Income Fluctuations Research Articles

The Influence of Employee Productivity and Operational Costs on Increasing Revenue PT. Diamond National Iron Industry Medan

This research aims to analyze the impact of employee productivity and operational costs on income growth at PT. Intan National Iron Industry Medan. The study uses multiple linear regression methods with a sample of annual financial reports from the past six years, which have been approved by the company leadership. The motivation for this research stems from fluctuations in income over the years, particularly during the pandemic, where a drastic decline was observed. The income generated was insufficient to cover operational costs, leading to unmet income targets and a lack of management incentives, or even company losses. The results of the study indicate that employee productivity has a positive and significant effect on income, with a T-value of 7.079 (T-value 7.079 > T-table 2.015) and a significance level of 0.000 < 0.05, meaning that Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected. Operational costs also have a significant impact on income, with a T-value of 3.976 (T-value 3.976 > T-table 2.015) and a significance level of 0.000 < 0.05, again leading to the acceptance of Ha and rejection of H0. Furthermore, the combined effect of productivity and operational costs yields an F-value of 34.852 > 4.74 with a significance level of 0.000 < 0.05. These findings demonstrate that both employee productivity and operational costs positively and significantly influence income growth at PT. Intan National Iron Industry Medan.

Short‐term changes in financial situation have immediate mental health consequences: Implications for social policy

AbstractPoverty is associated with psychological variables such as increased anxiety, increased depression, steeper time discounting and greater risk aversion. However, less is known about whether short‐term changes in financial circumstances are coupled to immediate psychological responses. We present data from the Changing Cost of Living study, in which panels of adults in France (n = 232) and the UK (n = 240) completed financial and psychological surveys every month for a year (September 2022–August 2023). We found the expected overall socioeconomic gradients in anxiety, depression and time discounting. In addition, monthly fluctuations in financial situation were associated with fluctuations in depression, anxiety and risk preference. Increases in essential costs, considered separately from fluctuations in income, had an immediate impact on depression. Social support, the instrumental and emotional assistance derivable from one's social network, buffered the effects of short‐term financial fluctuations on depression and time discounting, but did not mitigate the overall gradients. We conclude that declines in income or increases in the cost of living have immediate and measurable psychological impacts, which must be borne in mind in the formulation and evaluation of social policy.

Peran Industri Rumah Pada Usaha Catering Kurnia Jaya Terhadap Pendapatan Karyawan Menurut Presfektif Ekonomi Islam di Kecamatan Medang Kampai Kota Dumai

The research aims to analyze the role of the home industry Catering Kurnia Jaya on employee income and welfare from the perspective of Islamic economics. The research method used is qualitative, involving a population of 10 employees. The subject of the study is the owner of Catering Kurnia Jaya, located in Medang Kampai District, Dumai City. The analysis used in this study includes reduction analysis and triangulation analysis. Data collection techniques include observation and interviews. The results show that Catering Kurnia Jaya significantly contributes to increasing the income and economic well-being of employees' families. This business operates according to Islamic economic principles, emphasizing justice, sustainability, and fair redistribution. Employee income fluctuations occur due to seasonal factors and market competition. This study highlights the importance of household industries in alleviating poverty and enhancing the local economy, with Catering Kurnia Jaya serving as an example of significant contribution to employee income and welfare.

Do the Economic Growth, PAD, DAU and DAK Fluctuations Effect on Capital Expenditures?

This research aims to determine the effect of economic growth, fluctuations in local revenue, fluctuations in general allocation funds, and fluctuations in special allocation funds on capital expenditure. The data in this research is secondary data obtained from the Republic of Indonesia Financial Audit Agency (BPK RI). This research uses data from Regional Government Financial Reports (LKPD) regarding Gross Regional Domestic Product (PDRB) and Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget Realization Reports (APBD) for Regencies/Cities throughout South Sumatra for 2018-2020. The data analysis technique used is quantitative analysis. The results of this research partially show that the variables Fluctuations in Regional Original Income and Fluctuations in Special Allocation Funds influence Capital Expenditures. Meanwhile, the Economic Growth and General Allocation Fund Fluctuations do not affect Capital Expenditures. Managerial implications suggest that regional governments should enhance revenue stability and strategically manage fund allocations to ensure consistent and sustainable capital investments. This approach will enable better financial planning and improved infrastructure development, ultimately fostering regional economic growth and development.

Collaboration to Address the Challenges Faced by Smallholders in Practicing Organic Agriculture: A Case Study of the Organic Sorghum Industry in Zunyi City, China

In many developing countries, organic agriculture is increasingly recognized as a key strategy for promoting rural economic development and improving farmer welfare. It is primarily smallholders who form the foundation of organic production in these areas. However, these farmers face significant challenges in adopting organic farming methods. The aim of this paper is to investigate solutions to the challenges encountered by smallholders. This research utilizes an integrated approach and includes a case study of the organic sorghum sector in Zunyi, China. The findings indicate that (1) a robust partnership has been established between enterprises, government, and farmers in the organic sorghum industry in Zunyi. Enterprises purchase the sorghum, cover organic certification costs, and partially fund material inputs, while local government facilitates organization, coordination, and technical support, with farmers responsible for production. (2) This collaboration has catalyzed high-quality development in the industry, benefiting all stakeholders. (3) Through this collaborative model, common challenges faced by smallholders, such as obstacles in obtaining certification, income fluctuations, and unfair market conditions, have been mitigated. Consequently, smallholders secure stable and reliable income as they benefit from favorable contract prices for organic sorghum and the assumption by enterprises of most material input costs. This study offers valuable empirical evidence that can guide the expansion of organic agriculture in similar regions and countries.

Pengaruh Persistensi Laba dan Earning Growth Terhadap Kualitas Laba dengan Corporate Governance Sebagai Variabel Moderasi

Income fluctuations cause profit instability, so that the reliability of financial report information is questioned by stakeholders. The aim of this research is to obtain empirical evidence about the influence of earnings persistence and earnings growth on earnings quality with the corporate governance as a moderating variable in companies participating in the CGPI program and listed on the BEI for the 2017-2021 period. The research population consisted of 161 corporate entities and 17 sample companies were selected that met the research criteria for the purposive sampling method. Data processing using the panel data regression method with the Eviews-12 statistical tool. The research results indicate that earnings persistence has a negative effect on earnings quality, while earnings growth has a positive effect on earnings quality. In addition, it was found that corporate governance does not moderate the effect of earnings persistence on earnings quality, but the effect of earnings growth on earnings quality can be moderated by corporate governance.

Mapping social protection coverage for platform workers: A comparative analysis of Belgium, Italy and the Netherlands

The aim of this paper is to examine if and how the reclassification of platform workers from self-employment status to employment status can provide them with adequate social security protection. Little is known about how this transition would guarantee platform workers adequate social protection within the social protection scheme for employees. National social security schemes, in particular income replacement benefit schemes, often (still) depart from the standard employment relationship, leading to lower protection for atypical work forms. Platform workers combine several of the characteristics of atypical forms of work, such as low earnings, irregular working patterns and working. Integrating platform workers into employee social security schemes faces additional challenges due to the online nature of their work, algorithmic management, high levels of unpaid labor, and employer identification difficulties. This paper focuses on unemployment protection, as EU Member States struggle to provide adequate protection for workers with irregular work patterns and income fluctuations, in the case of (short term) income replacement benefits. By constructing nine ideal work patterns reflective of diverse nature of platform work and current practices among platform work, we analyse how different types of ‘employed’ platform workers may fare within the legislation of three EU countries (Belgium, Italy, and the Netherlands). This approach allows us to assess the applicability of unemployment protection to different working patterns among 'employed' platform workers, considering formal, effective, and adequate access to unemployment schemes as outlined in the Council Recommendation on access to social protection for workers and the self-employed (2019).

Income Variability of Agricultural Households in Poland: A Descriptive Study

Among the different types of households, agricultural ones are perceived as the most exposed to the problem of income instability. Income fluctuations pose a threat not only to the financial stability of farming families but also to the sustainable development of the agriculture sector. Investigating the scale and factors of the variability of farmers’ household incomes is important in designing and monitoring agricultural policy measures that aim to stabilize farmers’ incomes. In this context, the main objective of this article is to assess the income variability of agricultural households in Poland and to identify the main correlates of farmers’ income fluctuations in the period 1996–2022. To emphasize the significance of the problem of income instability for agricultural households, a comparative assessment of income variability was performed (relative to non-agriculture households). Furthermore, two research subperiods (1996–2003; 2004–2022; before and after EU accession) were distinguished to capture the association between the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) and the stability of agricultural income. The study focusses on associations between variables (regression and correlation analyses were used). The income of agricultural households was shown to exhibit greater variability (year-on-year) than the income of households of workers and of self-employed people, with a lower scale of fluctuations after 2004. Furthermore, the study reveals a group of factors that could be correlated with the variability of the income of agricultural households: income structure (share of income from agriculture), natural and climatic conditions (variability of the yields and agricultural production), and changes in prices of the means of agricultural production. The findings raise, however, a question about the effectiveness of CAP instruments in stabilizing agricultural income.

Spatial analysis of regional income inequality in EU countries

ABSTRACT This article analyses regional convergence and the diminishing regional disparities within the EU27 from 2000 to 2019. It assesses the impact of income fluctuations on regional inequality by employing secondary analysis of income per capita indicators across NUTS 3 level regions. The article provides a quantitative assessment of regional income inequality, encompassing the most prevalent instruments used in the analysis of inequality data. In particular, it determines EU regional disparities using constructed Theil, Gini and CV indices exposing a more comprehensive evaluation of regional disparities within the EU. It also examines the nexus between spatial effects on regional income inequality. The findings suggest that EU convergence persists at the NUTS 3 level, albeit at a decelerating pace. We also point to the role of clustering effects among neighbouring regions. Notably, the study highlights the diminishing role of regional clustering due to income inequality during the ongoing convergence process.

Assessing the Effects of Flood Risk on Fish Farming in the Coastal Region of Delta State, Nigeria

This study explores the consequence of flood risk on fish agribusiness. Data from 116 respondents were analyzed using various tools such as descriptive statistics, the means of the Likert scale, cost and return analysis, and regression model. The findings indicate that respondents had an average age of 39 years, with most being educated and having around 7 years of fishing experience. The majority were married males with an average household size of 6 persons. Flood events occurred approximately four times on average, leading to significant disparities in cost and return of fish farming. The severity index of flood risk was 0.82%, with many respondents expressing willingness to discontinue fishing during floods. Most fish farmers lacked insurance coverage and government incentives, and many had limited access to credit. Factors contributing to flood risk severity included fish mortality, limited insurance access, income fluctuations, and decreased fish farm output. On average, 1345 fish were lost to flood incidents, with 58.6% of respondents facing high-risk levels. Coping strategies included pre-flood measures like embankment raising and post-flood actions like seeking assistance and applying lime to affected farms. The study recommends joining cooperative societies to improve access to funds and resources and offers insights for mitigating flood risks in the aquaculture business in Delta State

The Concerns Expressed by Spanish Wage‐Earners in Regard to Psychosocial Risk Factors during the 2008 Crisis

Background. Social and organisational changes in businesses have led to the appearance of “emergent risks” which affect workers but are less evident and hard to quantify such as psychosocial risks. Linked to psychosocial risks, issues such as work‐related stress and workplace violence are major challenges to occupational health and safety. This paper analyses the trends in the concerns expressed by wage‐earners in Spain regarding psychosocial factors that may affect them in the workplace. Methods. A causal analysis based on the application of binary logistic regression is presented, covering certain social and occupational characteristics of survey respondents and the psychosocial factors included in the Spanish National Surveys of Working Conditions for 2007 and for 2011‐2012. Binary logistic regression is a multivariate statistical tool that serves as a classification technique, identifying the variables that affect the probability of the event to be studied (dichotomous variable). This technique has the advantage that it does not require that the explanatory variables follow a normal distribution. The aim is to estimate the influence of the explanatory variables on the probability of the occurrence of the event under study, represented by the explained variable. Results. During the economic crisis of 2008, workers became more concerned about losing their jobs and about factors related to personnel cutbacks and decreases in investment in the prevention of occupational risks. Downsizing due to the crisis led to increased workloads for many of those still in work. Thus, in 2011, the likelihood of workers being concerned about working hours was greater, especially among respondents aged 25–34 and those working in commerce and transport. Workload was found to be a particular concern among respondents aged 25–34 and among workers in transport, communication, financial, professional, and administrative activities; health‐related activities; and industry. Conclusions. Policy should also be directed towards improving the structural aspects of psychosocial variations, in terms of work conditions, employment protection, and employment security to protect workers against income fluctuations as a result of job loss.

Assessing the Financial Literacy of the Blue-Collar Job Workers in terms of Financial Management Practices

The study aimed to assess the financial literacy of blue-collar workers in Valencia City, Philippines, based on their financial management practices. It employed a quantitative approach, using descriptive statistics to analyze data collected from 100 randomly chosen participants. The study found that blue-collar workers in Valencia City showed moderate proficiency in saving, managing expenses and bills, and setting financial goals. They also displayed a fair understanding of financial management principles. However, investment practices were limited due to concerns about scams and distrust, while debt management was rarely practiced due to income fluctuations from hourly wages and project-based work. Despite these challenges, the overall results suggest a moderate financial literacy level of among this group. The study recommends that financial literacy education must be improved. It also encourages companies to provide financial education programs for their employees. And support initiatives that expand access to affordable financial services and promote fair lending practices for low- and moderate-income individuals.

Repayment Flexibility and Risk Taking: Experimental Evidence from Credit Contracts

Abstract A widely held view is that small firms in developing countries are prevented from making profitable investments by lack of access to credit and insurance markets. One solution is to provide repayment flexibility in credit contracts. Repayment flexibility eases both the credit constraint, as it allows for increased spending during the start-up phase, and offers insurance, in case of fluctuations in income. In a field experiment among traditional microfinance clients and larger collateralized borrowers in Bangladesh, we randomly assign the option to delay up to 2 monthly repayments at any point during a 12-month loan cycle. The flexible contract leads to substantial improvements in the traditional microfinance clients’ business outcomes, driven by borrowers in the upper tail of the distribution. In addition, we find a significant impact on socio-economic status, combined with lower default rates. We show theoretically and empirically that these effects are induced by an increase in entrepreneurial risk taking, implying that the primary mechanism is insurance provision. Repayment flexibility also attracts less risk-averse borrowers interested in business expansion. At the same time, the effects for the larger loan are much more modest. Our findings suggest that lack of insurance is an important constraint for small firms but that a simple financial product that increases repayment flexibility can be an effective tool for enabling enterprise growth.

Penerapan Metode Fuzzy Mamdani Dalam Menentukan Persediaan Beras Tahun 2023

Indonesia is an agricultural country that relies heavily on agriculture, especially the production of rice as a staple food. The government has an important role in maintaining food security through the Logistics Affairs Agency (BULOG). Perum BULOG must anticipate uncertainty in rice demand and ensure sufficient stock. Fuzzy logic methods, especially the Mamdani Method, are used to optimize rice supplies. This research is a quantitative approach with descriptive methods, describing the characteristics of the research object without relationships or comparisons with other variables. Fuzzy logic methods, especially the Mamdani Method, are used to optimize rice supplies. This research aims to apply the Fuzzy Mamdani Method in determining the amount of rice inventory at Perum BULOG on Jl. Asahan.The centroid method is used to calculate z values ​​based on the results of rule aggregation. So, the z value (inventory) based on the Mamdani method with input x 10044820 and y 936000 is 805086. The results of this defuzzification indicate that inventory is "High" at a level of around 805086. The Mamdani method produces rice supplies of around 805,086 kg based on income and distribution. Uncertainty related to fluctuations in income and distribution.

Consumption Modelling Using Categorisation-Enhanced Mental Accounting

Credibly representing category-of-goods mental accounting in an intertemporal optimisation framework is notoriously difficult, as this modelling approach imposes interrelations between the demand for different categories through first-order conditions. This breaks the principle of nonfungibility, contrary to the rationale of mental-accounting theory. Proofs that using intertemporal optimisation is futile in modelling this kind of behaviour are provided, and an alternative is developed: a procedural-behavioural merger of mental accounting and categorisation theories. The merger is necessary to enhance mental-accounting theory, which by itself does not inform about how mental budgets are formed, what they include and how money is spent from various accounts. A classification of six basic consumer types was devised, basing on the differences between their mental-accounting systems and variations of changes of expenditure in response to fluctuations of net disposable income and other possible stimuli. Representing the consumer problem as a behavioural procedure including spending on nondurable and frequently-bought durable goods as well as decisions whether or not to purchase very expensive durable goods, such as houses and flats, allows to model real-world features such as infrequent purchases and rare debt-taking. The devised working-life cycle models of consumer behaviour are consistent with microeconomic evidence on consumption, including those features that are not accounted for by various versions of the permanent income or buffer-stock models.

Temporal Instability of Risk Preference among the Poor: Evidence from Payday Cycles

The poor live paycheck to paycheck and are repeatedly exposed to strong cyclical income fluctuations. We investigate whether such income fluctuations affect their risk preference. If risk preference temporarily changes around payday, optimal decisions made before payday may no longer be optimal afterward, which could reinforce poverty. By exploiting social security payday cycles in the United States, we find that the poor relying heavily on social security become more risk tolerant before payday. More than cognitive decline before payday, the deterioration of mental health and relative deprivation are likely to play a role. We find similar evidence among the Japanese elderly. (JEL D81, D91, G51, I12, I32, J14, J31)

Investigating the Relationship between Family Planning, Labour Force, and Income Fluctuations

Introduction: In this part of the report the overall study aims and objectives and further the research question has been developed.
 Aims: the main objective of the researcher has been highlighted in this section of the researcher. The aim includes the interconnection of the labour force, family planning, and income fluctuation.
 literature review: The overall research objective has been elaborated in this section of the study. The link between all three variables has been explained in detail in this part.
 Methodology: Primary collected data has been presented in the reset to accumulate information about the reserve3 topic., 75 respondents are taken into consideration to conduct the survey and the questionnaire has been developed. The correlation and regression analysis has been presented here.
 Findings: The gathered data has been analysed here effectively. The overall outcome of the research has been effectively presented in this part more efficiently. The labour force and income influence are highly interrelated to each other analyses in this section.
 Discussion: This section is a brief analysis of the overall findings of the research.
 Conclusion: The summarised detail of the overall project has been explained in this research.

Tree diversity and social–ecological resilience of agroforestry after volcanic ash deposition in Indonesia

Smallholder farmers and their agroecosystems in active volcanic landscapes need to deal with and recover from eruptions. Resilience to extreme shocks may increase with system diversity, enhancing food and income security and ecosystem services provision; however, the longer term effects of volcanic ash are rarely assessed. To test the hypothesis that tree diversity contributes to the social–ecological resilience of coffee-based agroforestry, we quantified (1) the immediate effects of deposition of a 15-cm ash layer on tree survival, (2) the effect of volcanic ash on aboveground C stocks, tree diversity and wood density frequencies, (3) litter layer dynamics, and (4) farming system and income recovery 3 years after. Observations in four land-use systems before and after ash deposition (remnant forest, coffee-based complex and simple agroforestry, annual crops) were complemented by 46 farmer interviews on tree species’ survival, system, and financial recovery. Based on farmer interviews, low-wood-density trees were most affected by volcanic ash deposition. Ash deposition did not, after 3 years and across land-use systems, significantly change tree density, basal area, or C stocks. In contrast, species richness in coffee-based agroforestry increased significantly. Standing litter stocks in agroforestry decreased, but slower decomposition partially compensated for reduced litter input. Farmers stated that diversity and flexibility in coffee-based agroforestry support a system recovery that is faster than that for annual crops, suppressing income fluctuation. Farmer’s adaptive responses to enhance species diversity contributed to the resilience of farms, by retaining basic system structure and functions of agroforestry, and increasing product diversity and income.Graphical abstract

Association of Sustained Low or High Income and Income Changes With Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes Among Individuals Aged 30 to 64 Years

Evidence of the association between income fluctuation and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is scarce. To investigate whether sustained low or high income and income changes are associated with incidence of T2D. In this population-based cohort study, more than 7.8 million adults without T2D aged 30 to 64 years from a nationally representative sample from the Korean Health Insurance Service database were enrolled in 2012 and followed up to 2019 (median follow-up, 6.3 years [IQR, 6.1-6.6 years]). Twenty quantiles of monthly health insurance premiums determined income levels. Income quartiles were annually analyzed from 2008 to 2012. Beneficiaries of the Medical Aid Program were regarded as those with very low income. A decrease in income was indicated as a reduction of 25% or more in income compared with income in the previous year. The primary outcome was incident T2D based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision codes E11 to E14, 1 or more claims of antidiabetic medication, or a fasting glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association of low- or high-income status and income changes with incidence of T2D. Of 7 821 227 participants (mean [SD] age, 46.4 [9.3] years; 54.9% men), 359 931 (4.6%) developed T2D at least 1 year after enrollment. Individuals who repeatedly experienced low and very low income for 5 years showed 22% (hazard ratio [HR], 1.22 [95% CI, 1.21-1.23]) and 57% (1.57 [95% CI, 1.53-1.62]) higher T2D risk compared with those who never experienced low and very low income, respectively. In contrast, individuals who were repeatedly in high-income quartiles showed lower T2D risk compared with those who never experienced high income (HR, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.85-0.86]). The number of income decreases was associated with elevated T2D risk (≥2 vs 0 income decreases: HR, 1.08 [95% CI, 1.06-1.11]; P < .001 for trend). When income quartile status was compared between 2008 and 2012, individuals who experienced an income increase had lowered T2D risk, while those who experienced an income decrease had elevated T2D risk in each income quartile group. This cohort study found that individuals who experienced sustained low-income status or an income decrease had elevated T2D risk, while those who had sustained high-income status or an income increase had lowered T2D risk.

Managing household income and antiretroviral therapy adherence among people living with HIV in a low-income setting: a qualitative data from the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial in South Africa

BackgroundSouth Africa is reported to have the highest burden of HIV with an estimated 8.2 million people living with HIV (PLHIV) in 2021- despite adopting the World Health Organisation (WHO) universal HIV test and treat (UTT) recommendations in 2016. As of 2021, only an estimated 67% (5.5 million) of all PLHIV were accessing antiretroviral therapy (ART), as per recorded clinic appointments attendance. Studies in sub-Saharan Africa show that people living in low-income households experience multiple livelihood-related barriers to either accessing or adhering to HIV treatment including lack of resources to attend to facilities and food insecurity. We describe the interactions between managing household income and ART adherence for PLHIV in low-income urban and semi-urban settings in the Western Cape, South Africa.MethodsWe draw on qualitative data collected as part of the HPTN 071 (PopART) HIV prevention trial (2016 – 2018) to provide a detailed description of the interactions between household income and self-reported ART adherence (including accessing ART and the ability to consistently take ART as prescribed) for PLHIV in the Western Cape, South Africa. We included data from 21 PLHIV (10 men and 11 women aged between 18 and 70 years old) from 13 households. As part of the qualitative component, we submitted an amendment to the ethics to recruit and interview community members across age ranges. We purposefully sampled for diversity in terms of age, gender, and household composition.ResultsWe found that the management of household income interacted with people’s experiences of accessing and adhering to ART in diverse ways. Participants reported that ART adherence was not a linear process as it was influenced by income stability, changing household composition, and other financial considerations. Participants reported that they did not have a fixed way of managing income and that subsequently caused inconsistency in their ART adherence. Participants reported that they experienced disruptions in ART access and adherence due to competing household priorities. These included difficulties balancing between accessing care and/or going to work, as well as struggling to cover HIV care-related costs above other basic needs.ConclusionOur analysis explored links between managing household income and ART adherence practices. We showed that these are complex and change over the course of treatment duration. We argued that mitigating negative impacts of income fluctuation and managing complex trade-offs in households be included in ART adherence support programmes.