Flower Of Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat Research Articles

On-line screening of natural antioxidants and the antioxidant activity prediction for the extracts from flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium ramat

Ethnopharmacology relevanceChrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (Flos Chrysanthemi, FC) the most economically significant “food and drug dual-use” plants, with positive effects on relieving eye fatigue, and reduce internal heat, shows significant activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective, as well as alleviating diabetes effects. Aim of the studyThis study was undertaken to a screening of natural antioxidants in five kinds of medicinal FC and development of an integrated quality control method based on the antioxidant activity. Materials and methodsA novel quality control method for FC was established by combining the on-line HPLC-DPPH, ESI-MS, and NIR spectra analysis. Firstly, the on-line HPLC-DPPH-MS system was employed to identify the antioxidants in FC extracts. Then, the relationship between the NIR spectra and antioxidant activities of FC samples was calibrated to evaluate the total antioxidant capacity of FC rapidly. ResultsThe established antioxidant activity-fingerprints contain both chemical information and antioxidant activity characteristics of FC. A total of 16 antioxidants were identified by on-line HPLC-ESI-MS analysis. The results of heat map analysis and cluster analysis showed that the classification method based on antioxidants in FC can be used to identify different cultivars of FC. The optimal pretreatment of the NIR spectra was determined to be row center (RC) 1st der + multiple-scatter correction (MSC) with an optimal LV value of 11. The developed spectral-antioxidant activity model had the excellent predictive ability and was successfully used to evaluate new batches of FC samples, where Rcal = 0.9445 and Rval = 0.8821. ConclusionsThis comprehensive strategy may prove to be a powerful technique for the rapid screening, identification, and activity prediction of antioxidants, which could be used for the quality control of FC, and can serve as reference for design of quality control of other herbs and foods samples.

Flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat flowers: A potentially rich source of bioactive compounds

Varieties of chrysanthemums are among the world’s most valuable edible ornamental crops. However, the availability and relationship between the bio-chemicals of chrysanthemums and their morphological variations remain unclear. We developed liquid chromatography mass spectrometry to construct a spectral tag library to identify and quantify chemicals of 7 caffeoylquinic acids, 21 flavones and flavonols, 4 carotenoids, and 13 other compounds in 27 cultivars and representative tea of Chrysanthemum morifolium. A correlation analysis found that more acacetin 7-O-galactoside (23) resulted in lighter colored flowers and less acacetin (43) and kaempferol (44) was associated with yellow flowers. Hot-H2O extraction of C. morifolium tea showed that most flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids dissolved out at 30 min, with 20.977 and 8.958 mg/g GW indicated that C. morifolium, which is used in food and tea, is rich in flavonoids and carotenoids. The results improve our understanding of flavonoid biosynthesis and the mechanisms responsible for flower color.

P.2.b.042 - A real-world study on time-to-initiation and dose optimization of major depressive disorder treatment in the United States

The flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (family: Asteraceae) are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine to treat fever, cold and swelling. However the aerial part is considered as agriculture waste and the chemical and pharmacological information is scanty. From the stems of this plant, four new compounds named as morineoliganosides A (1), B (2), C (3) and heterophyllol-1-O-β-d-glucopyranoside A (4) together with 27 known isolates (5–31), including flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods The inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase of these compounds have been determined. This research provided a scientific development and utilization of C. morifolium stems.

Quantification of Antioxidant Phenolic Compounds in a New Chrysanthemum Cultivar by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry.

The flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. have been used as an herbal tea and in traditional medicine, and the plant has been developed to produce horticultural cultivars of various colors and shapes. In this study, a new chrysanthemum cultivar with dark purple petals (C. morifolium cv. ARTI-Dark Chocolate; ADC) was developed by radiation-induced mutation breeding of its original cultivar with purple striped white petals (C. morifolium cv. Noble Wine, NW). The phenolic profile and antioxidant property of ADC were investigated and compared with NW and the commercially available medicinal herb, C. morifolium with yellow petals (CM), in order to find a scientific support to produce a new source of natural antioxidant. Flavonoid and phenolic acid profiles of the ethanol extracts of the three flowers were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESIMS), while antioxidant properties were evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay. Among the tested flowers, ADC possessed the strongest antioxidant capacity and the highest phenolic contents. Flavonoids (acacetin, apigenin, luteolin, acacetin-7-O-β-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-β-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-β-glucoside, and linarin) and phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid and mixture of 1,4-, 1,5-, and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acids) were identified and quantified.

Xanthine oxidase inhibitory effects of the constituents of Chrysanthemum morifolium stems

The flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (family: Asteraceae) are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine to treat fever, cold and swelling. However the aerial part is considered as agriculture waste and the chemical and pharmacological information is scanty. From the stems of this plant, four new compounds named as morineoliganosides A (1), B (2), C (3) and heterophyllol-1-O-β-d-glucopyranoside A (4) together with 27 known isolates (5–31), including flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods The inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase of these compounds have been determined. This research provided a scientific development and utilization of C. morifolium stems.

Investigation of the interactions between Chrysanthemum morifolium flowers extract and intestinal bacteria from human and rat.

Flos Chrysanthemi, dried flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat, has drawn much attention recently owing to its potential beneficial health effects for human. Flos Chrysanthemi products are usually taken orally and metabolized by intestinal microflora. However, there has been no investigation of the comprehensive metabolic profile of the Flos Chrysanthemi extract by intestinal flora owing to its chemical complexity and the limitations of analytical methods. In this paper, a rapid, sensitive and automated analysis method, ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry including MSE technology and automated data processing Metabolynx™ software, was developed and successfully applied for the biotransformation and metabolic profile of flavonoids in the Flos Chrysanthemi extract by intestinal flora from human and rat. A total of 32 metabolites were detected and tentatively identified in human and rat intestinal bacterial samples. These metabolites indicated that hydrolysis, hydroxylation, acetylation, methylation, hydrogenation and deoxygenation were the major conversion pathways of flavonoids in the Flos Chrysanthemi extract in vitro. Furthermore, the effects of the Flos Chrysanthemi extract on the growth of different intestinal bacteria were detected using an Emax precision microplate reader. Certain pathogenic bacteria such as Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Clostridium and Bacteroides were significantly inhibited by Flos Chrysanthemi, while commensal probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were moderately promoted. Our observation provided further evidence for the importance of intestinal bacteria in the metabolism and potential activity of the Flos Chrysanthemi extract. The results will also be helpful for the further pharmacokinetic study of Flos Chrysanthemi and to unravel how it works in vivo.

Matrix solid phase dispersion extraction for determination of flavonoids in the flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. by capillary zone electrophoresis

Matrix solid phase dispersion was applied for the extraction of flavonoids, including kaempferol, apigenin, naringenin, (+)-catechin hydrate, rutin hydrate, quercetin, luteolin and ferulic acid in the flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. The separation and determination of the target analytes were performed by capillary zone electrophoresis. Florisil was used as a dispersant and methanol was used as the elution solvent. The elution solvent volume and flow rate were 8 mL and 0.5 mL min−1, respectively. The limits of detection for determining the analytes were in the range of 46.49–72.03 ng mL−1. The relative standard deviations varied between 1.41% and 3.40% (n = 5). Real samples were analyzed. The recoveries for determining the flavonoids were in the range of 80.13–121.25%. The results show that the present method is feasible for determining flavonoids in the flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.

Pharmacokinetic study of luteolin, apigenin, chrysoeriol and diosmetin after oral administration of Flos Chrysanthemi extract in rats

Flos Chrysanthemi (the flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) is widely used in China as a food and traditional Chinese medicine for many diseases. Luteolin and apigenin are two main bioactive components in Flos Chrysanthemi, and chrysoeriol and diosmetin are two methylated metabolites of luteolin in vivo by cathechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). However, there was lack of pharmacokinetic information of chrysoeriol and diosmetin after oral administration of Flos Chrysanthemi extract (FCE). The present study aimed to develop an HPLC-UV method for simultaneous determination of rat plasma concentration of luteolin, apigenin, chrysoeriol and diosmetin and utilize it in pharmacokinetic study of the four compounds after orally giving FCE to rats. The method was successfully validated and applied to the pharmacokinetic study when oral administration of FCE to rats with or without co-giving a COMT inhibitor, entacapone. Chrysoeriol and diosmetin were detected in rat plasma after oral administration of FCE and their concentrations were significantly decreased after co-giving entacapone. Furthermore, AUC of luteolin was significantly increased by entacapone, while that of chrysoeriol was decreased by entacapone, which revealed COMT might play an important role in the disposition of luteolin in rats after dosing of FCE. In conclusion, a sensitive, accurate and reproducible HPLC-UV method for simultaneous determination of luteolin, apigenin, chrysoeriol and diosmetin in rat plasma were developed, pharmacokinetics of chrysoeriol and diosmetin combined with luteolin and apigenin were characterized after oral administration of FCE to rats, which gave us more information on pharmacokinetics and potential pharmacological effects of FCE in vivo.

국화차를 포함하는 허브차의 CCl4로 유도된 간세포손상 보호 및 항유전독성 효과

The flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. with antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory functions has been a widely used traditional herb as a healthy beverage and medicine. The aim of the present study was to investigate a herb tea consisting of C. morifolium Ramat., Corni fructus and Schizandra chinensis Baillon for its hepatoprotective activity against CCl₄-induced toxicity in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes and antigenotoxic effect against oxidative stress induced DNA damage in human leukocytes. Three different compositions of the herb tea (Mix Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ) were prepared by extracting with water at 90℃. Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were exposed to CCl₄ along with/without various concentrations of each tea. Protection of rat primary cells against CCl₄-induced damage was determined by the MTT assay. The significant antihepatotoxic effect of the tea was shown in Mix Ⅰ and Ⅱ. The increased transaminase (AST and/or ALT) release in media of CCl₄ treated hepatocytes was significantly lowered by all the teas tested. The effect of the tea on DNA damage in human leukocytes was evaluated by Comet assay. All teas showed a protective effect against H₂O₂-induced DNA damage. From these results, it is assumed that herb tea based on C. morifolium Ramat., Corni fructus and Schizandra chinensis Baillon exerted antihepatotoxic and antigenotoxic effects.

Relative Contribution of Small and Large Intestine to Deglycosylation and Absorption of Flavonoids from Chrysanthemun morifolium Extract

The flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat (CM) is an established part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Luteolin and apigenin flavonoids are the effective components of the CM extract (CME); however, they exist in the orally consumed CME as glycosides. The present study was carried out to determine the relative contribution of the small and large intestine to the deglycosylation and absorption of flavonoids from CME using a rat model system. The distribution of luteolin and apigenin in rat gastrointestinal (GI) luminal contents, tissues, and plasmas was assessed after the oral administration of CME. The hydrolysis and absorption of CME flavonoids in different rat GI segments were further evaluated by using in situ ligated models and cell-free extracts prepared from rat GI segments. The results demonstrated that after the oral administration of CME, the magnitude of deglycosylation in rats was surprisingly high (about 30%) in the stomach and upper intestine within the first 5 min after ingestion, and early absorption in the plasma was detected. The results from site-limited administration revealed that the stomach was the initial hydrolysis site, while the duodenum was the first effective absorption site for CME flavonoids. Diminishing microbial flora in the jejunum had no significant effect on the hydrolysis of the flavonoids from CME, but the cell-free extracts prepared from rat GI segments demonstrated a strong ability to hydrolyze. Taken together, our findings suggest that enteric disposition contributes to the pharmacokinetics of luteolin and apigenin after oral administration of CME. Moreover, the upper digestive tract plays a key role in the hydrolysis and absorption of flavonoids in CME.

Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. reduces the oxidized LDL-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Ethnopharmacological relevance The flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (CM) with antioxidant, cardiovascular protective and anti-inflammatory functions, has been widely used in China for hundreds of years as a healthy beverage and medicine. Aims of the study The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of HCM (a hot water extract of the flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. [CM]), ECM (an ethanol extract of CM), and the abundant flavonoids apigenin and luteolin in CM on the oxidized LDL (oxLDL)-induced expression of ICAM-1 and E-selectin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The possible mechanism of these effects was also determined. Materials and methods MTT assay was for cell viability. Western blot was used for ICAM-1 and E-selection protein expression, and for activation of protein kinase B (PKB) and cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) proteins. Fluorescence flow cytometry was for ICAM-1 and E-selectin expression on cell surface. DCF-DA flow cytometric assay was used for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Results HCM, ECM, apigenin, and luteolin dose-dependently inhibited ICAM-1 and E-selectin expression and adhesion of HL-60 by oxLDL. HCM, ECM, apigenin, and luteolin reversed the inhibition of phosphorylation of Akt and CREB by oxLDL; however, this reversion was abolished by wortmannin. In addition, wortmannin abrogated the inhibitory effects of CM extracts, apigenin and luteolin on adhesion molecule expression. The ROS scavenging capability of HCM, ECM, apigenin, and luteolin proceeded dose-dependently in the presence of oxLDL. Conclusion CM is a plant with cardiovascular-protective potential and the inhibitory effects of CM on ICAM-1 and E-selectin expression are, at least partially, attributed to its antioxidant activity and modulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Cytotoxic activity of flavonoids from the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium on human colon cancer Colon205 cells

A new p-hydroxyphenylacetyl flavonoid, diosmetin 7-(6″-O-p-hydroxyphenylacetyl)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), was isolated from the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. ‘huaiju’ cv. nov. (Compositae), together with five known flavonoids, luteolin (2), diosmetin (3), diosmetin 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (4), diosmin (5), and scolimoside (6), and four known caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, macranthoin F (7), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (8), 1,3-dicaffeoyl-epi-quinic acid (9), and chlorogenic acid (10). The structure of 1 was elucidated by UV, IR, ESI-TOF-MS, 1D, and 2D NMR spectroscopic methods. Cytotoxic activity of compounds 1–5 against human colon cancer cell Colon205 was investigated using MTT assays. Compounds 2 and 3 showed significant cytotoxicities against Colon205, with their IC50 values being 96.9 and 82.9 μM, respectively. However, compounds 1, 4, and 5 showed little cytotoxic activity.

Effect of different extracting methods on quality of Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat. Infusion.

The flower of Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat. (CM) is a useful food and folk medicine in China. Effects of Chrysanthemum Morifolium extracting (CME) conditions, including extraction temperature, extraction time and the ratio of flower to water on infusion quality were investigated. The extractability, liquor color differences and the major flavonoids of luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside and luteolin of various CME methods were evaluated. The results indicated that CME temperature was the most important factors affecting quality of CM infusion. Based on the extractability and chemical compositions, the best CME conditions were the 90 to approximately 100 degrees C, 20-30 min and the ratio of flower to water of 1:40 (w/v). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of Chrysanthemum Morifolium chemical compositions including luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside and luteolin was also discussed in the present paper.

Inhibitory effect of heliantriol C; a component of edible Chrysanthemum, on tumor promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin

Two hydroxy taraxastane-type triterpenes, faradiol and heliantriol C, have been isolated from the ligulate flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. var. sinense Makino fa. esculentum Makino, the edible Chrysanthemum. These compounds showed strong inhibitory activity against 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-aetate (TPA)-induced inflammation in mice. At 0.2 μmol/mouse, these compounds markedly inhibited the promoting effect of TPA (1 μg/mouse) on skin tumor formation followed by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (50 μg/mouse).

Antioxidative activity of three herbal water extracts

The antioxidative activity of water extracts of three herbs, including the flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat (FCMR), the calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (CHSL) and roasted seed of Hordeum vulgare L. (RSHVL), which are commonly called Hang Chu, Lo Shen and Chao Mai in Taiwan, respectively, were investigated. FCMR, CHSL and RSHVL showed marked antioxidative activity, not only in linoleic acid but also in liposome model systems, indicating that the three herbal water extracts may protect the cell from damage by lipid peroxidation. FCMR, CHSL and RSHVL possessed high contents of phenolic compounds and exhibited reducing power, revealing that these herbal extracts may containreductones. The water extracts of the three herbs also showed good hydrogen-donating abilities, indicating that they had effective activities as radical scavengers. No mutagenicity in the water extracts of the three herbs was found in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100, either with or without S9 mix.

Effect of triacontanol on production and quality of flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat

Two cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium, ‘Golden Horim’ and ‘Golden Miquel’, were cultivated in nutrient solution containing the growth regulator triacontanol. The vegetative growth, production of inflorescences and quality of flowers were measured. The dry weight of the whole plant and the shoot from both cultivars increased. The number of inflorescences per plant and the number of flowers per inflorescence also increased in response to triacontanol treatment, which in turn enhanced the quality of flowers in accordance with the standards defined by sales-quality groups. The number of flowers of superior quality was more than doubled.