Ethyl Acetate Extract Of Flowers Research Articles

In Vitro Evaluation of Extracts From Ixora Species for a Potential Phytosomal Formulation.

Background Ixora species are perennial shrubs and flowering plants belonging to the family Rubiaceae. The leaf and flower parts of Ixora coccinea (I. coccinea)andIxora alba (I. alba) were aimed at isolating their active fractions. The present study was to determine in vitro antitumor activity against malignant melanoma cell lines for phytosome formulation. Materials and methods Two species, I. coccinea (red flowers and leaves) and I. alba (white flowers and leaves), were selected, and this study focused on determining the active fraction by comparing the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and hydroalcoholic (ethanol:water, 70:30 v/v) extracts. The identified potent extract was subjected to in vitro anticancer activity in malignant melanoma cell lines. Results A phytochemical study revealed phytosterols, flavonoids, proteins, amino acids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenols, tannins, and diterpenes. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant effect of I. coccinea and I. alba leaf and flower extracts. In the DPPH assay, I. coccinea flower hydroalcoholic extract (ICFHA) had an IC50 value of 248.99 µg/mL, and I. coccinea leaf hydroalcoholic extract (ICLHA) had an IC50 value of 268.87 µg/mL. These two extracts had a lower value with a higher antioxidant effect. In the total antioxidant assay, I. coccinea leaf ethyl acetate extract (ICLEA) and I. coccinea leaf chloroform extract (ICLCE) have 77.4 ± 0.05 and 68.9 ± 0.03 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent per gm of extract, respectively. These two extracts exhibited a high antioxidant effect. The antimicrobial potential was evaluated using selected bacterial and fungal strains using the agar-well diffusion method. Petroleum ether and chloroform extracts of I. coccinea and I. alba leaves and flowers did not possess antimicrobial activity with any of the bacterial or fungal strains. An ethyl acetate extract and a hydroalcoholic extract of I. coccinea leaves and flowers showed antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus. An ethyl acetate extract of I. coccinea flower and a hydroalcoholic extract of I. alba leaf showed a significant zone of inhibition when compared with standard chloramphenicol for all three selected strains, which may be due to the presence of active phytoconstituents. ICLHA showed a MIC of ≤300 µg/mL for Enterococcus faecalisandStaphylococcus aureusand ≤400 µg/mL for Candida albicans microbial strains. The high total flavonoid content was reported in ICLEA at 771.31 µg/mL and in I. coccinea flower ethyl acetate extract (ICFEA) at 694.69 µg/mL. High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis showed a high quercetin (QCE) content in the ICLEA extract. To prove the in vitro skin anticancer activity, an MTT assay was performed for the ICLEA extract in a malignant melanoma cell line, and the IC50 value was reported as 7.96 µg/mL. Conclusion I. coccinea leaf ethyl acetate extract revealed a significant total flavonoid content in analysis through the aluminum chloride method, and the presence of a high QCE content was confirmed by HPTLC analysis. The in vitro skin anticancer activity of ICLEA was confirmed by the MTT assay; therefore, it was concluded that the ICLEA extract was a potent fraction and was selected to develop a phytosome.

In vitro and in silico properties of Rhododendron arboreum against pathogenic bacterial isolates

The tree Rhododendron arboreum belongs to the Ericaceae family, which harbours the entire Himalayan range. In this study, flowers and leaves of R. arboreum were selected from the Mussoorie area in the district of Dehradun (Uttarakhand). Plant extracts were obtained by using hexane, distilled water, acetone, 80% methanol and ethyl acetate solvents in an orbital shaker. The activity of the extracts against Bacillus cereus, Shigella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli was investigated using an agar well diffusion procedure, and the synergistic interaction of the extracts with conventional antibiotics, including norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, was examined. Phytochemicals of R. arboreum were obtained from PubChem, and a target protein was rebuilt using the RCSB protein data bank. The docking approach was carried out via AutoDock vina software with penicillin binding protein (3VSL) to validate the microbe interactions and bioactive molecules, whereas Molinspiration and Swiss ADME servers were used to determine the Lipinski rule of 5 and perform drug-likeness analysis, respectively. Protox II and AdmetSAR tools were used to screen phytoconstituent toxicity. Flower and leaf extracts exhibited the highest yields (3.06 ± 0.9% and 2.53 ± 1.01%, respectively) in methanol. Phenolics, alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, steroids, amino acids, cardiac glycosides, tannin, protein, and saponin were qualitatively found. Synergistic activity against B. cereus and E. coli was observed for aqueous leaf extracts, while methanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of flowers and leaves exhibited synergism against Shigella and S. aureus. Ethyl acetate extracts of flowers and leaves are the best synergistic enhancer. According to in silico data obtained from an in silico study, the best phytocompounds and prospective antibacterial agents are epifriedelanol and campanulin.

Qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals of essential oils and extracts of Thymbra spicata subsp. spicata L. as a spice for diabetes mellitus

AbstractThe aim of this paper was to evaluate the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts, n‐hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol, aqueous subextracts and essential oils of flowers, roots, leaves and aerial parts of Thymbra spicata subsp. spicata, which has been utilized in the public medicine systems of Turkey, Greece, Egypt and Rome for the treatment of asthma and bronchitis, as well as for flavour and aroma in the food industry and protection. Quantitative determination of secondary metabolites in the most effective samples of the plant was also analysed by LC–MS/MS. Moreover, the chemical composition of essential oils of different parts of the plant was analysed via GC‐FID and GC/MS. The main constituents in the flower, leaf and aerial part were found to be carvacrol (75.6%), γ‐terpinene (10.5%), carvacrol (73.3%), γ‐terpinene (9.5%), p‐cymene (8.6%), carvacrol (76.1.8%) and p‐cymene (7.3%), respectively. Quinic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, naringin, hesperidin and rosmarinic acid were measured in four ethyl acetate subextracts, and rosmarinic acid was found to have the highest amount in the flower subextract with a value of 48095.1083 ng/mL. The ethyl acetate extract of flowers showed the best activity with a 326 ± 12 μg/mL IC50 value, while the standard acarbose IC50 value was 4143 ± 243 μg/mL. It was determined that the leaf ethyl acetate extract, in particular, had a very high % inhibition value on ABTS·+ (99.137 ± 0.011% inhibition) and DPPH• (41.068 ± 0.031% inhibition). It is thought that the plant, which has been used as a spice in the kitchen for centuries by the public, can be safely used due to its high antidiabetic and antioxidant effects.

Momordica charantia L. extracts against Aedes aegypti larvae.

Mormodica charantia (Curcubitaceae) is a plant with great medicinal potential, also used as an alternative of mosquitoes control as demonstrated by previous studies. We evaluated the larvicidal activity of crude extracts of ethyl acetate, methanol and hexane from flowers and fruits of M. charantia against Aedes aegypti (Culicidae). Flowers and fruits were macerated in methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. Bioassays were performed with application of the extracts at final concentrations of 1 - 200 µg/mL in the middle of the third instar larvae of A. aegypti (L3). The results showed high toxicity to ethyl acetate extracts from flowers and fruits at concentrations of 200 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL, with 97% and 87% of larvae mortality (L3), respectively. Hexane extract demonstrated low toxicity, while methanol extract exhibited 78% larval mortality. The data suggested that the ethyl acetate extracts of flowers and fruits of M. charantia can effectively contribute to larvicidal activity. In addition, purification of M. charantia extracts may lead to a promising larvicidal activity to control the A. aegypti population.

Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolics Content and Antioxydants Potential of Different parts of Grangea maderaspatana from Burkina Faso

This work is a contribution to a better use of Grangea maderaspatana belonging to family Asteracea as a medicinal plant for its phytochemicals. Extracts of different parts of Grangea maderaspatana were thus screened for their phytochemicals, including phenolics, tannins and flavonoids contents and total antioxidant contents.
 The extracts were obtained from the roots, flowers, leafy branches and the whole plant using hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The phytochemical screening was carried out by means of thin layer chromatography, colorimetric and precipitation reactions. Total phenolics contents, total flavonids et totat antioxidants contents were evaluated by spectrophotometric methods.
 The phytochemical screening revealed that G. maderaspatana different parts contained phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols and terpenes at different content. Total phenolics contents ranged from 0.051 to 93.455 mg GAE/g of extract in dichloromethane extract of leafy branches and in the ethyl acetate extract of flowers, respectively. Those of total flavonoids ranged from 82.984 in the roots methanolic extract to 753.337 mg QE/g in the ethyl acetate extract of flowers. Total antioxidant contents, assessed by , and methods are highest in ethyl acetate extracts compared to others extraction solvents.
 maderaspatana contains a variety of secondary metabolites whose levels vary according to the plant part used.

Immunomodulatory activity and phytochemical analysis of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. flower fractions

Immunomodulators are compounds that are capable of enhancing the immune system. This research examined the immunomodulatory activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. flower fractions and identified the chemical compounds contained. A H. sabdariffa L. flower ethyl acetate extract was fractionated by the vacuum liquid chromatography method, yielding seven fractions: Fractions A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Immunomodulatory activity testing was carried out by the phagocytosis method, and phytochemical analysis was conducted using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The test results showed that Fractions A, B, C, D, F, and G were significantly different from the negative control sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. Fraction A exhibited the best activity. The phytochemical analysis results showed that the H. sabdariffa L. flower fractions exhibited a number of compounds that have the potential to act as immunomodulatory active compounds.

Antibacterial, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activity capacities of Doronicum macrolepis (FREYN&SINT): An endemic plant from Turkey

In the present study, the antioxidant, enzyme inhibition (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and cholinesterase) and antimicrobial (MIC) activities of three different solvent (ethanol, methanol, or ethyl acetate) extracts of stem, root, and flower of Doronicum macrolepis plant were investigated. In addition to this, the chemical composition and the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil were determined. Antioxidant activity was detected using ABTS and DPPH assays. Antimicrobial activity evaluated by microdilution method against to nineteen microorganisms. Also, enzyme inhibition activities were determined by colorimetric methods. Essential oil of the plant extracted by hydrodistilation and characterized using GC/MS. The antioxidant properties of the flower were determined to be higher than those of the other segments of this plant. Moreover, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also found to be higher in the flower parts. The highest enzyme inhibition activity was observed to be α-amylase (221.54 mmol ACAE/g extract) in flower ethylacetate extract, α-glucosidase (15.32 mmol ACAE/g extract) in flower ethanol extract, and cholinesterase (AChE: 2.4 and BChE: 22.35 mg GALE/g extract) in stem ethylacetate extract. Besides them, the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was found to be higher than the extracts. It showed a high level of inhibition especially on E. coli at 4 µg/ml concentration. Moreover, remarkable inhibition was observed for two candida strains tested. In conclusion, the results suggest that, because of its bioactivity including the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzyme inhibition properties, the D. macrolepis can be accepted as a promising and natural source for the industrial applications. The present study is the first study, in which the bioactive components and the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzyme inhibition properties of endemic D. macrolepis plant were determined.

Centaurea hypoleuca DC: Phenolic content, antimicrobial, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities

Centaurea hypoleuca is one of the plants have been traditionally used in treatments of many diseases in folk medicine in Turkey. In the present study, ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of the plant's aerial parts were examined and their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzyme inhibition activities were determined for the first time. The antioxidant assays were performed in vitro using ABTS and DPPH methods, whereas the antimicrobial efficiency was determined using disc diffusion and microdilution methods. Moreover, the enzyme inhibition activity was analyzed using calorimetric methods targeting the key enzymes used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (cholinesterase) and diabetes (glucosidase and amylase). Also, the phenolic contents were analyzed using HPLC. The biological activity of flower ethyl acetate extract was found to be significantly higher than those of other extracts. This extract was more prominent because of its strong antimicrobial activity with the MIC value of 8 µg mL−1 against MRSA. Moreover, the main components of the extract were determined to be catechin and chlorogenic acid. In conclusion, these results indicate that C. hypoleuca can be pharmaceutically used as herbal remedies for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzyme inhibitor effects.

Composition and potential of Tanacetum haussknechtii Bornm. Grierson as antioxidant and inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, and α-amylase enzymes

ABSTRACTThe phytochemical composition of essential oils and extracts of Tanacetum haussknechtii were investigated with GC–FID–MS and LC–MS/MS techniques and evaluated against oxidation, acetylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, and α-amylase enzymes. The major volatile constituents of T. haussknectii were found to be α- and β-pinene, and borneol. Caffeoylquinic acid derivatives and flavonoids were detected in the aqueous, alcohol, and ethyl acetate extracts. In DPPH assay, the methanol extracts exhibited the highest activity. TEAC assay resulted with superiority of all methanol and the capitula ethyl acetate extract. In β-carotene bleaching assay, linoleic acid was the best protected by the ethyl acetate extract of flower. The flower oil inhibited higher acetylcholinesterase activity than the remaining extracts. The flower ethyl acetate extract was found as the most effective inhibitor of α-amylase. The herb and the leaf+stem water extracts possess highest inhibitory effect on tyrosinase.

Antifungal, molluscicidal and larvicidal assessment of anemonin and Clematis flammula L. extracts against mollusc Galba truncatula, intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica in Tunisia.

To investigate the potential of anemonin and Clematis flammula (C.flammula) extracts against infective organisms. The molluscicidal activities of anemonin and C.flammula extracts against Galba truncatula Müll. (Lymnaeidae) and Fasciola hepatica larval stages contaminating this snail in Tunisia were assessed by testing six groups of snails in 250mL of extracts and aqueous dechlorinated solutions with different concentrations (ranging from 2.5 to 20.0mg/L) for 48h. Besides, the antifungal potential of C.flammula leaves and flowers was evaluated by using the diffusion agar and broth dilution methods against four fungal strains: Aspergillus niger, Pythium catenulatum, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium phyllophilum. As a result, hexane and ethyl acetate flower extracts exhibited significant molluscicidal activities with LC50 median lethal concentrations values of 11.87 and 11.65mg/L, respectively while LC50 value of anemonin was 9.64mg/L after 48h exposure. The flower extracts showed a larvicidal effect with a deterioration rate exceeding 35.39% where flower ethyl acetate residue gave a deterioration rate of cercariae close to 97%. Moreover, C.flammula extracts were not noxious to the associated fauna survival. All extracts inhibited the growth of P. catenulatum, the leaves and flowers methanolic extracts had the more important fungicide action with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 1.56 and 3.12mg/mL together with minimum fungistatic concentrations of 3.12 and 6.25mg/mL respectively. Only flower extracts were active against Rhizoctonia solani with minimum inhibitory concentrations varying between 0.70 and 1.56mg/mL and 6.25mg/mL of minimum fungistatic concentration. Phytochemical tests showed that the antifungal activity may be attributed to the presence of the flavonoids/saponins in the methanolic extracts and the molluscicide effects could be due to the richness of hexane and ethyl acetate extracts on sterols and triterpenoids. This study emphasizes the important molluscicidal and antiparasitic effects of flower ethyl acetate extracts and anemonin compound as well as the considerable antifungal activities of methanolic extracts. These results improve the therapeutic virtues of C.flammula aerial part extracts.

Comparison of the Qualitative Chemical Composition of Extracts from Ageratina havanensis Collected in Two Different Phenological Stages by FIA-ESI-IT-MSn and UPLC/ESI-MSn: Antiviral Activity

The flowers and leaves of Ageratina havanensis (Kunth) R. M. King & H. Robinson are traditionally used as a tea to cure several diseases. The production of active secondary metabolites can be affected by several environmental factors such as climate, altitude, rainfall, phenological stage and other conditions that may influence the growth of plants. In this sense, the development of a methodology to compare the chemical composition of plant -extracts is needed. The qualitative chemical composition of the ethyl acetate extracts of flowers and leaves, collected in both reproductive and non-reproductive season, was determined by.flow injection analysis-electrospray ionization-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (FIA-ESI-IT-MS") and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray negative ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-MS"). The qualitative chemical composition of the ethyl acetate extracts of flowers and leaves was very similar in all cases. Also the antiviral activity of flowers against human herpes simplex viruses type I and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) (Herpesviridae) was analyzed. Three glucoside flavonoids were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the leaves of A. havanensis collected in flowering season using chromatographic methods and their structures were elucidated by physical and spectroscopic data measurements, and by comparing the obtained data with previously published values. The compounds were identified as 3-Ο-β-D-glucosyl-7-methoxyaromadendrin (5), 7-Ο-β-D--glucosyl-4'- dihydroxy-5-methoxyflavanone (6) and 5-O-β-D-glucosylsakuranetin (7); this is the first report of the isolation of these compounds in the Asteraceae family. Since the qualitative composition of the extracts of A. havanensis was similar in all cases, it can be expected that the ethyl acetate extract of the leaves collected in the non-reproductive season has anti-herpetic activity similar to that obtained in the reproductive season.

Characterisation of phenolic antioxidants in Scabiosa arenaria flowers by LC-ESI-MS/MS and NMR.

This work describes the bioguided fractionation of the flower's ethyl acetate fraction of Scabiosa arenaria Forssk. (Dipsacaceae). The identification of the pure compound isolated has been studied by mono-dimensional NMR experiments. The mixture of phenolic compounds was analysed by LC-ESI-MS/MS. The antioxidant activity has been evaluated by the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The bioguided fractionation of the flower's ethyl acetate fraction of Scabiosa arenaria led to the isolation of a pure compound: luteolin. The mixture of three phenolic compounds was identified as: 1, 4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, apigenin 7-O-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-glucoside. Two of which are reported here for the first time in Scabiosa genus. Luteolin had the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 0.02 ± 0.007 mg/ml, followed by the three phenolic compounds with an IC50 value of 0.025 ± 0.008 mg/ml. The results of the present work indicate that S. arenaria flower's ethyl acetate extract could be used as natural antioxidant agents in food preservation and human health.

Acylated flavonol glycosides from Tagetes minuta with antibacterial activity

Wild marigold (Tagetes minuta), a flowering plant of the family Asteraceae contains compounds of pharmaceutical and nutritional importance especially essential oils and flavonols. Identification, characterization of flavonols and determination of their antibacterial activity were major objectives of the current study. The isolation and purification of flavonols was accomplished using chromatographic techniques while structural elucidation was completed by LC–MS and NMR spectroscopy. The extracts and purified compounds were tested against various bacterial strains for antibacterial activity. A total of 19 flavonols were isolated from this species. Of these, 17 were of butanol and two of ethyl acetate extracts. Based on the concentration and purity, eight potential flavonols were selected and structurally elucidated. Four flavonols, 6-hydroxyquercetin 7-O-β-(6′′-galloylglucopyranoside; 2), 6-hydroxykaempferol 7-O-β-glucopyranoside (5), 6-hydroxykaempferol 7-O-β-(6′′-galloylglucopyranoside; 7), 6-hydroxyquercetin 7-O-β-(6′′-caffeoylglucopyranoside; 9), were identified for the first time from T. minuta. Butanol and ethyl acetate extracts of flowers and seeds showed significant antibacterial activity against Micrococcus leteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas pikettii. Among the isolated flavonols only 1, 2, and 18 were found to possess significant antibacterial activity against M. luteus. The extracts and purified flavonols from T. minuta can be potential candidates for antibacterial drug discovery and support to ethnopharmacological use.

Protective effects of the extract from longan flower against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury has a complex pathophysiology resulting from a number of contributing factors. The effect of longan flower ethyl acetate extract (LFEE) on hepatic I/R injury in rats was examined. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 activities were significantly increased after I/R injury, but decreased in the groups with LFEE treatment. Significant decrease in hepatic glutathione levels after I/R injury was observed upon LFEE treatment. NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase 1 activity was significantly increased after I/R injury, and it was further increased in the groups with LFEE treatment. Histological results indicated that LFEE was effective in improving liver tissue morphology during I/R injury. Therefore, LFEE might offer a novel intervention for patients suffering from I/R of the liver especially in the process of hepatotomy and liver transplantation.

Non-targeted molecular characterisation of a rose flower ethyl acetate extract using Ultra-HPLC with atmospheric pressure photoionisation and quadrupole time-of-flight MS/MS.

A non-targeted approach to characterise the phytochemical composition of the flower organ of an original rose cultivar 'Jardin de Granville'® was developed. Particular attention was paid to the less documented molecular families of intermediate polarity, compared with the polyphenol family (anthocyanins, flavonoids, tannins) and volatile compounds. To develop a molecular fingerprinting method for the rapid qualitative phytochemical characterisation of the rose flower ethyl acetate extract. An ultra-HPLC with atmospheric pressure photoionisation (APPI) and quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) MS/MS combined with microwave-assisted extraction was carried out for ethyl acetate extracts as an intermediate polarity extraction solvent in order to obtain the most exhaustive extract containing a large range of molecular families. An optimised methodology based on the coupling of the UHPLC and APPI source with a QTOF analyser was developed to characterise the extracted molecules. Sixty-one compounds were identified in the extract, covering eight molecular families of intermediate polarity ranging from polyphenols to triglycerides. The presence of flavonoids with anti-oxidant properties and of triterpenoids with potential anti-inflammatory activity was evidenced and cell-wall constituents such as fatty acids, glycolipids, sphingolipids and acylated sterol glycosides were characterised. Some chlorophyll derivatives were also detected. The method developed is appropriate for fast phytochemical evaluation of rose ethyl acetate extract. It produced accurate mass and MS/MS spectra, which permitted identification of a wide range of compounds of intermediate polarity.

Chemical constituents from ethyl acetate extract of flower of Albizia julibrissin

The ethyl acetate extract of the flower of Albizia julibrissin was isolated and purified by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and MCI GEL CHP-20P column chromatography to yield 29 compounds. Their structures were elucidated as 8-hydroxy-2, 6-dimethyl-2E, 6Z-octadienoic acid (1), 8-O-formyl-2, 6-dimethyl-2E, 6Z-octadienoic acid (la), 8-hydroxy-2, 6-dimethyl-2E, 6E-octadienoic acid (2), 8-O-formyl-2, 6-dimethyl-2E, 6E-octadienoic acid (2a), (2E, 6S)-2, 6-dimethyl-6-O-beta-D-xylpyranosyloxy-2, 7-menthia-folic acid (3), clovan-2beta, 9alpha-diol (4), 2beta-O-formyl-clovan-9alpha-ol (4a), 2beta, 9alpha-O-diformyl-clovan (4b), vomifoliol (5), (6S, 9R)-roseoside (6), vanillin (7), 4-O-ethylgallic acid (8), 3-ethoxy4-hydroxy-benzoic acid (9), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (10), gallic acid (11), protocatechoic acid (12), stearic acid (13), palmitic acid (14), 2, 3-dihydroxypropyl hexadecanoate (15), linoleic acid (16), scopoletin (17), indole-3-carboxaldehyde (18), 2-furoic acid (19), 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde (20), (22E, 24R)-5alpha, 8alpha-epidioxy-ergosta-6, 22-dien-3beta-ol (21), (22E, 24R)-5alpha, 8alpha-epidioxy-ergosta-6, 9, 22-trien-3beta-ol (22), (+)-lariciresinol 9'-stearate (23), formononetin (24) and uridine (25). Compounds 1a, 2a, 4a and 4b were new artifacts from the separation process, and others were obtained from A. julibrissin for the first time.

ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF LEPIDAGATHIS CRISTATA WILLD FLOWER EXTRACTS

Aim of the study was to screen the Lepidagathis cristata Willd, flower extracts for analgesic activity. In the present study the analgesic activity of flower extracts was performed. The methanolic, ethyl acetate, chloroform extracts were prepared and were used for analgesic activity in two dose level of 200 and 400mg/kg body weight in two screening methods, Hot Plate (n=5) and Tail Immersion method (n=5). The flower extracts showed significant analgesic activity. The plant extracts did not exhibit any mortality up to the dose level 4000mg/kg. The methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of flower was evaluated for analgesic activity. The flower ethyl acetate extract of Lepidagathis cristata showed 47% and 57.1% activity at 200 and 400mg/kg.b.wt, after 30 min by Eddy’s Hot plate Method respectively. The flower chloroform extract showed 43.7% and 44.7% protection at 200, 400mg/kg respectively. The flower methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts showed dose dependent analgesic activity in thermal models. The flower ethylacetate extract has maximum analgesic activity with 57.1% (p < 0.001).

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and phenolic compounds of Inula thapsoides ssp. thapsoides

The members of Inula genus are widespread in the world and are used for many disorders by different cultures. Inula species contain terpenic compounds, especially sesquiterpen lactones, flavonoids, glycolipids and anthranilic acid derivatives (1). I. thapsoides (Bieb. ex Willd.) Sprengel which is a rhizomatous perennial herb (45 – 150 cm), has two subspecies in Turkey. In this study, I. thapsoides ssp. thapsoides was investigated for its total phenolic content, antioxidant, antimicrobial potential, and phenolic compound profile (2). Antioxidant activities of water, methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of flowers, leaves and roots of the plant were evaluated by DPPH and ABTS methods. All the extracts showed antioxidant activity in different concentrations. Water extract of leaves and methanol extract of roots expressed strong antioxidant activities with both methods compared to other extracts. Antimicrobial activities of the methanol extracts of flowers, leaves and roots of the plant were determined against S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans and C. tropicalis by agar dilution method. All extracts exhibited antibacterial and anticandidal activities with different MIC values ranging from 50 to 200 µg/ml. Root extract was found very active against the investigated microorganisms. As the liable antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, myricetin, quercetin, luteolin and kaempferol were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively in the plant parts by RP-HPLC. While chlorogenic and caffeic acids were found in all the investigated extracts, myricetin was not determined in the plant. Consequently, investigated phenolics could be responsible for the potent antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the plant.

Antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of extracts from Rapistrum rugosum in Tunisia

ObjectiveTo investigate the antioxidant potential and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity of Rapistrum rugosum extracts. MethodsThe crude, ethyl acetate, butanol and water extracts prepared from flowers, roots, stems and leaves of Rapistrum rugosum were tested at 1 mg/mL to determine their total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content and total condensed tannin content. Their antioxidant activity was assessed at different concentrations (0.0312, 0.0625, 0.1250, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 mg/mL) by using DPPH, ABTS, reducing power and β-carotene bleAChIng inhibition activity. Anti-acetylcholinesterase activity was also determined. ResultsThe extract of leaves and stems had the highest total phenolic content [(110.45±0.03) mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight]. The ethyl acetate extract of flowers had the highest total flavonoid content [(24.62±0.13) mg quercetin equivalent/g dry weight]. The butanolic fraction of flowers had the highest total condensed tannin content [(317.85±0.01) mg catechin equivalent/g dry weight]. The crude extracts of flowers exhibited an interesting antioxidant activity for DPPH assay (93.00±0.01)% at 1 mg/mL. The greatest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (IC50=1.60 mg/mL) was exhibited by the crude extracts from the flowers. ConclusionsThe results demonstrated that Rapistrum rugosum contains active constituents which possess antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities.

Antibacterial activity of sequentially extracted organic solvent extracts of fruits, flowers and leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. from Jaffna

ObjectiveTo reveal the antibacterial activity of sequentially extracted different cold organic solvent extracts of fruits, flowers and leaves of Lawsonia inermis (L. against) some pathogenic bacteria. MethodsPowders of fruits, flowers and leaves of L. inermis were continuously extracted with dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate and ethanol at ambient temperature. The dried extracts were prepared into different concentrations and tested for antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion method, and also the extracts were tested to determine the available phytochemicals. ResultsExcept DCM extract of flower all other test extracts revealed inhibitory effect on all tested bacteria and their inhibitory effect differed significantly (P<0.05). The highest inhibitory effect was showed by ethyl acetate extract of flower against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and ethyl acetate extract of fruit on Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). The ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of flower, fruit and leaf expressed inhibition even at 1 mg/100 μl against all test bacteria. Among the tested phytochemicals flavonoids were detected in all test extracts except DCM extract of flower. ConclusionThe study demonstrated that the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of fruit and flower of L. inermis are potentially better source of antibacterial agents compared to leaf extracts of respective solvents.