Flowering Node Research Articles

Assessment of Genetic Variability in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) Genotypes

The present investigation was carried out at New Orchard, Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Raichur, during late Kharif 2021-22 using thirty-one genotypes and laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. High magnitude GCV and PCV were reported for the traits viz., fruit yield per hectare, fruit yield per plant, number of fruits per plant, plant height, leaf area per plant, number of ridges on fruit surface, fruit girth and fibre content indicates that maximum variability exists in these traits. The traits viz., number of nodes per plant, fruit length, ten fruits weight, shelf-life, stem girth, harvesting period and first flowering node recorded the medium GCV and PCV values. While, low GCV and PCV values were observed for the characters viz., number of leaves per plant, chlorophyll content, days to 50 per cent flowering and days to first flowering showing little variability for these characters. High heritability accompanied by high genetic advance over per cent mean was observed for number of ridges on fruit surface, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, fruit yield per hectare, fruit girth, leaf area per plant, plant height, number of nodes per plant, fruit length, fibre content, stem girth and ten fruits weight which indicates additive gene effects and selection based on these characters may be effective. Hence, characters showing high to moderate values of PCV, GCV and high estimate of heritability and genetic advance as per cent mean were considered as most important characters and selection of these traits will be more effective in improvement of fruit yield per plant.

GENETIC STUDIES FOR SOME YIELD-RELATED TRAITS IN OKRA (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS L.)

Okra is a traditional vegetable famous for its nutritional value. It is a perfect villager's vegetable due to its robust nature, dietary fiber, and seed protein balance of both tryptophan and lysine. The research was carried out in the research area of the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Cross combinations among 3 lines (Patel, Selection Super Green, and 19234) and 3 testers (IQRA-III, Perbhani Karanti, and Sabz Pari) were developed by using line × tester design. Crossed seeds along with parents were grown in the field under Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data for various morphological traits was collected and analyzed statistically through analysis of variance and used to assess GCA, SCA, and gene action. Genotype 19234 exhibited maximum significant GCA (-11.4) for plant height in the negative direction and genotype Selection super Green proved a good general combiner for fruit weight, fruit diameter, and first flowering node, exhibiting values of 3.21, 1.191, and -0.89. IQRA-III (3.00), Patel (2.00), and Perbhani Karanti (1.11) exhibited significant GCA for number of fruits per plant. Line 19234 observed a good general combiner for crude fat (0.28), ash (5.43), and protein (0.39). Cross combination Patel × Perbhani exhibited the highest SCA for the number of fruits (7.78) followed by Selection Super Green × Sabz Pari (4.78) hence can be exploited for heterosis breeding. Cross combination Selection Super Green × Perbhani Karanti exhibited the highest significant SCA for plant height (-7.60) and Selection Super Green × IQRA-III displayed the maximum significant SCA value (2.26) for crude fat. Line Patel proved a good general combiner for most of the yield-related traits. Based on GCA and SCA, line 19234 can be used to enhance quality traits and cross combination Patel × Perbhani Karanti can be used to increase the number of fruits per plant.

Exploring multivariate associations of yield and yield-associated traits in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) accessions in the Northwestern Region of India

Evaluating genetic diversity simplifies the identification of superior genotypes, facilitating the development of high-yielding, resilient to climatic conditions and promoting effective crop improvement. The present study aimed to examine the divergence, correlation and path analysis across 55 okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) germplasms for 17 traits during the summer season (March- July) of 2022. The experiment utilized randomized complete block design with three replications conducted in Phagwara, Punjab. Analysis of variance suggested a sufficient amount of genetic variation was found among all genotypes. Using Mahalanobis D2 analysis, the samples were classified into seven clusters, the largest being cluster I, composing 34 germplasm. Only one germplasm was found in Clusters II, IV, V, VI, and VII. The inter-cluster distance was highest between clusters II and VII, whereas the intra-cluster distance was greatest in Cluster III. The number of fruits per plant had the highest percent contribution to the divergence, accounting for 49.63%. At both phenotypic and genotypic levels, there was a strong positive correlation (+) observed between fruit yield and various characteristics, including plant height, fruit length, number of fruits per plant, number of marketable fruits per plant, average fruit weight, and the number of pickings. Genotypic path analysis revealed that characteristics such as the first flowering node, days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, plant height, inter-nodal length, number of nodes per plant, number of fruits per plant, marketable fruits per plant, and average fruit weight exhibited a positive and direct effect on fruit yield. When selecting this trait to improve yield in okra through breeding, it is essential to focus on specific characteristics that directly contribute to higher production. This research will help resilient okra varieties understand yield-influencing factors in Punjab environmental conditions.

Flowering time: From physiology, through genetics to mechanism.

Plant species have evolved different requirements for environmental/endogenous cues to induce flowering. Originally, these varying requirements were thought to reflect the action of different molecular mechanisms. Thinking changed when genetic and molecular analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana revealed that a network of environmental and endogenous signaling input pathways converge to regulate a common set of "floral pathway integrators." Variation in the predominance of the different input pathways within a network can generate the diversity of requirements observed in different species. Many genes identified by flowering time mutants were found to encode general developmental and gene regulators, with their targets having a specific flowering function. Studies of natural variation in flowering were more successful at identifying genes acting as nodes in the network central to adaptation and domestication. Attention has now turned to mechanistic dissection of flowering time gene function and how that has changed during adaptation. This will inform breeding strategies for climate-proof crops and help define which genes act as critical flowering nodes in many other species.

Efficient regeneration of in vitro derived plants and genetic fidelity assessment of Phalaenopsis orchid

This study uses inflorescence stalk node as explants to establish an efficient and quick Phalaenopsis orchids cloning procedure for the most significant monopodial orchid in floriculture, without callus formation. The current study aimed to develop a rapid and easy regeneration process utilizing flower stalk nodes as explants, while also evaluating the clonal fidelity of the in vitro micropropagated plants through the analysis of RAPD markers. The tissue-cultured plantlets were grown on a solidified half-strength Murashig and Skoog (MS) base medium enriched with 15% coconut water (CW), 150 mg L−1 activated charcoal, and a mixture of 6-benzylaminopurine, BAP (cytokinins) and α-napthalene acetic acid, NAA and indole 3-butyric acid, IBA (auxins). After 14 weeks of growth, the early production of shoot bud was reported in ½ MS medium enriched with 2.5 mg L−1 BAP alone. Maximum shoot bud multiplication was observed in ½ MS fortified with BAP (2.5 mg L−1) + NAA (1.0 mg L−1), while the lowest was observed in 1.5 mg L−1 BAP + 0.5 mg L−1 IBA after 4 months of culturing. In this investigation, roots emerged simultaneously with shoot elongation from the axil, indicating the absence of a distinct rooting stage. The largest number of roots (3.25) was produced by BAP (2.5 mg L−1) + IBA (1.0 mg L−1) compared to NAA. Control, on the other hand, displayed no signs of root growth. Tissue cultured plantlets with well developed root systems while planted in a potting mixture of brick and charcoal (1: 1) resulted in a 70% survival rate during hardening. The clonal faithfulness of in vitro regenerated crop plantlets to the mother plant was demonstrated by the DNA extraction method with ten micropropagated plants’ young leaves as well as the mother plant using random amplification of a polymorphic DNA marker.

Assessment of growth and early maturation traits in various genotypes of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.)

The success of any breeding programs depends on the parents chosen. Breeders select parents with high mean values as an added benefit for crossing programmes. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the performance of muskmelon genotypes for growth and earliness attributes. Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) is one of the most well-known desert vegetables, belong to the Cucurbitaceae family. Thirty-three germplasm lines were collected from different regions of India. The experiment was conducted at Puthur village, Salem district, and evaluated under Randomised Block Design with three replications during February to May 2022. The findings indicate that the genotypes CM 2, CM 16, CM 11, CM 19, CM 7, CM 13 and CM 22 reported as elite genotypes were exhibited higher values for different traits like days to first female flower opening, first female flowering node, number of vines per plant, vine length (cm), sex ratio and days to first fruit harvest. As a result, the above mentioned seven genotypes are used in the hybridization programme, could be exploited to develop elite cultivars with maximum growth and earlier in flowering and harvest.

A point mutation in MC06g1112 encoding FLOWERING LOCUS T decreases the first flower node in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.).

In Cucurbitaceae crops, the first flower node (FFN) is an important agronomic trait which can impact the onset of maturity, the production of female flowers, and yield. However, the gene responsible for regulating FFN in bitter gourd is unknown. Here, we used a gynoecious line (S156G) with low FFN as the female parent and a monoecious line (K8-201) with high FFN as the male parent to obtain F1 and F2 generations. Genetic analysis indicated that the low FFN trait was incompletely dominant over the high FFN trait. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL)-Mcffn and four minor effect QTLs-Mcffn1.1, Mcffn1.2, Mcffn1.3, and Mcffn1.4 were detected by whole-genome re-sequencing-based QTL mapping in the S156G×K8-201 F2 population (n=234) cultivated in autumn 2019. The Mcffn locus was further supported by molecular marker-based QTL mapping in three S156G×K8-201 F2 populations planted in autumn 2019 (n=234), autumn 2020 (n=192), and spring 2022 (n=205). Then, the Mcffn locus was fine-mapped into a 77.98-kb physical region on pseudochromosome MC06 using a large S156G×K8-201 F2 population (n=2,402). MC06g1112, which is a homolog of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), was considered as the most likely Mcffn candidate gene according to both expression and sequence variation analyses between parental lines. A point mutation (C277T) in MC06g1112, which results in a P93S amino acid mutation between parental lines, may be responsible for decreasing FFN in bitter gourd. Our findings provide a helpful resource for the molecular marker-assisted selective breeding of bitter gourd.

Performance of Different Varieties of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) under Prayagraj Agro-Climatic Condition

Eight cucumber varieties were evaluated at SHUATS, Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh, in randomized block design with three replications during summer season-2022 for growth, yield and fruit quality traits. The variety AGRI GREEN gave maximum mean value for maximum vine length (217.33cm), number of primary branches (5.67), number of nodes per plant (39.10), Days to first female flower appearance and node to first female flower appearance were minimum and that was about (50.76) and (4.33) respectively, fruit length and weight with (15.83cm) and (126.00gm) respectively), node number at which first female flower appears (4.33), number of female flowers per Plant (16.37), fruit yield/ha (164.10 q/ha), number of fruits per plant (13.30), TSS (4.20 oBrix), was observed in same variety. The maximum fruit diameter was found in SS-100 (45.50 mm). AGRI GREEN was found superior based on overall performance in terms of growth, yield, and quality parameters. The study revealed that, these varieties of cucumber provide high benefit to the farmers through easy cultivation, better stress tolerance, diseases resistance and higher yields.

Development and characterization of F1 hybrids involving cultivated and related species of okra

Related species of any crop posses the traits of economic importance. It is important to involve the related wild species in the breeding programme to transfer the traits of economic importance to the cultivated species of crop plants. Further, the characterization of interspecific F1 hybrids is required to know the expression of various traits in both parents and their interspecific hybrid. Cultivated species of okra Abelmoschus esculentus was used to develop two interspecific F1 hybrids independently with two wild species, namely A. moschatus and A. tuberculatus. Both the related species were used as the pollen parent and the cultivated okra as the female parent. The interspecific hybrids were intermediate for days to 50% flowering, first flowering node, flower length, fruit length, fruit diameter, internodal length and plant height. The characteristics like early plant vigor, plant growth habit, flower petal color, fruit color and apex shape of fruit for both the interspecific hybrids were similar to cultivated okra parent.

Fatigue life prediction of 3D braided carbon/carbon composites with braided angle variation at elevated temperature

The braiding angle of 3D braided carbon/carbon composites (C/CCs) will change during high temperature fatigue loading, which will affect the fatigue properties of 3D braided C/CCs. In order to realize this dynamic simulation in the high temperature fatigue life prediction of 3D braided C/CCs and further improve the prediction accuracy of high temperature fatigue life of 3D braided C/CCs, a high temperature fatigue life prediction model of 3D braided C/CCs considering the change of braiding angle with fatigue cycle number was established. The establishment of the prediction model mainly includes: a meso-scale representative volume elements (RVEs) of 3D braided C/CCs considering yarn direction and fiber bundle cross-section shape is established at the meso-scale; the high temperature residual stiffness and residual strength models of fiber bundles considering high temperature and stress level are established. Based on the experimental data characteristics of high temperature fatigue residual stiffness of 3D braided C/CCs, a mathematical model of cycle number/braided angles (CN/BAs) is established. The fatigue life prediction model was used to predict the 3D braided C/CCs at 700°C and stress levels of 87% and 85%. The results showed that the prediction error of single flower node was less than 5%. The fatigue life prediction error is less than two times the tolerance.

Estimation of correlation and path coefficient for morphological and quantitative traits in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)

An experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) using 18 diverse okra genotypes for ten quantitative morphological traits in okra. The highest positive and significant correlation coefficient of fruit yield per plant was observed with plant height at 90 DAS, recorded highly significant and positive association with first flowering node (0.541), yield per plant (0.281), and no. of seeds per fruit at 90 DAS (0.274). Fruit diameter expressed a highly significant and positive correlation coefficient with fruit yield per plant (0.490) and no. of fruits per plant (0.264). The correlation coefficient of no. of seeds per fruit was found to be significant and positive correlation with no. of fruits per plant (0.549). The correlation coefficient of no. of fruits per plant was found to be significant and positive correlation with yield per plant (0.858). Path coefficient analysis of different characters contributing towards yield per plant showed that plant height at 45 DAS (1.648) had highest positive direct effect followed by days to first flowering (1.499), length of fruit (0.385), no. of seeds per fruit (0.376), no. of fruits per plant (0.371), diameter of fruit (0.370) whereas, plant height at 90 DAS (-1.218) had the highest negative direct effect on fruit yield per plant followed by days to 50% flowering (-1.049) and first flowering node (-0.165).

Comparative analysis of heat‐stress‐induced abscisic acid and heat shock protein responses among pea varieties

AbstractHeat shock proteins (HSPs) and abscisic acid (ABA) play important roles in plant heat responses but have not been extensively studied in pea (Pisum sativum L.), whose heat susceptibility is well known. In this study, four pea varieties varying in heat tolerance based on field trials were evaluated. Plants were heat stressed for 3, 6, 12, or 24 h at 38 °C before pollination. Anther and stipule RNA from the same flowering node were sampled for transcriptional profiling of PsHSP18.1 and PsHSP71.2. Additional stipules were sampled for the quantification of ABA concentration and its five key catabolites from the four major ABA catabolic pathways by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography–selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐SRM/MS). The transcription of both HSP genes was upregulated because of heat stress (HS). In stipules, the upregulation was greatest at 3 h HS, whereas in anthers, the induced transcription was similar among different hours of HS. Likewise, more ABA accumulated in the ABA metabolism pool because of HS, and the ABA response started rapidly after 3 h of treatment. Heat‐tolerant varieties had a higher ABA synthesis and turnover rate at 3 h HS than their respective heat‐susceptible counterparts. This study provides new insights into different heat tolerance among Canadian pea varieties regarding HSP and ABA hormone regulation.

Mapping the QTL and tagging yield traits in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) using microsatellite markers

A genetic map spanning 1287.99 cM across 11 linkage groups was constructed following the segregation of microsatellite markers in an F2:3 mapping population generated by crossing high yielding cultivar Priyanka (M. charantia var. charantia) and M. charantia var. muricata accession IC634896. QTLs were identified for 24 traits including yield-contributing traits such as fruit length, breadth, weight and number, flesh thickness, node number and days taken for first pistillate flower emergence, numbers of staminate and pistillate flowers, and other seed-, vine- and leaf-related traits. Inclusive Composite Interval Mapping (ICIM) has revealed 60 QTLs on seven chromosomes, including 37 major QTLs with LOD values ranging from 3.1 to 15.2, explaining 1.8–35.9% phenotypic variation (PVE%). Twenty three QTLs for fruit traits (LOD 3.1 to 7.6, PVE% 5.5 to 35.9), 13 for flower traits (LOD 3.1 to 15.2, PVE% 7.0 to 26.0), seven each for seed and leaf traits (LOD 3.2 to 10.8 and 3.5 to 6.5, PVE% 5.6 to 26.3 and 3.2 to 15.8, respectively), 10 for vine traits (LOD 3.2 to 8.7, PVE% 1.8 to 17.6), were identified. Single marker analysis identified 129 hits for the marker-trait association (LOD >3.0, PVE% 11.62 to 29.34). Using the least and best performing F2:3 plants, markers S13, KAUBG_5 and KAUBG_11 were validated for co-segregation with fruit breadth, first pistillate flower node, and number of pistillate flowers and fruits per plant, respectively. QTL map and trait-tagged markers identified in this first microsatellite-based linkage map will significantly assist in marker assisted breeding in bitter gourd.

Character Association and Path Analysis for Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) Yield, Fruit Quality and Resistance to Yellow Vein Mosaic

Objective: To find the best parents for desirable traits, particularly earliness, yield, and fruit quality, as well as YVMV (Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus) resistance, in order to create novel hybrids or varieties.
 Experimental Design: The experiment was carried out using a randomised block design with three replications.
 Place and Duration of Experiment: The study was conducted in the 2016 kharif seasons at the Department of Horticulture's field experimentation centre at Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology, and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.). At 78 metres above mean sea level, this location is situated between 25.87° N latitude and 81.15° E longitude. The experimental area's soils have a sandy to sandy loam texture, are moderately well to well drained, and include a provision for ground water irrigation.
 Methodology: 25 genotypes were collected for this Trail during the 2016 kharif season. To grow the crop, good agricultural methods were used. Plant height (cm), number of branches/plant, number of leaves/plant, first flowering (in days), 50% flowering (in days), first flowering node, fruit length (cm), fruit diameter (cm), fresh fruit weight (g), number of fruits/plant, fruit yield/plant (g), fruit yield/plot (g), YVMV incidence (%), YVMV severity (%), and crude were the observations to be recorded for five randomly chosen plants from each genotype in each replication To calculate the genetic correlation coefficient analysis, the data were subjected to statistical analysis. The Miller et al. algorithm was used to determine the genetic and phenotypic correlation coefficients.
 Results: Based on collected and analysed data, a substantial and positive connection between Days to First Flowering and Days to 50% Flowering (0.94) and between Fruit Weight (g) and Fruit Yield/plant (g) was found (0.91). Demonstrating that okra could experience real improvement thanks to these characteristics. At both the genotypic and phenotypic levels, fruit weight demonstrated the highest beneficial direct impact on fruit yield per plant. The genotype Kashi Satdhari had the lowest YVMV incidence (%), followed by Kashi Vardan (16.38%), whereas 151-10-1-2-3 had the highest YVMV incidence (79.17%), followed by Larem-1 (75.31%).
 Conclusion: A very strong positive and significant correlation was recorded between Days to First Flowering with Days to 50% Flowering and Fruit Weight with Fruit Yield/plant. Negative and significant association of YVMV Incidence % with Fruit Yield/plant (g) indicates that fruit yield/plant decreases with increase in YVMV incidence %.Fruit weight showed maximum positive direct effect on fruit yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic level indicating that effective improvement through these characters could be achieved in okra.

Stability of Garden Pea Genotypes based on GGE Biplot and Regression Model

Background: In garden pea, the availability of produce early in the season provides a premium price to the growers. Keeping this in view, efforts were made to develop varieties with stable performance across environments for early maturity and high pod yield. Methods: 48 lines were evaluated in Alpha Lattice design over 7 diverse environments ranged from sub-tropical to dry temperate conditions of north-western Himalaya during 2016-17 and 2017-18. Result: Genotypes SP-22, SP-18, SP-2, SP-17, SP-12, SP-6, and SP-3 showed earliness for days to flowering and first picking, significantly better than check Pb-89 and were also stable (S2di=0 and bi=1) except SP-6 and can be adapted to suboptimal environmental situations. The environment (E6-Kukumseri) was the most ideal for the first flowering node while E1-Bajaura for days to flowering and first picking. Mean vs stability biplot and “which-won-where” depicted SP-6, SP-22, SP-17 and SP-18 as the most stable and winning genotypes for early flowering and picking. SP-6 and SP-22 are the most promising genotypes with stable performance across environments for early maturity and high pod yield based on GGE biplot and AMMI, respectively. They could be a better alternative to the popular growing variety Pb-89 in the north-western Himalayas.

High-density genetic mapping identified a major locus for environmental sex expression in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.)

Long-day length and high temperature inhibit sex expression in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.), and therefore directly impact the production potential. In this study, female flowering patterns in photoperiod-insensitive (PPIS) and photoperiod-sensitive (PPS) germplasms differed significantly in a moderately long day and high temperature environment. However, both germplasms exhibited a similar response in short day with either low temperature or high temperature environment. Photoperiod sensitivity led to this difference in sex expression between the germplasms. For the traits of 1st female flowering node (FFFN) and number of female flowers (NFF), high-density linkage map construction and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping were performed using SLAF-seq technology and 162 F2 individuals generated from PPIS and PPS. In total, 4 655 SLAFs were selected and mapped on 20 linkage groups (LGs). The total map length was 2 502.01 cM with an average interval distance of 0.75 cM. Major QTLs for both FFFN and NFF were detected on LG6 with intervals of 7.89 and 17.67 cM and PVE values of 30.5% and 22.9%, respectively. Further analyses of the major locus for FFFN revealed 73 protein-coding genes. Among them, 4 were related to sex expression, photoperiod flowering, and hormone response. An InDel (insertion and deletion) marker partially correlated with FFFN of the F2 population was also developed. Our study identified the QTL for the sex expression response to environmental factors using the high-density linkage map. The identified candidate genes and markers will provide useful information about the molecular interaction between the environment and sex expression and for marker-assisted selection of pumpkin environment-insensitive resources.

QTL mapping, whole genome resequencing, and marker‐assisted selection provide basics of early flowering in pumpkin

AbstractFinding the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and uncovering the genes controlling early flowering in pumpkin are the basic needs to select appropriate varieties for cultivation. Two QTLs related to first female flowering node (FFFN) and four QTLs related to first male flowering node (FMFN) were detected based on high‐density genetic map of pumpkin. Based on annotation information, two candidate genes, flowering locus T‐like protein (FLT) associated with FFFN on chr10 and flowering locus T‐like 2 (FLT2) associated with FMFN on chr11, were identified which were the homologues of flowering time switching gene, flowering Locus T (FT), in different crops. Seven different insertion–deletions (InDels) in promoter regions of FLT and FLT2 were identified by the analysis of wholegenome resequencing data of parental lines. Our results suggested that FLT and FLT2 are candidate genes for controlling FFFN and FMFN traits in pumpkin, respectively. Two insertion–deletion molecular markers were developed to distinguish the lower flowering node F2 individuals. This research will provide the theoretical and practical basis for the selection and cultivation of early flowering pumpkin varieties.

Sex ratio, floral traits, and genetic variation of androdioecious <i>Osmanthus fragrans</i> L. (Oleaceae) and the implications for maintenance of high male frequency

Several examples of androdioecy appear to have evolved from dioecy and have low male frequency (&lt; 0.5). However, the evolutionary pathway to androdioecy in Oleaceae may come from hermaphroditism. <italic>Osmanthus fragrans</italic> L. has a 1:1 sex ratio in nature populations. Significant differences are observed not only in flowering phenology but also in some floral traits between males and hermaphrodites. The protandry in the same population and the protogyny in the same plant will promote the xenogamy between genders. The majority of flower traits that related with the pollen production are different between males and hermaphrodites. Males bear more flowering nodes, and more flowers per node, and larger anther in all three populations. This characteristic demonstrated that males have more male advantage than hermaphrodites. Population genetic structure of <italic>O. fragrans</italic> is genetically homogeneous at the species level, and most variations exist within population. The percentage of variation among populations (13%) and between males and hermaphrodites (0%) is low. Moreover, genetic differentiation was very low between genders not only among populations but also in the same population. This genetic variation could be attributed to the occurrence of high levels of xenogamy between genders. Therefore, high male frequency and more male fitness advantage in males are the essential conditions for this mating system, which plays an important role during population reproduction and regeneration. The 1:1 sex ratio could be the result of integrative effects of sexual system, mating system, and reproductive success.

Dijalelna analiza nauta

This research was carried out at Dicle University, Faculty of Agriculture during the spring season in 2020. Four chickpea varieties (Cagatay, ILC 3279, Ak 71114 and Spanish chickpea) were used. Genetic parameters were estimated for plant and agricultural traits in 4 parents and their 6 F2 combinations obtained from their half-diallel crossbreeding in chickpea. Half diallel genetic parameters, ratios and graphs (Vr,Wr) were estimated using to methods of Hayman (1954a, 1954b, 1960) in the experiment. The study was carried out randomized complete blocks design with three replications. In the study, days to first flowering, plant height, internode length, the first flower node number, internode thickness was examined. Analysis of variance revealed that differences among genotypes were significant for days to first flowering days, plant height and first flower node number. However, internode length, 5th, 7th and 9th internodes thickness were nonsignificant. Dominant allele genes are more than the recessive allele genes in the days to first flowering, plant height and first flower node number. Epistatic gene effects were significant in the parents for days to first flowering. Cagatay and ILC 3279 had mostly dominant genes, but Ak 71114 had recessive genes. Additive genetic variance was significant for days to first flowering, plant height and internode length. Internode length for parents was mostly recessive genes, especially Spanish and Ak 71114. The dominant gene effect was significant for the first flower node number. In the narrow sense heritability degree was 42% for plant height and 45% for days to first flowering.

Agro-morphological variation in Kankoda (Momordica dioica roxb)

Kankoda (Momordica dioica Roxb) is a potential and economically important vegetable crop with good nutritional and medicinal value. Characterization was carried out by studying 9 qualitative and 17 quantitative traits. Categorical differences among 15 genotypes including two checks viz Indira Kankoda-1 and CG Kankoda-2 were observed in traits such as days to first female flowering node, stem colour, leaf colour, leaf length, leaf width, leaf margin, leaf colour, fruit shape, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, number of fruits/plant, fruit yield/plant, days to first male flowering, density of spines, seed colour, days to first female flowering, vine length and 100-seed weight. Several of these traits are useful as genetic markers and for hybridization programmes.