatograph. The activity in the target reaction of naphthalene hydrogenation of the deactivated catalyst was 41.3%; catalyst regenerated with pure supercritical carbon dioxide - 43.4%; sample regenerated with a mixture of supercritical carbon dioxide + ethanol - 45.5%; and the sample regenerated with a mixture of supercritical carbon dioxide + hexane - 57%. Thus, the highest hydrogenation capacity was achieved on the sample regenerated with modified supercritical carbon dioxide hexane. Thus, the test results indicate an increase in the catalytic activity of catalyst samples that were regenerated by the supercritical fluid extraction method. It has been established that both the hydrogenating and hydrodesulfurizing functions of the catalyst can be restored. The level of recovery of the target hydrogenating activity of the catalyst achieved in this work is 57%. The level of recovery of catalytic activity of the spent catalyst samples can be improved by optimizing the conditions of supercritical fluid extraction process, more successful selection of the physical and chemical nature of the extractant and possibly earlier abandonment of the method of oxidative regeneration of the investigated catalyst during its operation.

Comparative profiling of Chlorella vulgaris cells, extracts, and intact chloroplasts using electron transfer matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (ET-MALDI-MS).

The intricate composition of microalgal pigments plays a crucial role in various biological processes, from photosynthesis to biomarker identification. Traditional pigment analysis methods involve complex extraction techniques, posing challenges in maintaining analyte integrity. In this study, we employ Electron Transfer Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ET-MALDI-MS) to compare the pigmentary profiles of Chlorella vulgaris intact cells, chloroplasts, and solvent extracts. We aim to obtain comprehensive extracts rich in polar and non-polar compounds using ultrasound-assisted and supercritical fluid extraction methods. Additionally, intact chloroplasts are isolated using a lysis buffer and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Our ET-MALDI-MS analysis reveals distinct compositional differences, highlighting the impact of extraction protocols on microalgal pigment identification. We observe prominent signals corresponding to radical cations of key pigments, including chlorophylls and carotenoids, which are crucial for C. vulgaris identification. Furthermore, ET-MALDI-MS facilitates the identification of specific lipids within chloroplast membranes and other organelles. This study underscores the rapid and precise nature of ET-MALDI-MS in microalgal biomarker analysis, providing valuable insights into phytoplankton dynamics, trophic levels, and environmental processes. C. vulgaris emerges as a promising model for studying pigment composition and membrane lipid diversity, enhancing our understanding of microalgal ecosystems.

Extraction of Chitin-Containing Complexes from the Fomes fomentarius Fungus Fruiting Body by the Sub- and Supercritical Fluid Extraction Methods

Extraction of Chitin-Containing Complexes from the Fomes fomentarius Fungus Fruiting Body by the Sub- and Supercritical Fluid Extraction Methods

Analytical Methods and Regulative Viewpoint of Antimicrobial Preservatives in Cosmetics

Cosmetics need to be resistant to microbial contamination to protect consumer health and increase shelf life, much like any other product containing water, organic and inorganic components. The aims of anti-microbiological activity are to protect consumers from potentially harmful bacteria and to preserve products subject to degradation. Chemical, physical, or physicochemical methods are used to ensure this. Organic acid preservatives, alcohols, formaldehyde releasers, halogenated preservatives, isothiazolinones, quaternary ammonium salts and chlorhexidine are among the preservatives included in the legislation. Indeed, high quantitiesare more successful from a preservation standpoint, nevertheless they are toxic to consumers, whereas low amounts can lead to microbial resistance. Accordingly, the criteria of several international legislation and validation methods for introducing microbiologically safe items to the market have become essential. Although there are many approaches based on gas chromatography (GC) as per literature, the most common methods for the determination of preservatives are based on liquid chromatography (LC). Both of these procedures, as well as capillary electrophoresis (CE) and micellar electro kinetic chromatography (MEKC), have been frequently utilized in the cosmetics industry to determine preservative levels. Analytical approaches have been primarily focused on parabens, whereas the number of available methods to investigate other preservatives is limited. There is a tendency toward the usage of miniature extraction processes where new and improved sample preparation and extraction techniques including matrix solid-phase dispersion, solid-phase extraction, pressurized liquid extraction/supercritical fluid extraction and microextraction-based method have been introduced with high levels of efficiency and extraction capacities. Considering the significance and relevance of preservatives in cosmetics, this study highlights the most recent state-of-the-art information on their safety and regulatory concerns. Given the rising influence on consumer health, sample preparation and analytical methods forpreservative detection were also investigated which have been proposed by the international scientific literature.&#x0D; Keywords: Preservatives, Cosmetics, Analytical Techniques, Derivatization, Extraction

Human blood lipid profiles after dietary supplementation of different omega 3 ethyl esters formulations

The validity of omega 3 fatty acids (ω3 FAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), as dietary supplements has been widely proved. It’s well known in fact, that they protect against cardiovascular diseases, reduce the levels of triacylglycerides (TAGs) and cholesteryl esters (CEs) in blood, and have anti-inflammatory activity. For these reasons, in the last few years the production of dietary supplement containing ω3 has increased significantly. In this context, the possibility to obtain ω3 and other high value molecules from alternative sources as fish waste, in accordance with the principles of circular economy, becomes an enormous attractive. In addition, the opportunity of creating new products, with greater health benefits, represents an interesting challenge. The current study was focused on the extraction of ω3 fatty acids and peptides from tuna waste industry, to realize a new dietary supplement. To this purpose, a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method was developed to separate, isolate, and enrich the different fractions subsequently used to produce an innovative formulate. The obtained supplement was characterized in terms of fatty acids esterified ester (FAEE) composition by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to both flame ionization detection (FID) and mass spectrometry (MS), and content of heavy metals by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).The effects of ω3 supplementation on metabolism and circulating lipid profiles was tested on 12 volunteers and assessed by GC-FID analysis of whole blood collected on paper support (Dried Blood Spot, DBS) at the beginning of the study and after thirty days. The results of plasma fatty acids levels after 30 days showed a significant decrease in the ω6/ω3 ratio, as well as the saturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids (SFA/PUFA) ratio, compared to subjects who took the ω3 ethyl esters unformulated. The novel formulated supplements proved to be extremely interesting and promising products, due to a significant increase in bioavailability, that makes it highly competitive in the current panorama of the nutraceutical industry.

Comparative study on different extraction methods of oil extract from Mentha asiatica Boriss. and optimization of the extraction process by response surface methodology

AbstractIn the current study, the lipophilic solvent (n‐hexane) extraction, steam distillation (SD) and supercritical CO2 fluid extraction (SC–CO2) methods were used to extract the volatile components of Mentha asiatica Boriss. Comparisons were made between the extraction yield, chemical component and biological activity. Gas chromatography quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GC–QTOF–MS) and semi‐quantitative analysis of chemical contents by flame ionization detector (GC–FID) were used to study the chemical ingredients in Mentha asiatica Boriss. aromatic extract. The oil extract obtained from lipophilic solvent (n‐hexane) extraction (1.27 ± 0.03%, w/W) showed the highest yield, followed by supercritical CO2 fluid extraction (1.15 ± 0.04%, w/W), the extraction rate of SD was (0.37 ± 0.01%，w/W). The oil extract of Mentha asiatica Boriss. contained a total of 70 components that were identified. In the following, the primary volatile compounds of the essential oil produced using the three extraction techniques: α‐thujene, camphene, sabinene, β‐pinene, β‐cymene, limonene, β‐terpinene, camphol, α‐terpinene, carvenone, carvone, piperitone oxide, thymol, myrtenyl acetate, dihydrojasmone, caryophyllene, germacrene D and caryophyllene oxide. Findings from this study indicate that the three methods of essential oil extraction produced oils with varying antioxidant capacities against DPPH and ABTS free radicals. Against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, all of the essential oils simultaneously showed clear inhibitory actions. Response surface methodology (RSM) and the Box–Benhnken design with three factors and three levels were both utilized to optimize the distillation process of essential oils. The appropriate extraction parameters were a 3 h extraction period, a solid–liquid ratio of 1:10 and a 3 h soaking time. The highest yield of essential oil was 0.38%. The impact of extraction parameters on essential oil yield was examined using the SD method. The findings indicated that the main factors affecting the yield of volatile oil extracted by SD were soaking time &gt; ratio of solid to liquid &gt; extraction time.

Solubility of di-cyclohexylhydrogen phosphonate in supercritical carbon dioxide medium: Application towards the recovery of uranium from aqueous solution

Hydrogen phosphonates are di-esters of phosphonic acids and are widely employed as ligands for recovery of actinide species from different matrices. An alicyclic hydrogen phosphonate, namely, di-cyclohexylhydrogen phosphonate (DCyHeHP) is synthesized; its solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide medium is evaluated towards development of a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method for recovery of actinide species. The solubility experiments were carried out at three isotherms (313 K, 323 K, and 333 K) with pressure varying from 10 MPa − 20 MPa, using a dynamic flow method. The mole fraction solubility ranges from 0.2 × 10-3 to 102 × 10-3 in the investigated region. The experimental solubility data was modelled using five semi-empirical equations; Mendez-Santiago, Chrastil, del Valle, Adachi Lu and Sparks equations. The experimental data was found to be self-consistence based on Mendez-Santiago equation. The prediction ability of these models was compared using absolute average relative deviation (AARD) and corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc). Among the models employed in the present study, Adachi Lu equation found to better with an AARD and AICc value of 4.2% and 87.2 respectively. Based on the solubility data, SFE method was developed for the selective recovery of uranium from representative fission product elements from an aqueous solution using SCCO2 containing DCyHeHP.

Valorization of Kappaphycus alvarezii through extraction of high-value compounds employing green approaches and assessment of the therapeutic potential of κ-carrageenan

This study utilizes different emerging green extraction technologies to recover maximum value-added products from Kappaphycus alvarezii and evaluate their bio-functional properties. Using the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method, the total lipid yield of 0.21 ± 0.2 % was obtained from the biomass. Linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, γ-linolenic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid were present in higher concentrations (9.12 %) in the lipid extracted with SFE as compared to hexane (5.5 %). Using an ultrasonication assisted approach, ~56 % of κ-carrageenan was recovered from SFE residual biomass, which contains 28.5 ± 1.9 % sulfate content. It exhibited a monosaccharide content of 3,6-anhydrogalactose (~24 %) and galactose (~53 %), as well as rheological properties within FAO limitations that can be explored for food-grade applications. ~58 % of the total protein (12.5 %) from SFE residual biomass was recovered using subcritical water hydrolysis method. The effectiveness of κ-carrageenan in suppressing the 3CLpro of SARS-CoV-2 using in vitro and in silico approaches was investigated. κ-Carrageenan effectively inhibited the main protease by up to 93 % at 1.6 mg mL−1. In silico results revealed that κ-carrageenan successfully binds to the active site of the main protease while retaining the structural integrity and stability of protein-ligand complexes.

Development of a rapid and simple protocol for oil quantification of small (mg) mass oil seed samples

BackgroundEfficient and accurate determination of oil content is useful for small mass oilseeds and analysis of single seed chips. ResultsThis study evaluated twelve different methods of seed oil extraction and quantification, including methods that have not previously been applied to oilseeds. The aim of the study was to evaluate and develop efficient and inexpensive techniques that reliably work with small mass amounts of seeds. The Soxhlet method was used as a standard control. Twelve oilseed samples (eleven soybean and one chia) covering an oil content range of 15.5–32.7% (dry weight) were used. The Folch technique provided a higher percentage of oil extraction compared to Bligh and Dyer and hexane-isopropanol techniques. There was not a significant difference (P > 0.05) between the Folch and Soxhlet technique. A supercritical fluid extraction method yielded significantly lower amounts of oil extraction compared to the Soxhlet method. A direct transesterification (DT) method yielded significantly higher oil levels in seeds that contained low moisture content. Together, our results show that bead beating extraction (BBE) developed in this study was highly correlated with the Soxhlet method (R2 = 0.88). This involves direct pulverization, extraction and transesterification of glycerolipids in 2 mL tubes processed in a bead beater for 40 s followed by gas chromatography. ConclusionsThis BBE method was the simplest, fastest and least expensive.

Comparative study of phytochemical extraction using hydrogen-rich water and supercritical fluid extraction methods

Phytochemicals are widely found in agri-food wastes. The extraction of ‎phytochemicals was evaluated using hydrogen-rich water extraction (HRW-E) and supercritical fluid ‎extraction (SFE) methods from different plant wastes (tomato peel, orange carrot, green ‎apple ‎peel, lemon peel, red cabbage). Total phenolic content (TPC), total ‎flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin, and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS) were ‎highest in HRW-E samples compared to SFE and pure water extraction for all plant wastes. The percent increase (%) ranged between 5.14 and 12.06 and 22.27–49.62 (TPC), 1.32–35.59 and ‎‎16.01-‎‎‎53.03 (TFC), 18.18–53.19 and 80.53–390.1 (anthocyanins), 2.21–22.37 and 9.03-‎‎142.46 ‎‎‎(DPPH), and 1.16–7.49 and 14.47–28.05 (ABTS) for SFE and HRW-E samples, ‎respectively. ‎HRW-E was more potent than SFE for extraction of all phytochemical types from ‎all plant wastes. Non-flavonoids, e.g., phenolic acids (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-‎coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid‎) and flavonoids (catechin, epicatechin, and rutin)‎, were extracted ‎better by HRW-E than ‎‎SFE for different plant wastes. ‎The HRW-E method is recommended to researchers and processors‎ as an extraction method for phytochemicals due to its simplicity, low cost, not requiring additional equipment or ‎energy source, non-toxic solvent use, green properties of the product and for the environment, as well as higher extraction ‎‎efficiency.‎