Flowers Of Chrysanthemum Indicum Research Articles

The Development of Antioxidant Nutraceuticals containing Chrysanthemum indicum L. Gummy Candy

Chrysanthemum flowers (Chrysanthemum indicum L.) have been shown to contain flavonoid compounds and exert antioxidant activity. This brings Chrysanthemum indicum potential to be developed as a nutraceutical product. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Chrysanthemum flowers before and after the formulation of Chrysanthemum indicum flower extract as a gummy candy. Gummy candy formulas were developed using variations of gelatin and pectin as gelling agents. In this study, Chrysanthemum flower extract was formulated into gummy candy. The physical characteristics evaluated include organoleptic tests, weight uniformity, elasticity, and moisture content. Optimization was performed using the simplex lattice design (SLD) method with the aid of the Design Expert software Ver. 13. The antioxidant activity of the chrysanthemum flower extract and gummy candy extract was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging method. Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control. The optimum formula for preparing the gummy candy was 11.51% of gelatin and 1.24% of pectin. The evaluation of weight uniformity, elasticity, and moisture content suggested that there is no significant difference between the optimum formula and the predicted value. Both the chrysanthemum flower extract and chrysanthemum flower gummy candy had strong antioxidant activity. The IC50 value of the extract was 67.80 ± 2.37 mg/mL while the gummy candy IC50 value was 82.93 ± 2.55 mg/mL. The antioxidant activity of Chrysanthemum indicum was slightly decreased after being formulated into gummy candy. These studies suggested that scientists are expected to anticipate the decrease of Chrysanthemum antioxidant activity in the gummy manufacturing process.

Investigate the antioxidant and anti-osteoporosis activities of compounds isolated from chrysanthemum indicum flowers

Investigate the antioxidant and anti-osteoporosis activities of compounds isolated from chrysanthemum indicum flowers

Studies on the Growth, Production and Component Contents of Chrysanthemum indicum Using Arduino-controlled Moisture Content Irrigation Systems

The flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L., when used as herbal medicines, are said to effectively relieve heat, pain, eye fatigue, and inflammation and be detoxifying. Recent studies have been conducted to control the growth environment of plants with the use of computers, Arduino company producing one such open-source control device. In this study, we evaluated the effect of a traditional ck irrigation system and three soil moisture volume content irrigation controlled by Arduino UNO on flowering, growth, production, and indicators of flower quality of C. indicum grown in pots in a greenhouse. For this study, we aimed to maintain soil moisture volume content to 35%-40%. Irrigation was set to be initiated when soil moisture volume content dropped to 25-30% (Is 30% group), 15-20% (Is 20% group) or 5-10% (Is 10% group). Flowering time was earlier in Is 30% and Is 20% plants than the traditional ck plants, while Is 10% plants did not flower throughout the cultivation period. Both the Is 30% and traditional ck plants produced significantly more total number of flowers and total dry weight of the flowers than Is 20% (Is 10% none). Traditional ck flowers have a significantly higher content of chlorogenic acid, myricetin and quercetin, indicators of quality. The other indicators, luteolin and apigenin were significantly higher than traditional ck and Is 30% plants. This study concluded that the Arduino UNO’s irrigation control system had a better effect on C. indicum growth and component content when irrigation was set Is 30%.

Isocucurbic Acid Derivatives and Soluble Epoxide Hydroxylase Inhibitors from the Flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L.

Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitory activity guided fractionation and isolation of two new isocucurbic acid derivatives (1 and 2) and nine known compounds (3-11) from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation and comparison with those reported in previous studies. Luteolin (3), acacetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), and methyl 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinate (10) displayed sEH inhibitory activities with IC50 values ranging from 13.7±3.6 to 20.8±0.4 μM. Enzyme kinetic analysis revealed that 3, 6, and 10 were non-competitive inhibitors with Ki values of 14.8±0.5, 31.2±0.8, and 3.9±0.2 μM, respectively. Additionally, molecular docking studies indicated compound 10 had the ability to form six hydrogen bonds at sEH active site, resulting binding energy as low as -9.58 Kcal/mol.

Germacrane-type sesquiterpenoids from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum with hepatoprotective activity.

Two new germacrane-type sesquiterpenoids, chrysanthemolides A (1) and B (2), and four known germacrane-type sesquiterpenoids, hanphyllin (3), 3β-hydroxy-11α,13-dihydro-costunolide (4), costunolide (5), and 6,7-dimethylmethylene-4-aldehyde-1β-hydroxy-10(15)-ene-(4Z)-dicyclodecylene (6), were isolated and identified from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated via high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and electronic circular dichroism (ECD). Meanwhile, all the isolates were tested for their hepatoprotective activity in tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) injured AML12cells. Compounds 1, 2, and 4 showed significant protective effects at 40μM, comparable with the positive control resveratrol at 10μM. As the most potent one, compound 1 was chosen for further studies. Compound 1 dose-dependently increased the viability of t-BHP-injured AML12cells. Furthermore, compound 1 decreased reactive oxygen species accumulation, while increased glutathione level, heme oxygenase-1 level and superoxide dismutase activity, through anchoring in the binding site of Kelch domain of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) to promote the dissociation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 from Keap1 and translocation to nuclei. In summary, germacrane-type sesquiterpenoids from C. indicum might be further developed to protect liver against oxidative damage.

Influence of plant extract-based vermiwash on plant growth parameters and biocontrol of Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis) in Capsicum annum

In this present study, an attempt is made to know the effect of plant-based extract of some selected species which acts as a base for vermiwash extraction. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citrates), Aloe vera leaves, Nerium oleander leaves, Tridax procumbens, and Chrysanthemum indicum flowers aqueous extract is prepared and made to pass through vermicompost bed. Further collected vermiwash is tested on Capsicum annum (bell pepper) for plant growth parameters and plant resistance to Thrips. Vermiwash treatment VW2 when compared with the control showed a 78.3% increase in the rate of flowering for the 14th week. For the same 14th week VW2 also showed a significant decrease in the leaf damage scale of 1.53 compared to the control of 4.41 which could be possible due to the composite effect of the nutrients present in the vermiwash and also due to aid provided by antimicrobial agents in the VW2. Comparing VW1 and VW2 cow urine has a notable effect on the dissemination of nutrients and aid in the protection of plants. Various parameters such as shoot length, number of leaves, and leaf damage scale showed enhanced results in combination with cow urine and plant extract. Thus this study gives an evidential and possible alternative to chemical pesticides and chemical fertilizers concerning Capsicum annum. Further standardization and testing may be needed to apply the same to various vegetable and fruit crops.

Comparison of the Chemical Components, Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action of Chrysanthemum morifolium Flower and Its Wild Relative Chrysanthemum indicum Flower against Liver-Fire Hyperactivity Syndrome of Hypertension via Integrative Analyses.

To clarify the differences in the clinical application scope of Chrysanthemum morifolium flower (CMF) and Chrysanthemum indicum flower (CIF), two herbs of similar origin, an integrated strategy of network pharmacology, molecular pharmacology, and metabolomics was employed, with a view to investigating the commonalities and dissimilarities in chemical components, efficacy and mechanisms of action. Initial HPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis revealed that CMF and CIF had different flavonoid constituents. The biological processes underlying the therapeutic effects of CMF and CIF on liver-fire hyperactivity syndrome of hypertension (LFHSH) were predicted to be related to inflammatory response, fatty acid production, and other pathways based on network pharmacology analysis. ELISA, molecular docking, Western blot, and metabolomics techniques showed similar effects of CMF and CIF in lowering blood pressure, resistance to tissue, organ and functional damage, and dyslipidemia. However, distinct effects were found in the regulation of inflammatory response, PI3K-Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways, lipid anabolism, renin-angiotensin system, and metabolic abnormalities. The comparable efficacies of CMF and CIF, despite having distinct mechanisms of action, may be attributed to the integration and counteraction of their different regulating capabilities on the above anti-LFHSH mechanisms. This study offers a vital platform for assessment of differential and precise applications of herbs of close origin with similar but slightly different medicinal properties, and provides a research strategy for bridging Chinese medicine and modern precision medicine.

Corrosion Inhibitors used in Pipelines Carrying Simulated Oil Well Water – An Overview and Inhibition of Corrosion of Mild Steel in Simulated Oil Well Water by Aqueous Extract of Chrysanthemum Indicum Flower- Case Study

Simulated oil well water (SOWW) is conceded out by pipelines made of several alloys for instance mild steel & L80. These alloys may undergo corrosion owing to the presence of various aggressive ions present in SOWW. To prevent this several inhibitors have been used. Several methods have been used to estimate the inhibition efficiency of extract. Weight loss study, electrochemical study like potentiodynamic polarization study & electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and TEM have been employed in these studies. Recent developments in this field of research are presented in detail briefly. As a study Inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in simulated oil well water by aqueous extract of Chrysanthemum Indicum flower is also discussed.

Novel In Silico and In Vivo Insights of Flavonoids as Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Oxidant in Rodent Models

Insulin sensitivity is a symptom of diabetes, which is caused by insulin resistance, decreasing insulin production and ultimately pancreatic cancer. The current study is focused on the anti-diabetic and antioxidant properties of Chrysanthemum indicum flower extract and to scientifically validate the claim by in silico docking studies of natural compounds present in the extract for their respective sites against selected proteins. Pharmacological evaluations were done using 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the extract. Upon treatment with methanolic extract of Chrysanthemum indicum at 200 mg/kg body weight, 400 mg/kg body weight and glibenclamide 0.5 mg/kg body weight, significant reduction in blood glucose levels was observed. The extract was screened against reducing power assay and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay for its anti-oxidant potential and the results were compared with the standard ascorbic acid. In both assays, the findings clearly demonstrated the extract's ability to scavenge free radicals. Docking studies were performed for natural compounds present in the extract such as epigallactocatechin, quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin, myrcetin, rutin, luteolin and standard drug glibenclamide against protein data bank ID: 1VA5, protein data bank ID: 1Z2C, protein data bank ID: 5WUA using Mcule software. The statistical verification of the model was evaluated with PROCHEK; a structure verification program relies on Ramachandran plot which determines the quality of the predicted structures. The results revealed that epigallactocatechin and rutin had shown highest glide scores which indicates a stronger receptor-ligand binding affinity among the various phytochemical constituents present in the extract and this might be the possible mechanism by which the extract showed antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. From the above it is concluded that the extract possess anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant activity.

Sesquiterpenoids from Chrysanthemum indicum with Inhibitory Effects on NO Production.

Three new guaianolide lactones (1-3) and four new 9-oxonerolidol glucosides (5-8) together with 20 known compounds were isolated from the MeOH extract of the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum. Their structures were elucidated based on the interpretation of NMR, HRESIMS, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data along with acid hydrolysis. Of the isolates, sesquiterpenoids 1-4 and 15 and flavones 17 and 18 exhibited inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells with IC50 values in the range 0.2-27.0 μM.

Two New Eudesmane Sesquiterpenoids from the Flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum

The flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum, i.e. Ye-ju-hua recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, has been widely used in China as an important heat-clearing and detoxifying herb for the treatment of inflammation, headache, and vertigo. A phytochemical investigation of this herb has led to the isolation of two new eudesmane sesquiterpenoids, 7-epi-eudesm-4(15),11(13)-diene-1β,3β-diol (1) and 7-epi-1β-hydroxy-β-eudesmol (2). The molecular structures of these new sesquiterpenoids were established based on the comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, including NMR, MS, and IR, and comparing with the literatures.Graphical

Chrysanthemum indicum microparticles on removal of hazardous Congo red dye using response surface methodology

Biomass-derived adsorbents have been intensively studied due to their competence in reducing pollutants with conventional methods. Flowers are used as source in medicine, cosmetics and even as adsorbents for pollutant abatement. In this study, the microparticles from Chrysanthemum indicum were used as adsorbent for reducing the Congo red dye concentration from synthetic solution. Batch trials were evaluated to understand the influence of factors and optimization was carried out using central composite design. Maximum reduction (84.1%) achieved under the optimized settings of pH (1.0), adsorbent dose (300 ppm), stirring speed (150 rpm), and contact time (75 min) at initial dye concentration (150 ppm at 30 °C). Microparticle size ensured with surface morphology of the adsorbent using electron microscopy and functional groups was studied using infrared spectroscopy techniques, respectively. Regression coefficient (R2) value was obtained as 0.956 which indicates that the predicted values were in good agreement with their corresponding experimental values for the Congo red dye adsorption. Based on the investigation, it is inferred that the Chrysanthemum indicum flower has the potential for Congo red dye reduction from aqueous solution.

Novel synthesis of Chrysanthemum indicum flower as an adsorbent for the removal of direct Congo red from aqueous solution

Novel synthesis of Chrysanthemum indicum flower as an adsorbent for the removal of direct Congo red from aqueous solution

Sesquiterpenoids with Various Carbocyclic Skeletons from the Flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum.

A phytochemical investigation of the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum yielded sesquiterpenoids 1-25 with various carbocyclic skeletons, including 10 new (1-10) and 15 known (11-25) analogues. The structures were elucidated via their physical data, while the absolute configuration of compounds 6, 8, and 10 was assessed via electronic circular dichroism analysis. The evaluation of the effect of sesquiterpenoids on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) replication showed that compounds 1-5, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, and 21 increased cell viability against cell death in PEDV-injected cells. Compounds 2, 12, and 17 were selected and investigated for their inhibition of proteins required for PEDV replication. Compounds 2 and 17 significantly reduced PEDV nucleocapsid and spike protein synthesis compared with azauridin as a positive control.

Modeling of fixed-bed column studies for removal of cobalt ions from aqueous solution using Chrysanthemum indicum

The present study investigates the adsorption capability of raw and biochar forms of Chrysanthemum indicum flowers biomass to remove cobalt ions from aqueous solution in a fixed-bed column. Column adsorption experiments were conducted by varying the bed height (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 cm), flow rate (1.0, 2.5, 5.0 mL min−1) and initial cobalt ion concentration (25, 50, 75 mg L−1) to obtain the experimental breakthrough curves. The adsorption capacity of the raw and biochar forms of C. indicum flowers were found to be 14.84 and 28.34 mg g−1, respectively, for an initial ion concentration of 50 mg L−1 at 1.0 cm bed height and 1.0 mL min−1 flow rate for Co (II) ion adsorption. Adam–Bohart, Thomas and Yoon–Nelson models were applied to the experimental column data to analyze the column performance. The Thomas model was found to best represent the column data with the predicted and experimental uptake capacity values correlating well and with higher R 2 values for all the varying process parameters. Desorption studies revealed the suitability of the adsorbents for repeated use up to four adsorption–desorption cycles without significant loss in its efficiency. It can thus be inferred from the fixed-bed column studies that C. indicum flowers can suitably be used as an effective adsorbent for Co (II) ion removal from aqueous solution on a higher scale.

Optimization of malachite green dye removal by Chrysanthemum indicum using response surface methodology

This study investigates the adsorption capacity of Chrysanthemum indicum flower for removal of Malachite Green dye from aqueous solution. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effects of six independent variables including pH (4–8), adsorbent dose (2–4 g/L), initial dye concentration (100–200 mg/L), stirring speed (100–200 RPM), contact time (60–90 min), and temperature (25–35°C) on dye removal. The effect of these variables and its interactive effects have been studied using central composite design by response surface methodology. The characteristics of the adsorbent were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy techniques, before and after the adsorption process. The maximum dye removal (99.3%) was achieved with the optimum conditions as: pH 11, adsorbent dosage of 3 g/L, stirring speed of 150 RPM with contact time of 75 min at temperature of 30°C for the initial dye concentration of 150 mg/L. pH, adsorbent dosage, and stirring speed have significant individual effects on dye removal among six independent variables. Interactive effect of pH with adsorbent dose and initial dye concentration are also significant. The higher percentage removal of Malachite Green dye by Chrysanthemum indicum flower suggests the effectiveness of the adsorbent for cationic dyes. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 1415–1419, 2016

Quality assessment of Chrysanthemum indicum Flower by simultaneous quantification of six major ingredients using a single reference standard combined with HPLC fingerprint analysis

Chrysanthemum indicum Flower is usually consumed as functional food. This paper described an improved total quality assessment method for Chrysanthemum indicum Flower by simultaneous quantitation using a single standard to determine multi-components method combined with high performance liquid chromatography fingerprint analysis. Six main components of Chrysanthemum indicum Flower including two flavonoids and four phenolic acids were simultaneously quantified using linarin as the internal reference standard. The method was fully validated with respect to linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness and stability. The validated method was successfully applied to the analysis of thirty three batches of Chrysanthemum indicum Flower samples. Under the same chromatographic conditions, fingerprint analysis in combination with Similarity analysis and principal component analysis was performed to identify the samples from different regions. In general, an effective assessment using a single standard to determinate multi-components method combined with fingerprint analysis make the reliable qualitation and quantitation analysis of Chrysanthemum indicum Flower available.

Biosorption of Co(II) ions from aqueous solution using Chrysanthemum indicum: Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics

The present study investigates the adsorption potential of Chrysanthemum indicum flower in its raw (CIF-R) and biochar (CIF-BC) form for the removal of cobalt ions from aqueous solution. The adsorbents were characterized for their surface area using BET analysis, surface morphology and elemental composition with SEM-EDAX and for the presence of functional groups by FTIR analysis. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of process parameters, viz. pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ion concentration, contact time, stirring speed, presence of interfering ions and temperature on the adsorption of Co(II) ion using both the adsorbents. The optimum conditions for maximum removal of Co(II) ion was ascertained to be pH 5 for both adsorbents, adsorbent dose of 4g/L and 3g/L, equilibrium time of 60min and 45min, respectively, for CIF-R and CIF-BC. The maximum adsorption capacity of CIF-R and CIF-BC was found to be 14.84mg/g and 45.44mg/g, respectively, for the removal of Co(II) ion. The mechanism of adsorption was studied using different models of adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics. It was inferred that Co(II) adsorption on both CIF-R and CIF-BC followed pseudo-second order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model with the process being spontaneous and endothermic in nature.

The anti-osteoporosis and antioxidant activities of chemical constituents from Chrysanthemum indicum flowers.

Two new compounds, chrysinoneside A (1) and (-)-trans-chrysanthenol-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), along with 17 known compounds (3-19) were isolated from Chrysanthemum indicum flowers. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of various fractions were determined. The EtOAC fraction had the highest total phenolic content (525.84 ± 23.51 mg GAE/g DR) and the total flavonoid content (63.49 ± 3.32 mg QE/g DR). The EtOAc and water fractions showed the greatest peroxyl radical-scavenging capacity and the ability to reduce Cu(I) ions, with ORAC and CUPRAC values ranging from 24.00 ± 0.44 to 28.06 ± 1.35 and 16.90 ± 0.51 to 49.77 ± 0.97 μM, respectively. Compounds 5-11, 18, and 19 displayed strong effects in both peroxyl radical-scavenging and reducing capacity assays at a concentration of 10 μM. The anti-osteoporosis activity of these compounds was also evaluated. Compounds 10, 13, and 19 exhibited the most potent tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity in receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand-induced osteoclastic RAW 264.7 cells with values of 105.95 ± 1.18, 110.32 ± 3.95, and 112.58 ± 6.42%, respectively.

Anti-inflammatory components of Chrysanthemum indicum flowers

One new octulosonic acid derivative, chrysannol A (1), along with 17 known compounds (2–18), were isolated from Chrysanthemum indicum flowers. Their structures were determined from 1D NMR, 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS spectral data, and comparisons with previous reports. The effects of these compounds on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production by RAW 264.7 cells were investigated. Compound 8 showed the highest inhibition of NO production of 46.09% at a concentration of 10.0μM. Compounds 7, 10, 11, and 16 inhibited TNF-α secretion at all concentration tested (0.4, 2.0, and 10.0μM), with inhibition values ranging from 22.27% to 33.13%. In addition, compound 8 and 9 decrease COX-2 and iNOS protein on Western blot analysis in dose dependent manner.