Fluid Composition Research Articles

Differential Lipid Signatures of Lumbar and Cisternal Cerebrospinal Fluid

Background: The molecular composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is often used as a key indicator of biochemical alterations within distinct brain and spinal cord fluid compartments. The CSF protein content in lumbar CSF samples is widely employed as a biomarker matrix for diagnosing brain-related pathological conditions. CSF lipid profiles may serve as promising complementary diagnostics, but it remains unresolved if the lipid distribution is consistent along the neuroaxis. Methods: The lipid composition was determined with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in cisternal CSF obtained from healthy subjects undergoing preventive surgery of an unruptured aneurism (n = 11) and lumbar CSF obtained from individuals referred for the clinical evaluation of cognitive dysfunction but subsequently cleared and deemed healthy (n = 19). Results: We reveal discernible variations in lipid composition along the neuroaxis, with a higher overall lipid concentration in cisternal CSF, although with different relative distributions of the various lipid classes in the two compartments. The cisternal CSF contained elevated levels of most lipid classes, e.g., sphingomyelins, lysophosphatidylcholines, plasmenylphosphatidylcholines, phosphatidic acids, and triacylglycerols, whereas a few select lipids from the classes of fatty acids, phosphatidylcholines, amides and plasmenylphosphatidylethanolamines were, oppositely, elevated in the lumbar CSF pool. Conclusions: The distinct lipid distribution along the neuroaxis illustrates that the molecular constituents in these two CSF compartments are not uniform. These findings emphasize the necessity of establishing a lumbar lipid index for the accurate interpretation of the cranial CSF lipid profile.

Differential proteomic profiles of exosomes in pediatric and adult adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma cyst fluid.

Adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas (ACPs), commonly seen in pediatrics and adults often present with large cystic cavities that can compress surrounding tissues, causing severe visual and endocrine symptoms. Complete resection of cystic ACP is challenging, frequently leading to postoperative recurrence. The composition of the cystic fluid is complex, and to date, there has been limited research focusing on exosomes within ACP cyst fluid. We collected cyst fluid from 12 ACP patients and confirmed the presence of exosomes. Subsequently, we conducted exosomal proteomic analysis using LC-MS/MS. The patients were divided into pediatric and adult groups for the analysis of differential protein enrichment, followed by comprehensive bioinformatics analysis, including GO analysis, KEGG analysis, and PPI network analysis, among other functional pathway and protein interaction analyses. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the tissue expression distribution of the differential protein APOA1. In our data analysis, 64 significantly differentially expressed proteins were identified, with 37 being overexpressed in the pediatric group and 27 in the adult group. Our results revealed that exosomal proteins in the pediatric group were predominantly enriched in modules and pathways related to high-density lipoprotein particle, apolipoprotein receptor binding, and the PPAR signaling pathway. Additionally, APOA1, as the hub protein with the highest connectivity in the differential protein interaction network, may play a critical role in β-amyloid metabolism pathways in pediatric ACP. This study is the first to construct a proteomic map of ACP cyst fluid exosomes, suggesting significant differences in the tumor microenvironment's lipid metabolism between pediatrics and adults.

Unlocking underground hydrogen storage potential: Geochemical characterization of North Dakota's geological formation

Underground hydrogen storage offers a promising solution for sustainable energy, with geologic formations such as salt caverns, aquifers, and depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs identified as suitable options for safely storing hydrogen. Some studies have been carried out to investigate hydrogen-rock-fluid interactions. However, none have simultaneously combined experimental analysis and geochemical modeling of the equilibrium and kinetic reactions using a well-characterized North Dakota carbonate formation as a case study to investigate its geochemical characterization and implications. This research explores the mineralogical and fluid composition of specific depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs in North Dakota while investigating the intricate geochemical interplays between hydrogen gas, fluid, and rock formations. This study focused on the Red River Formation, a primary hydrocarbon-producing entity in North Dakota, to unveil its potential for underground hydrogen storage (UHS). This formation's stratigraphic complexity and extensive hydrocarbon yield underscores its significance. We conducted experiments combining analytical tests and geochemical modeling using core samples from the Red River Formation. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were employed to decipher mineralogical and elemental constituents. This study covers areas such as the Bicentennial, Coyote Creek, Horse Creek, and Medicine Poll Hills Fields and identified common minerals such as calcite, dolomite, anhydrite, and quartz, along with essential elements such as oxygen, magnesium, aluminum, and silicon. Geochemical simulations were also performed to evaluate the equilibrium and kinetic reactions expected during hydrogen gas injection into this formation. Our findings revealed stable mineral phases, the absence of detrimental environmental impacts, promising prospects for hydrogen storage in the studied carbonate reservoirs without geochemical alterations and promising a sustainable pathway toward net-zero carbon emissions.

Proteomic Analysis of Follicular Fluid in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Insights into Protein Composition and Metabolic Pathway Alterations.

This study explores the proteomic composition of follicular fluid (FF) from women undergoing oocyte retrieval for in vitro fertilisation (IVF), with a focus on the effects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). FF samples were collected from 74 patients, including 34 with PCOS and 40 oocyte donors. Proteomic profiling using machine learning identified significant differences in protein abundance between the PCOS and control groups. Of the 484 quantified proteins, 20 showed significantly altered levels in the PCOS group. Functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis pointed to the involvement of protease inhibitors and immune-related proteins in the pathophysiology of PCOS, suggesting that inflammation and immune dysregulation may play a key role. Additionally, HDL assembly was identified as a significant pathway, with apolipoprotein-AI (APOA1) and alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) as the major proteins involved. Notably, myosin light polypeptide 6 was the most downregulated protein, showing the highest absolute fold change, and may serve as a novel independent biomarker for PCOS.

Analysis of the factors influencing movable fluid in shale oil reservoirs: a case study of Chang 7 in the Ordos Basin, China

Shale oil in the Ordos Basin is one of the most important areas for further exploration. In this paper, the relationships between the organic geochemistry, physical properties, micropore structure and mobile fluid composition of the Chang7 shale were studied via field emission scanning electron microscopy field emission scanning electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and computed tomography. The results indicate that the shales are mainly composed of quartz, clay and feldspar. The micro/nanopores are composed of mineral intergranular pores, dissolution pores and intercrystalline pores. The pore size of the mobile fluid ranges from 10 to 30 nm and from 0.1 to 10 μm, and a higher temperature is associated with a better fluidity of 10–30 nm. Based on the fractal turning point method, the shale reservoirs are classified as moderate or high heterogeneity. The mobile liquid was mainly controlled by the brittleness index, permeability, permeability, radius of the throat, radius of the pore throat, and volume ratio of the pore throat. The second factor was the heterogeneity strength and burial depth, but the relationship with TOC content and maturity was not obvious.

Optimization of polishing fluid composition for single crystal silicon carbide by ultrasonic assisted chemical-mechanical polishing

Silicon carbide (SiC) is renowned for its exceptional hardness, thermal conductivity, chemical stability, and wear resistance. However, the existing process is difficult to meet the high standards of uniform corrosion in its polishing process and surface roughness and flatness after polishing, new polishing fluids and technique optimization are crucial for development. The study optimized and validated the composition of the polishing fluid used in ultrasonic-assisted chemical-mechanical polishing (UACMP). Abrasives significantly influenced the material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (Ra), contributing 67.63% and 56.43%, respectively. Organic bases and pH buffers significantly affected Ra, accounting for 19.66% and 21.44%, respectively. The optimum composition was determined, consisting of triethylamine (3wt%), potassium hydrogen phthalate (1wt%), a composite of silica and alumina abrasive particles (5wt%), and hydrogen peroxide (6wt%), which reduced the Ra from 95 nm to 3 nm. The MRR achieved 25.96 nm/min. In comparison to the 7 nm minimum roughness from the orthogonal test, the optimal scheme’s Ra was reduced by 57.14%, leading to a significant enhancement in overall surface quality. In this paper, a new type of additive is added to prepare the polishing liquid, which provides a new idea for the UACMP of SiC and has a great impact.

Environmental microbiota from substrate may interfere with microbiome-based identification of forensically relevant body fluids: A pilot study

The microbiome is a promising tool for identifying body fluids which can be deposited on various substrates at a crime scene. Body fluids collected from crime scenes are not entirely free from substrate microbes whose effects on the microbiome-based identification of body fluids are not well understood. In this study, five body fluids (peripheral blood, menstrual blood, nasal secretions, saliva, and semen) were deposited on sterile swabs, bedspreads, and floors under indoor exposure conditions for 7 days. The microbial communities in the samples were characterized using amplicon sequencing targeted V4 region of 16S rRNA gene. The results showed that the microbial communities of fresh samples deposited on sterile swabs clustered together according to the type of body fluid. The microbial composition of the body fluids deposited on the bedspread and floor is significant different from those deposited on sterile swabs. The microbial communities of mock body fluids were a mixture of microbes from pure body fluids and environmental microbes. FEAST analysis showed that the microbes of mock saliva samples were mainly from pure body fluids (51.53 % and 63.04 % on the bedspread and floor, respectively), but not from substrates (25.70 % and 18.92 % on the bedspread and floor, respectively). Contrary results were observed in peripheral blood, mock nasal secretion, and semen samples. All samples were mainly clustered based on the substrate, but not on the type of body fluid in the PCoA visualization. PERMANOVA results showed that the substrate accounted for more of the variance (R2 = 0.211, P < 0.001) than the type of body fluid (R2 = 0.152, P < 0.001). MicroDecon was used to remove contamination by microbes from the substrate of mock body fluid samples. PCoA and PERMANOVA were performed using decontaminated data. The results showed that samples were no longer clustered based on the substrate, and the type of body fluid (R2 = 0.240, P < 0.001) accounted for more of the variance in the microbial communities of samples than the substrate (R2 = 0.108, P < 0.001). Our results suggest that environmental microbiota from substrates may interfere with the microbiome-based identification of forensically relevant body fluids. To some extent, decontamination could decrease the effects of the substrate on the microbial communities of the samples and enhance the ability to distinguish between the types of body fluids. This pilot study will be valuable in promoting the application of microbiome-based stain analysis in forensics.

Is it useful to washing stored red blood cells in cardiopulmonary bypass priming fluid for neonatal cardiac surgery

Abstract Background The small blood volume and immature physiology of neonates necessitate careful consideration of the priming fluid composition during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery, as it has a substantial impact on their physiologic stability. This study aimed to investigate the impact of allogeneic stored RBCs processed by an autotransfusion system into the CPB priming fluid for neonatal cardiac surgery. Methods This retrospective cohort study investigated the effects of incorporating unwashed (n=56) or washed (n=45) RBCs into the CPB priming fluid for elective neonatal cardiac surgery. We compared perioperative blood parameters, inflammatory mediators, coagulation indicators, vasoactive inotrope score (VIS), other relevant blood parameters and clinical outcomes between the two groups. The regression models were employed to evaluate the independent association between RBCs washing and prognostic outcomes. Results The autotransfusion system can effectively improve the quality of stored RBCs. During CPB, washed group exhibited higher peak hematocrit (P &amp;lt; 0.01), peak hemoglobin (P = 0.04), increased oxygen delivery index during rewarming (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The washed group exhibited significantly lower early postoperative lactate levels and VIS scores (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Despite demonstrating fluctuations in inflammatory (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10）and coagulation parameters(DD, FIB, FDP) compared to baseline, the two groups exhibited no significant divergence. Notably, the washed group experienced a lower incidence of hyperlactacidemia and delayed sternal closure at weaning from CPB. Conclusions The addition of washed allogeneic stored RBCs to neonatal CPB priming fluid significantly attenuated postoperative lactate elevation and lowered VIS without improving early alterations in the inflammatory and coagulation systems.

Geochemical constraints on reaction temperature and pressure and heat- and mass-transfer efficiency at Rainbow Hydrothermal Field

Seafloor vent fluids hosted by oceanic core complexes (OCCs) are thought to represent circulation of seawater-derived hydrothermal fluid along deeply penetrating, low-angle detachment faults. However, estimation of the source temperatures and pressures of such fluids has been limited because geochemical methods typically require vent fluid silica concentrations to be buffered by quartz, a condition not often met at oceanic core complexes. Here, we extend the calculation of the Si-Cl geothermobarometer to enable predictions of fluid Si concentrations in equilibrium with any Si-buffering mineral assemblage, rather than being restricted to quartz. We apply this method to Rainbow Hydrothermal Field vent fluid compositions and find that they are consistent with buffering by a plagioclase+talc+chlorite+tremolite mineral assemblage at conditions ranging from (430 °C, 359 bar) to (470 °C, 468 bar), which correspond to depths of 1.3–2.4 km below the seafloor. These estimates agree well with the locations of seismically imaged magma chambers within the Rainbow Massif. Additionally, calculations of fluxibility and Fe solubility support this relatively shallow origin for Rainbow vent fluids and imply relatively efficient heat and Fe extraction from the seafloor. We estimate that only 24–30 % of the heat content and almost no Fe is lost during upflow of Rainbow vent fluids.Compared to other OCC-hosted seafloor vents, the source region of Rainbow vent fluids is anomalously shallow, an observation consistent with geological interpretations of the Rainbow Massif. Vent fluids at Rainbow Hydrothermal Field have exhibited apparently stable and greater-than-seawater salinity for over two decades. We interpret these vent fluids as vapors derived from a higher-salinity source fluid that developed over multiple cycles of magma injection and phase-separation inherent to the formation of oceanic crust along slow-spreading, non-volcanic segments of oceanic spreading centers. Alternatively, higher-salinity source fluids could be derived from mineral hydration reactions associated with serpentinization of ultramafic rocks. The occurrence of greater-than-seawater salinity vent fluids is thus predicted to be a common feature of OCC-hosted vent fields, as indicated by several known examples, including the TAG, Kairei, and Edmond vent fields.

Application of a metatranscriptomics technology, CSI-Dx, for the detection of pathogens associated with prosthetic joint infections

Preoperative identification of causal organism(s) is crucial for effective prosthetic joint infection treatment. Herein, we explore the clinical application of a novel metatranscriptomic (MT) workflow, CSI-Dx, to detect pathogens associated with prosthetic joint infection. MT provides insight into transcriptionally active microbes, overcoming limitations of culture-based and available molecular methods. This study included 340 human synovial fluid specimens subjected to CSI-Dx and traditional culture-based methods. Exploratory analyses were conducted to determine sensitivity and specificity of CSI-Dx for detecting clinically-relevant taxa. Our findings provide insights into the active microbial community composition of synovial fluid from arthroplasty patients and demonstrate the potential clinical utility of CSI-Dx for aiding prosthetic joint infection diagnosis. This approach offers potential for improved sensitivity and acceptable specificity compared to synovial fluid culture, enabling detection of culturable and non-culturable microorganisms. Furthermore, CSI-Dx provides valuable information on antimicrobial resistance gene expression. While further optimization is needed, integrating metatranscriptomic technologies like CSI-Dx into routine clinical practice can revolutionize prosthetic joint infection diagnosis by offering a comprehensive and active snapshot of associated pathogens.

Composition and Injection Rate Co-Optimization Method of Supercritical Multicomponent Thermal Fluid Used for Offshore Heavy Oil Thermal Recovery

Supercritical multicomponent thermal fluid injection is a new technology with great potential for offshore heavy oil thermal recovery. In the process of thermal fluid generation, the reaction conditions including temperature, pressure, and the organic mass concentration in the reaction material will significantly affect its composition and injection rate and will further affect the thermal recovery and development quality of heavy oil. However, there is a lack of relevant research on the variation rules and control methods of the composition and injection rate of supercritical multicomponent thermal fluids, resulting in a lack of technical mechanisms for effective optimization. To fill this gap, a reaction molecular dynamics simulation method was used to simulate thermal fluid generation under different temperatures, pressures, and organic mass concentrations. The changes in thermal fluid composition and yield with reaction conditions were studied, and a control model of thermal fluid composition and yield was established. The proportional relationship between the thermal fluid generation scale of an offshore heavy oil platform and the simulated thermal fluid generation scale is analyzed, and a collaborative optimization method of thermal fluid composition and injection rate in field applications is proposed. The results show the following: (1) The higher the mass concentration of organic matter, the higher the content of supercritical carbon dioxide and supercritical nitrogen in thermal fluids, and the lower the content of supercritical water. (2) The higher the temperature and pressure, the higher the thermal fluid yield, and the higher the organic mass concentration, the lower the thermal fluid yield. (3) The component fitting model conforms to the power function relationship, and the coefficient of determination R2 is greater than 0.9; the yield fitting model conforms to the modified inverse linear logarithmic function relationship, the determination coefficient R2 is greater than 0.8, and the fitting degree is high. (4) The ratio between the actual injection rate of thermal fluids in the mine field and the molecular simulated thermal fluid yield is the ratio of organic matter mass in the platform thermal fluid generator and organic matter mass in the simulated box. (5) Based on the composition and yield control model, combined with the simulation of the ratio relationship between yield and injection rate in the field, a collaborative optimization method of thermal fluid composition and injection rate was established. The research results can provide an effective technical method for predicting, controlling, and optimizing the composition and injection rate of supercritical multicomponent thermal fluids.

Characterization of the single cell landscape in normal and osteoarthritic equine joints.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major source of pain and disability worldwide. Understanding of disease progression is evolving, but OA is increasingly thought to be a multifactorial disease in which the innate immune system plays a role in regulating and perpetuating low-grade inflammation. The aim of this study was to enhance our understanding of OA immunopathogenesis through characterization of the transcriptomic responses in OA joints, with the goal to facilitate the development of targeted therapies. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was completed on cells isolated from the synovial fluid of three normal and three OA equine joints. In addition to synovial fluid, scRNA-seq was also performed on synovium from one normal joint and one OA joint. Characterization of 28,639 cells isolated from normal and OA-affected equine synovial fluid revealed the composition to be entirely immune cells (CD45+) with 8 major populations and 26 subpopulations identified. In synovial fluid, we found myeloid cells (macrophage and dendritic cells) to be overrepresented and T cells (CD4 and CD8) to be underrepresented in OA relative to normal joints. Through subcluster and differential abundance analysis of T cells we further identified a relative overrepresentation of IL23R+ gamma-delta (γδ) T cells in OA-affected joints (a cell type we report to be enriched in gene signatures associated with T helper 17 mediated immunity). Analysis of an additional 17,690 cells (11 distinct cell type clusters) obtained from synovium of one horse led to the identification of an OA-associated reduction in the relative abundance of synovial macrophages, which contrasts with the increased relative abundance of macrophages in synovial fluid. Completion of cell-cell interaction analysis implicated myeloid cells in disease progression, suggesting that the myeloid-myeloid interactions were increased in OA-affected joints. Overall, this work provides key insights into the composition of equine synovial fluid and synovium in health and OA. The data generated in this study provides equine-specific cell type gene signatures which can be applied to future investigations. Furthermore, our analysis highlights the potential role of macrophages and IL23R+ γδ T cells in OA immunopathogenesis.

Specific Degradation of the Mucin Domain of Lubricin in Synovial Fluid Impairs Cartilage Lubrication.

Progressive cartilage degradation, synovial inflammation, and joint lubrication dysfunction are key markers of osteoarthritis. The composition of synovial fluid (SF) is altered in OA, with changes to both hyaluronic acid and lubricin, the primary lubricating molecules in SF. Lubricin's distinct bottlebrush mucin domain has been speculated to contribute to its lubricating ability, but the relationship between its structure and mechanical function in SF is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate the application of a novel mucinase (StcE) to selectively degrade lubricin's mucin domain in SF to measure its impact on joint lubrication and friction. Notably, StcE effectively degraded the lubricating ability of SF in a dose-dependent manner starting at nanogram concentrations (1-3.2 ng/mL). Further, the highest StcE doses effectively degraded lubrication to levels on par with trypsin, suggesting that cleavage at the mucin domain of lubricin is sufficient to completely inhibit the lubrication mechanism of the collective protein component in SF. These findings demonstrate the value of mucin-specific experimental approaches to characterize the lubricating properties of SF and reveal key trends in joint lubrication that help us better understand cartilage function in lubrication-deficient joints.

Testing the functionality of OLGA software for determining optimal oil transport modes to prevent solid particle deposition

Background: During operation, all mechanical impurities entering the collector through the flow lines settle at the bottom due to a decrease in flow velocity. This leads to a reduction in the capacity of the pipeline network, increased pressure, and premature equipment wear. To address this issue it is essential to understand the dynamics and intensity of sludge formation at the bottom of the pipeline. Aim: Evaluate the functionality and efficiency of the dynamic multiphase flow simulator in addressing challenges related to the transport of borehole fluid containing solid particles. Materials and methods: To build a mathematical simulation of multiphase flow with solid particles using OLGA specialised software, we selected one of the oil gathering lines in field N, with a diameter of 159х10 mm and a length of 1600 m, as the study object. This oil gathering line collects production from 16 wells. The OLGA simulator was used to model the process and measure flow parameters with different particle diameters, predicting the dynamics of variables such as time-varying flow velocities, fluid composition, temperatures, and particulate deposition. For a flow with a particle diameter of 104 µm, active precipitation occurs at flow rates between 200 and 300 m³/day. At flow rates of 400 m³/day and above, the velocity is sufficient to carry the particles without significant accumulation in the pipeline. Results: The software enabled the calculation of the dynamic system for different solid particle diameters in multiphase flow, addressing the challenge of evaluating the dynamics of solid phase accumulation in the pipeline and determining the fluid flow velocity required to prevent sludge formation. The software is suitable for implementing simulation modelling to develop technical solutions that minimise the risks of solid particle deposition in oil gathering pipelines during the operation of on-shore infrastructure facilities. Conclusion: The software enabled the calculation of the dynamic system for different solid particle diameters in multiphase flow, addressing the challenge of evaluating the dynamics of solid phase accumulation in the pipeline and determining the fluid flow velocity required to prevent sludge formation. The software is suitable for implementing simulation modelling to develop technical solutions that minimise the risks of solid particle deposition in oil gathering pipelines during the operation of on-shore infrastructure facilities.

The metabolomic composition of the oviductal fluid is controlled by the periovulatory hormonal context in Bos indicus cows.

In cattle, oviductal function is controlled by the ovarian sex-steroids estradiol and progesterone. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the exposure to contrasting sex-steroid milieus differentially impacts the oviductal fluid composition. Estrous cycles of non-lactating, multiparous Nelore cows were pre-synchronized and then synchronized with a protocol designed two induce ovulation of large (LF group) or small (SF group) follciles. Larger preovulatory follicle (day 0) and corpora lutea (day 4) and greater estradiol (day 0) and progesterone (day 4) concentrations were observed in the LF group. Four days after induced ovulation, oviductal fluid was collected post-mortem. Quantitative mass spectrometry was used to determine the concentration of amino acids, biogenic amines, acylcarnitines, phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, hexoses, prostaglandins and related compounds. Multivariate analyses (OPLS-DA) were conducted to compare the metabolomic signatures of oviductal fluids. Correlation network analysis was conducted to measure the strength and hierarchy of associations among metabolites. Of the 205 metabolites quantified, 171 were detected in at least 50% of the samples and were included in further data analysis. After OPLS-DA analysis, samples of the LF and SF were divided clearly into two non-overlapping clusters. Twenty metabolites had different or tended to have different concentrations in the oviductal fluid when comparing groups. Seven of these 20 analytes had greater concentrations in LF cows. Moreover, total sum of biogenic amines, phosphatidylcholines, and prostaglandins were higher in the SF group. The correlation network showed that the LF group metabolites' concentrations were highly intercorrelated, which was not observed in the SF group. We concluded that the periovulatory endocrine milieu regulates the composition of the oviductal fluid.

Two- versus one-bag fluid delivery in pediatric and adolescent diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Two rehydration protocols currently exist to treat diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in pediatric patients aged <21 years: the traditional "one-bag" system and the more recent "two-bag" system. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the newer two-bag system versus the well-established one-bag system. The CiNAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were comprehensively searched from inception to June 2023 by 2 independent reviewers using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis framework. Eligible studies were those that reported participants <21 years of age who presented to the emergency room with a clinical diagnosis of DKA. This review was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023427551). From the initial screening of 42 studies, 8 unique studies encompassing 583 patients met the eligibility criteria. The analysis yielded no significant intergroup differences in hypoglycemia (odds ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20-1.87; I2=3%) or mean glucose correction rate (mean difference [MD], 0.04 mg/ dL/hr; 95% CI, -13.10 to 13.17; I2=64%). The incidence of cerebral edema was as low (0.17%) across groups, with only one case reported in the one-bag group. Notably, the mean time to DKA resolution (MD, -3.24 h; 95% CI, -5.57 to -0.91; I2=0%) and mean response time for intravenous fluid changes (MD, -32.75 min; 95% CI, -43.21 to -22.29; I2=59%) was lower for the two-bag system. This meta- analysis presents preliminary evidence suggesting that the two-bag system may confer advantages over the one-bag system for selected patients. However, further studies with greater patient stratification based on DKA severity, fluid composition, and protocol are needed to draw definitive conclusions and elucidate the extent of these advantages.

Активизация пластовой микрофлоры для повышения нефтеотдачи

Constant optimization of technological processes of oil production is one of the integral parts of rational subsurface use. The study and implementation of new developments and technologies in the oil production process is primarily due to the economic effect. Methods of increasing oil recovery are of particular interest in the practical implementation of innovative technologies in the oil and gas industry. To date, a huge number of technologies have been developed and tested in field conditions aimed at preserving and increasing the volume of produced products, the classification of which is very diverse. The primary criteria for choosing a method or combination of methods of influencing a productive reservoir in order to increase oil recovery are the geological conditions of the productive horizon, as well as the composition and physico-chemical properties of reservoir fluids. Currently, of all the many methods of increasing oil recovery, the microbiological method is the least studied, as a result of which it is extremely rarely used in enterprises. The relevance of research on the effects of microorganisms on the reservoir rock is beyond doubt. The possibility of widespread application of oil recovery enhancement technology based on bacterial life processes is interesting both from the point of view of environmental safety and economic efficiency. One of the microbiological methods of increasing oil recovery is the activation of the existing reservoir microflora by feeding a nutrient medium into the reservoir. In the course of their vital activity, some types of bacteria are capable of destroying clay rocks, which entails changes in the filtration and capacitance properties of the reservoir rock and, as a result, the volume of products produced increases significantly. The advantage of this method is the absence of the need for forced “contamination” of the reservoir formation, since the necessary bacteria are already in it.

A Significant Correlation of Glutamine and Interlukin-6 with Pregnancy Rate in Women Undergoing ICSI

Background: The composition of follicular fluid (FF) is significantly influenced by metabolic factors, and the analyses of metabolites in FF could reveal the correlation between metabolites and oocyte quality, embryo development, and pregnancy outcome. FF provides nutrients and growth factors that promote oocyte growth, development, and maturation. Objective: To investigate the relationship between serum and FF glutamine and FF IL-6 levels and their influence on the pregnancy rate in women who are undergoing an ICSI treatment cycle. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was performed on 90 women aged 20- 44 years who underwent ICSI treatment from July 2023 to February 2024. Serum and follicular fluid collected on the day of oocyte pick-up were used as biological material. The embryological laboratory examined the retrieved follicular fluid and collected oocytes using stereomicroscopy. ELISA analysed serum, FF glutamine and FF IL-6. The ICSI method was utilized for fertilization. The pregnancy test is done by measuring serum BHCG. Statistical data processing was conducted using the software package SPSS 23. Results: There was a highly significant correlation between FF glutamine and FF IL-6 (p &lt; 0.001) and a positive correlation between FF glutamine and FF IL-6 with pregnancy rate ( p &lt; 0.001) (p &lt; 0.001 ). Conclusion The correlation of FF glutamine and FF IL-6 affects the pregnancy rate in women undergoing ICSI. FF glutamine and FF IL-6 can be considered predictors for pregnancy while serum glutamine has no significance.

Optimizing Cutting Parameters for Effective Turning of EN-31 Steel by Utilizing Vegetable-Based Cutting Fluids as a Coolant

&lt;div&gt;The primary objective of this article is to study the improvement of machining efficiency of EN-31 steel by optimizing turning parameters using newly developed cutting fluids with different proportions of aloe vera gel and coconut oil, utilizing the Taguchi technique. Furthermore, performance metrics including material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness, and tool wear rate (TWR) were assessed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) suggested that as cutting speed and feed increase, the MRR is positively influenced, but likewise tool wear is intensified. The surface roughness exhibited a positive correlation with cutting speed, and a negative correlation with increasing both cutting speed and feed. It was found that the maximum MRR value was attained at a cutting speed of 275 m/min, a feed rate of 1.00 mm/rev, and a cutting fluid composition of 30% aloe vera and 70% coconut oil. For the best surface smoothness, it is advisable to adjust the cutting speed to 350 m/min and the feed rate to 0.075 mm/rev. A cutting speed of 275 m/min and a feed rate of 1.00 mm/rev led to a lower TWR. The results suggest that the combined use of coconut oil and aloe vera as cutting fluids improves the turning quality of EN-31 steel, particularly when employing a combination of 30% aloe vera and 70% coconut oil. As a possible solution for performance problems in achieving desired results during the turning of EN-31 steels, these recommendations may be used in industries to enhance turning performance.&lt;/div&gt;

Comparison of the Results of Modeling Pulmonary Fibrosis in Sprague Dawley Rats by Intratracheal Administration of Bleomycin in the Form of Sulfate and Chloride at a Dose of 3 mg/kg.

Background/Objectives: Intratracheal administration of bleomycin (BLM) to laboratory rodents is a standard, widely used technique used to model pulmonary fibrosis (PF). BLM, as a modeling agent, is produced mainly in the form of two salts-sulfate and chloride. We compared the results of modeling PF in SD rats by intratracheal administration of BLM sulfate and BLM chloride. Methods: Healthy mature male SD rats were used. PF was modeled by intratracheal administration of BLM sulfate and BLM chloride at a dose of 3 mg/kg. The criteria for the development of PF included body weight gain, changes in respiratory parameters, relative lung weight, cellular composition of broncho-alveolar fluid (BALF), histological assessment of the severity of PF with trichrome Masson staining. Results: Intratracheal administration of both BLM salts led to the development of pronounced PF, which was determined by changes in all of the measured parameters relative to control animals. There were no significant differences between the BLM sulfate and BLM chloride groups in body weight gain, hydroxyproline content, and histological evaluation. However, significant differences were identified in the cellular composition of BALF-a significant increase in alveolar macrophages and neutrophils levels in animals treated with BLM sulfate. Conclusions: Intratracheal administration of both BLM salts led to the development of severe PF; however, the inflammatory process in animals receiving BLM sulfate was more pronounced and prolonged than in animals receiving BLM chloride, which in the former, when observed more than 21 days after modeling, can lead to more severe PF.