Environmental Temperature Fluctuations Research Articles

Study on the estradiol degradation gene expression and resistance mechanism of Rhodococcus R-001 under low-temperature stress

Estradiol (E2), an endocrine disruptor, acts by mimicking or interfering with the normal physiological functions of natural hormones within organisms, leading to issues such as endocrine system disruption. Notably, seasonal fluctuations in environmental temperature may influence the degradation speed of estradiol (E2) in the natural environment , intensifying its potential health and ecological risks. Therefore, this study aims to explore how bacteria can degrade E2 under low-temperature conditions, unveiling their resistance mechanisms, with the goal of developing new strategies to mitigate the threat of E2 to health and ecological safety. In this paper, we found that Rhodococcus equi DSSKP-R-001 (R-001) can efficiently degrade E2 at 30°C and 10°C. Six genes in R-001 were shown to be involved in E2 degradation by heterologous expression at 30°C. Among them, 17β-HSD, KstD2, and KstD3, were also involved in E2 degradation at 10°C; KstD was not previously known to degrade E2. RNA-seq was used to characterize differentially expressed genes (DEGs) to explore the stress response of R-001 to low-temperature environments to elucidate the strain’s adaptation mechanism. At the low temperature, R-001 cells changed from a round spherical shape to a long rod or irregular shape with elevated unsaturated fatty acids and were consistent with the corresponding genetic changes. Many differentially expressed genes linked to the cold stress response were observed. R-001 was found to upregulate genes encoding cold shock proteins, fatty acid metabolism proteins, the ABC transport system, DNA damage repair, energy metabolism and transcriptional regulators. In this study, we demonstrated six E2 degradation genes in R-001 and found for the first time that E2 degradation genes have different expression characteristics at 30°C and 10°C. Linking R-001 to cold acclimation provides new insights and a mechanistic basis for the simultaneous degradation of E2 under cold stress in Rhodococcus adaptation.

Tensile and compressive properties of bamboo scrimber under different temperature conditions

AbstractBamboo scrimber demonstrates vulnerability to environmental temperature fluctuations, such as exposure to cold or fire, when deployed in structural applications. Consequently, its mechanical properties can substantially diverge from the intended design values under varying thermal conditions. This study aims to study the tensile and compressive properties of bamboo scrimber under different temperatures to provide data support for studying bamboo scrimber under low and high temperatures. The compressive properties of bamboo scrimber under temperatures ranging from −30°C to 250°C and the tensile properties under −20°C to 250°C were determined by a series of tests with a total of 125 specimens. The results show that the mass loss of bamboo scrimber increases gradually with the increase in temperature, and the increasing trend intensifies after 120°C. With the increase of temperature, the failure mode of the specimens under compression changes from the bottom compression cracking damage to the local destabilization of longitudinal fibers, while the tensile damage modes aren't influenced by temperature, and both “straight‐line” and “folded‐line” types of damage modes occur at different temperatures. The tensile and compressive strengths and elastic modulus of the specimens decreased with the increase in temperature, and the strength was more susceptible to the temperature than the elastic modulus: a rise in temperature from 20°C to 250°C resulted in a reduction of compressive strength and tensile strength by 80.80% and 84.11%, respectively, the compressive modulus and tensile modulus experienced decreases of 49.51% and 53.28%. Furthermore, equations of temperature influence coefficients of strength and elastic modulus were established based on the test results.Highlights Bamboo scrimber's mechanical properties under different temperatures are studied. Tendency and explanation of temperature influence coefficients are analyzed. Temperature coefficient equations for strength and elastic modulus are proposed.

Response analysis of asymmetric monostable energy harvester with an uncertain parameter

The nonlinear piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting system offers a solution to the power supply challenge for low-power sensors. However, In practical engineering, structural parameter uncertainties arise from manufacturing errors, environmental temperature fluctuations, and changes in material properties. Besides, due to inherent flaws in the structure and materials, asymmetry may occur in the potential well, which leads to the complexity of the dynamic behavior exhibited in energy harvesting system. In this paper, in order to investigate the dynamics of the asymmetric monostable piezoelectric energy harvesting system under an uncertain parameter, the orthogonal polynomial approximation method is applied to transform the stochastic system into an equivalent deterministic system. Then, the responses of the equivalent deterministic system are used to reveal the stochastic behavior of the uncertainty system. The results indicate that, when the uncertainty intensity of the cubic nonlinear coefficient is 0, an increase in the asymmetry level of the potential well leads to an increase in the output voltage. Increasing the other parameters, the output voltage is reduced. In addition, as the uncertainty intensity increases, the parameter intervals of chaotic response become wider and the energy harvesting efficiency decreases. Moreover, as the potential well asymmetry increases, the sensitivity of energy harvesting system to uncertain parameter increases.

Advanced functionalities of Gd0.1Ta0.1Ti0.1O2 ceramic powder/P(VDF-TrFE) films for enhanced triboelectric performance

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) had gained significant traction for their adeptness in converting diverse mechanical energies into electrical power. However, maintaining operational efficiency and stability amidst environmental temperature fluctuations had been a pressing concern. In this study, we addressed this challenge by leveraging Gd0.1Ta0.1Ti0.1O2(GTT) ceramic powder to engineer temperature-stable dielectric materials with heightened dielectric constants. These materials were seamlessly integrated with P(VDF-TrFE) to fabricate a composite thin film serving as the GTT-TENG triboelectric layer. The resultant GTT-TENG demonstrated remarkable electrical attributes, boasting an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 134.6 V and a short-circuit current (ISC) of 3.75 μA, excellent P(VDF-TrFE) thin film-based TENGs. Notably, the relative change in VOC and ISC over a temperature range from −10°C to 180°C was recorded at 17.21% and 22.53%, respectively. Furthermore, the GTT-TENG showcased its capacity to concurrently power 60 LEDs, underscoring its versatility as a self-powered device. This study not only propelled TENG performance from a materials-centric standpoint but also alleviated its susceptibility to environmental temperature, thereby broadening its potential utility across diverse applications.

Oxygen consumption rate during recovery from loss of equilibrium induced by warming, hypoxia, or exhaustive exercise in rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum).

Animals routinely encounter environmental (e.g., high temperatures and hypoxia) as well as physiological perturbations (e.g., exercise and digestion) that may threaten homeostasis. However, comparing the relative threat or "disruptiveness" imposed by different stressors is difficult, as stressors vary in their mechanisms, effects, and timescales. We exploited the fact that several acute stressors can induce the loss of equilibrium (LOE) in fish to (i) compare the metabolic recovery profiles of three environmentally relevant stressors and (ii) test the concept that LOE could be used as a physiological calibration for the intensity of different stressors. We focused on Etheostoma caeruleum, a species that routinely copes with environmental fluctuations in temperature and oxygen and that relies on burst swimming to relocate and avoid predators, as our model. Using stop-flow (intermittent) respirometry, we tracked the oxygen consumption rate (MO2) as E. caeruleum recovered from LOE induced by hypoxia (PO2 at LOE), warming (critical thermal maximum, CTmax), or exhaustive exercise. Regardless of the stressor used, E. caeruleum recovered rapidly, returning to routine MO2 within ~3 h. Fish recovering from hypoxia and warming had similar maximum MO2, aerobic scopes, recovery time, and total excess post-hypoxia or post-warming oxygen consumption. Though exhaustive exercise induced a greater maximum MO2 and corresponding higher aerobic scope than warming or hypoxia, its recovery profile was otherwise similar to the other stressors, suggesting that "calibration" to a physiological state such as LOE may be a viable conceptual approach for investigators interested in questions related to multiple stressors, cross tolerance, and how animals cope with challenges to homeostasis.

Improving the environmental temperature adaptability of an electric temperature measurement subsystem by matching temperature coefficients of substitutable resistors

The electrical temperature measurement subsystem in space gravitational wave detectors requires micro-Kelvin precision in the submillihertz band. However, the low-frequency stability of the measurement circuit, excluding the sensor, is susceptible to environmental temperature fluctuations, closely related to the residual temperature coefficient of the circuit. This paper proposes a method to minimize the residual temperature coefficient for a thermistor-based temperature measurement , enabling the circuit to be mounted on surfaces with less stringent thermal stability requirements. Through extensive testing of resistors with the same nominal resistance, a best-matched pair is selected to compensate for the residual temperature coefficient by replacing two gain resistors in the low-pass filter. Our assessment demonstrates that this matching and replacement process reduces the residual temperature coefficient of the circuit from −0.135 mV K−1 to −0.027 mV K−1, resulting in a significant five-fold improvement in the subsystem’s adaptability to environmental temperatures within the specified frequency band. This method contributes to the development of measurement subsystems that meet stringent stability requirements.

Construction of a bearing capacity testing model for reinforced bridges based on material performance deterioration

Reinforced concrete beam bridges have been extensively utilized in transportation engineering due to their advantages such as simplified material selection and low cost. However, the mechanical performance of steel bars and concrete deteriorates over time due to factors such as prolonged bridge service life, fluctuations in environmental temperature and humidity, and other influences. To achieve a precise and effective prediction of the bearing capacity of reinforced concrete structures, this study proposes a method for assessing bearing capacity in the context of material performance degradation. The study commenced by examining the factors that impact the degradation of bridge performance and subsequently utilized material performance test values along with predicted and corrected values to estimate the reduced bearing capacity of the bridge. Additionally, the mechanical and bonding properties of modified reinforced concrete materials were calculated. The experiment results demonstrate that the calculated values from the modified model closely align with the measured values with a differential range of 0.06 to 0.38. At a micro level, nano-SiO2 modification enhances rubber concrete by improving the compactness of the matrix and enhancing bond strength between steel fiber-and-nanosilica-reinforced crumb rubber concrete and deformed steel bars. The revised model in this study exhibits excellent predictive capability for concrete strength, thereby enhancing the accuracy of outcomes in evaluating bridge technical conditions. This method holds potential for practical engineering applications and scientific research on bridge evaluation.

Investigating temperature-induced torque noise of a torsion pendulum based on temperature modulation at different frequencies.

Torsion pendulums are widely used for the measurement of small forces. In this study, we investigated the impact of temperature fluctuations on a torsion pendulum using heating devices to modulate the environmental temperature at different specific frequencies. The response coefficient between the temperature variation and the torque of the torsion pendulum was found to vary at different frequencies, with values from 4 × 10-15 N mK-1 at 0.1 mHz to 3 × 10-13 N mK-1 at 10 mHz. A passive thermal-insulation system was used to reduce the torque response within this frequency band, which is dominated by temperature noise. The results demonstrate that this modulation method provides a useful way to independently investigate the noise in a torsion pendulum resulting from environmental temperature fluctuations over a wide frequency band.

Seasonal Variation in the Thermoregulation Pattern of an Insular Agamid Lizard.

Ectotherms, including lizards, rely on behavioral thermoregulation to maintain their body temperature within an optimal range. The benign climate of islands is expected to favor the thermoregulation efficiency of reptiles throughout their activity period. In this study, we investigated the seasonal variation in thermoregulation in an insular population of the roughtail rock agama (Laudakia stellio) on Naxos Island, Greece. We measured body, operative, and preferred temperatures across three seasons (spring, summer, and autumn), and we evaluated the effectiveness of thermoregulation, using the Hertz index (E). Our results revealed that the effectiveness of thermoregulation was significantly influenced by seasonality. E was quite high in summer (0.97) and spring (0.92), and lowest in autumn (0.81). Accordingly, the quality of the thermal environment was significantly low during autumn, and maximum during summer. However, despite the environmental temperature fluctuations, lizards exhibited remarkable stability in body temperatures. They also adjusted their preferred temperatures seasonally and doubled the thermal niche breadth they occupied during summer, thus enhancing thermoregulation efficiency. Whether or not these adjustments are plastic or fixed local adaptations remains to be explored in further research across multiple years and seasons, including additional insular populations.

Microstructural characteristics evolution of asphalt mastics under cyclic environmental temperature variations

Environmental temperature-effect is the primary factor responsible for asphalt pavement failure. Asphalt pavement exposed to the atmosphere is constantly subjected to the thermal cycles induced by environmental temperature fluctuations, and the resulting thermal cracks significantly reduce the durability of asphalt pavement. Nevertheless, the influence of cyclic temperature variations on the performance degradation of asphalt binder materials is often overlooked. To address this, accelerated thermal cycling test was conducted on two asphalt mastics to simulate repeated environmental temperature variations. Dynamic shear rheological test (DSR) and atomic force microscopy test (AFM) were performed to characterize the evolution of the macroscopic rheological properties and microstructural characteristics under five cyclic temperature ranges. Pearson correlation analysis was utilized to explore the correlation between macro and micro properties. Following thermal cycling, it was observed that the two asphalt mastics experienced a decline in their viscous properties and became more elastic, resulting in a decrease in their stress relaxation capacity and asphalt-aggregate interaction on a macroscopic level. The microstructure transitioned from a multiphase to a homogeneous structure, while the expansion of the valley structure indicated the accumulation of microscopic defects. The larger the temperature variations and the higher the cyclic temperatures are, the more severe the deterioration in the viscoelasticity and microstructures of asphalt mastics is; the degradation of the micromechanical characteristics directly affects the macroscopic rheological properties. The bee structure ratio, the adhesion, and relaxation properties are sensitive to cyclic temperature variations and recommended to characterize the thermal cycling resistance. In comparison to 90# asphalt mastic, the SBS modified asphalt mastic exhibits great resistance to thermal deterioration. This study deepens the understanding of the causes of asphalt pavement performance deterioration in regions with frequent environmental temperature fluctuations.

Direct writing of microheater for studying plant thermal biology

Microheaters have drawn extensive attention for their substantial applications in thermotherapy, gas sensors, thin film preparation, biological research, etc. In plant physiology, uncovering the mechanisms by which plants sense and respond to environmental temperature fluctuations will help us better understand the impact of climate change on crop yield and ecosystem resilience. Currently, microheaters with long-term heating capability have rarely been applied to investigate plant thermal responses. In this study, we applied a direct writing technique to fabricate microheaters suitable for studying plant thermal biology with silver conductive ink. The optimal printing conditions and the heating performance (e.g., stability, durability, reusability) of the printed heaters were thoroughly characterized. The printed microheaters can provide stable and constant heating to plant organs for over four days. When placed near plant leaves to create localized heating, the microheater could successfully activate the expression of a thermoresponsive marker gene in plants. These results demonstrate the potential of applying printed microheaters to study plant thermal biology at the organ and tissue level.

COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE BLOCKS WITH TITANIUM AND IRON RODS (BARS)

The relevance of the topic of the work was shown by the accident of a multi-storey residential building in Miami, which was caused by corrosion of steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete.There is a need to maintain the bearing capacity of structures for a long time in a humid climate, aggressive environmental influences and temperature fluctuations with a lower consumption of materials used.The use of titanium will allow changing some parameters of titanium concrete structures in comparison with reinforced concrete structures. The protective layer of concrete, which serves to protect the reinforcement from the effects of the external environment, will be significantly reduced. This will help to reduce the mass of concrete structures while maintaining strength properties and will allow you to create lighter structures that can withstand heavy loads.Strength tests were carried out on concrete blocks reinforced with smooth iron or titanium rods Ø10 mm, which showed the prospects of replacing steel reinforcement with titanium reinforcement in reinforced concrete.

A Method for Suppressing Error of Fiber Optic Current Transformer Caused by Temperature Based on λ/4 Wave Plate Fabricated With Polarization-Maintaining Photonic Crystal Fiber

The beat length of λ/4 wave plate of fiber optic current transformer (FOCT) will change with the temperature fluctuation of environment, which will result in additional phase error, reducing the accuracy of current measurement. In the paper, we presented a FOCT based on λ/4 wave plate fabricated with polarization maintaining photonic crystal fiber (PCF). Combined with error model caused by λ/4 wave plate in FOCT, we analyzed the specific mechanism of temperature influence on λ/4 wave plate. Aiming at the problem of fusing PCF to panda polarization maintaining fiber, we optimized the related parameters of fiber fusion splicer to reduce the fusion loss of the fiber. It was experimentally verified that the beat length of PCF is less sensitive to temperature than that to elliptical core polarization maintaining fiber. Finally, we measured current of FOCT utilizing two kinds of λ/4 wave plates in full temperature range from -40 °C to 70 °C. It was verified that it is insensitive to temperature for FOCT when utilizing PCF λ/4 wave plate, with the corresponding system current measurement accuracy 0.5S level.

Active Thermal Management of Electric Motors and Generators Using Thermoelectric (Peltier Effect) Technology

Electric motors and generators underpin life in today’s world. They are numerous and widespread and consume approximately 45% of the world’s energy. Any improvements in efficiency or reductions in their whole-of-life costs are actively and continually being sought. While designs accommodate the removal of heat caused by internal losses because of inefficiencies, temperature variations due to load changes and environmental temperature fluctuations, and system harmonic content still stresses electrical insulation systems. This causes the fretting of insulation, combined with moisture ingress, which leads to leakage currents and, consequently, the early failure of the electrical insulation. This paper explores the addition of thermoelectric coolers/heaters (TECs) or Peltier effect devices. We show that these solid-state devices can actively support the thermal management of a motor by keeping its internals hot, reducing moisture ingress when off, and assisting in heat removal when under load, resulting in a more thermally stable internal environment. A thermally stable environment inside the electrical machine reduces the mechanical stresses on the electrical insulation, resulting in a longer operational life and reducing the whole-of-life costs.

Molecular Simulation Strategies for Understanding the Degradation Mechanisms of Acrylic Polymers.

Acrylic polymers, commonly used in paints, can degrade over time by several different chemical and physical mechanisms, depending on structure and exposure conditions. While exposure to UV light and temperature results in irreversible chemical damage, acrylic paint surfaces in museums can also accumulate pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and moisture, that affect their material properties and stability. In this work, we studied the effects of different degradation mechanisms and agents on properties of acrylic polymers found in artists' acrylic paints for the first time using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Through the use of enhanced sampling methods, we investigated how pollutants are absorbed into thin acrylic polymer films from the environment around the glass transition temperature. Our simulations suggest that the absorption of VOCs is favorable (-4 to -7 kJ/mol depending on VOCs), and the pollutants can easily diffuse and be emitted back into the environment slightly above glass transition temperature when the polymer is soft. However, typical environmental fluctuations in temperature (<16 °C) can lead for these acrylic polymers to transition to glassy state, in which case the trapped pollutants act as plasticizers and cause a loss of mechanical stability in the material. This type of degradation results in disruption of polymer morphology, which we investigate through calculation of structural and mechanical properties. In addition, we also investigate the effects of chemical damage, such as backbone bond scission and side-chain cross-linking reactions on polymer properties.

Calibration of the Geometric Error Parameters of Laser Trackers in Site Environments

Laser trackers (LTs) are indispensable instruments in large-scale dimensional metrology. Nevertheless, geometric errors are prone to increase in site environments due to the occurrence of mechanical and optical misalignments, which deteriorates the measurement accuracy of the LT. The geometric error parameters are difficult to determine by traditional measuring or calibrating approaches. In this paper, a classification calibration method is proposed without any other etalons or instruments that accurately estimate the geometric error parameters in a site environment. First, to determine the environmental sensitivity error parameters, a refractive index correction model in a variable temperature environment is constructed, which performs well in reducing the interference of environmental temperature fluctuations. Subsequently, a spatial measurement network is established to determine two-face sensitivity error parameters using the difference between the frontsight and backsight measurements of the targets. Finally, the two-face non-sensitivity error parameters are solved by minimizing the residuals of the coordinate transformation from each LT station to the reference frame. Indeed, the effects of temperature fluctuation and geometrical misalignments on the measurement accuracy are deeply analyzed, which provide meaningful guidance for calibration and compensation of the geometric errors of the LT. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by a series of site experiments. The results show that the length error is reduced to 0.030mm on average, which is 44% lower than that of the network method.

Self-calibrating microring synapse with dual-wavelength synchronization

As a resonator-based optical hardware in analog optical computing, a microring synapse can be straightforwardly configured to simulate the connection weights between neurons, but it faces challenges in precision and stability due to cross talk and environmental perturbations. Here, we propose and demonstrate a self-calibration scheme with dual-wavelength synchronization to monitor and calibrate the synaptic weights without interrupting the computation tasks. We design and fabricate an integrated 4 × 4 microring synapse and deploy our self-calibration scheme to validate its effectiveness. The precision and robustness are evaluated in the experiments with favorable performance, achieving 2-bit precision improvement and excellent robustness to environmental temperature fluctuations (the weights can be corrected within 1 s after temperature changes 0.5°C). Moreover, we demonstrate matrix inversion tasks based on Newton iterations beyond 7-bit precision using this microring synapse. Our scheme provides an accurate and real-time weight calibration independently parallel from computations and opens up new perspectives for precision boost solutions to large-scale analog optical computing.

Great tits differ in glucocorticoid plasticity in response to spring temperature.

Fluctuations in environmental temperature affect energy metabolism and stimulate the expression of reversible phenotypic plasticity in vertebrate behavioural and physiological traits. Changes in circulating concentrations of glucocorticoid hormones often underpin environmentally induced phenotypic plasticity. Ongoing climate change is predicted to increase fluctuations in environmental temperature globally, making it imperative to determine the standing phenotypic variation in glucocorticoid responses of free-living populations to evaluate their potential for coping via plastic or evolutionary changes. Using a reaction norm approach, we repeatedly sampled wild great tit (<i>Parus major</i>) individuals for circulating glucocorticoid concentrations during reproduction across five years to quantify individual variation in glucocorticoid plasticity along an environmental temperature gradient. As expected, baseline and stress-induced glucocorticoid concentrations increased with lower environmental temperatures at the population and within-individual level. Moreover, we provide unique evidence that individuals differ significantly in their plastic responses to the temperature gradient for both glucocorticoid traits, with some displaying greater plasticity than others. Average concentrations and degree of plasticity covaried for baseline glucocorticoids, indicating that these two reaction norm components are linked. Hence, individual variation in glucocorticoid plasticity in response to a key environmental factor exists in a wild vertebrate population, representing a crucial step to assess their potential to endure temperature fluctuations.

Absence of mitochondrial responses in muscles of zebrafish exposed to several heat waves

Heat waves are extreme thermal events whose frequency and intensity will increase with global warming. As metabolic responses to temperature are time-dependent, we explored the effects of an exposure to several heat waves on the mitochondrial metabolism of zebrafish Danio rerio. For this purpose, zebrafish were acclimated at 26 °C or 31 °C for 4 weeks and some fish acclimated at 26 °C underwent 2 types of heat waves: 2 periods of 5 days at 31 °C or 10 days at 31 °C. After this acclimation period, mitochondrial respiration of red muscle fibres was measured at 26 °C and 31 °C for each fish, with the phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and basal (LEAK) respirations obtained with activation of complex I, complex II or complexes I and II. The respiratory control ratio (RCR) and the mitochondrial aerobic scope (CAS) were also calculated at both temperatures after the activation of complexes I and II. Under our conditions, heat waves did not result in variations in any mitochondrial parameters, suggesting a high tolerance of zebrafish to environmental temperature fluctuations. However, an acute in vitro warming led to an increase in the LEAK respiration together with a higher temperature effect on complex II than complex I, inducing a decrease of mitochondrial efficiency to produce energy at high temperatures. Increased interindividual variability for some parameters at 26 °C or 31 °C also suggests that each individual has its own ability to cope with temperature fluctuations.

Temperature Insensitive Delay-Line Fiber Interferometer Operating at Room Temperature

Environmental temperature fluctuations cause phase changes of the light propagating through optical fibers due to their thermal sensitivity. This limits the stability of fiber delay-line interferometers. Here, we present a thermally-insensitive fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer. It consists of a hollow core fiber (HCF), which has a low thermal sensitivity coefficient, in one branch and a standard single-mode fiber with a thermal sensitivity coefficient about 25 times larger in the other. By setting their associated length ratio to approximately 25:1, the optical phase of the light in both arms changes by the same amount with temperature, making the difference in their optical paths insensitive to temperature and thus producing thermally-insensitive interference. As the thermal sensitivity coefficient of the optical fibers is itself slightly temperature dependent, exactly-zero sensitivity is achieved at a specific temperature only. We show how this zero-sensitivity temperature can be controlled via control of the relative fiber lengths in the two interferometer arms and set it to room temperature. Further, we show that our interferometer is over 100 times less sensitive to temperature than a single-mode fiber-based interferometer over temperature range as large as 25–50 °C. When considering a simple temperature control that keeps the interferometer within ±1 °C, the demonstrated interferometer achieves over 2000 times lower thermal sensitivity than a single-mode fiber-based interferometer and over 100 times lower sensitivity than an HCF-only based interferometer. Finally, we discuss how the thermal sensitivity of such interferometer depends on the light source wavelength.