Surge Flow Research Articles

An Asteroid Impact Event Forming the Intercontinental Geomorphology from East Asia to North Africa, and More

From the perspective of the thin shell droplet dynamics and based on the geographical and morphological data of the vast area from east to west Asia, this study suggests a tangential impact event of a quartzite asteroid with 430km diameter which may explain the formation of all basins, plateaus, mountains, Gobi and deserts northeast from the Outer Mongolia East Gobi Province and southwest to the Sahara Desert and connect the series of the huge geomorphic formation event with a homologous and sequential formation process. On this basis, a "continent formation theory" is proposed that continent and mountain are formed from the cooling of lava surge flow, and the new continental movement and structure was thus explained as well.

Which Capital Flow Surge Methods Are Better at Predicting Reversals and Sudden Stops?: Balancing Type 1 and Type 2 Errors

AbstractCapital flow surges have become a major source of concern as they have been often followed by disruptive reversals and sudden stops. We introduce F-score methodology which evaluates how well particular capital flow surge method can predict reversals and sudden stops. F-scores consider both type 1 and type 2 errors and provide policy makers a framework to weigh economic costs of false negative and false positive signals. We construct and compare a large number of commonly used surge identification approaches, including several machine-learning methods, to investigate which types of formulations best help explain which surges are more likely to be reversed. While considerable literature has investigated the determinants of capital flow reversals and sudden stops with surges being included as one of the independent variables, so far little research attention has been focused directly on attempting to determine the likelihood that particular surge will result in reversals or sudden stops. This is the most important question for policies toward capital inflows since the optimal responses to capital flow surges would be quite different depending on whether the flows are likely to be reversed or not. Unfortunately, theory does not offer a clear guide to identifying surges other than that they are unusually large inflows. We emphasize that appropriate evaluation should involve not only precision in predicting reversals but also accuracy in not giving false alarms by predicting reversals that do not occur. In other words, attention needs to be paid to both type 1 and type 2 errors.

Investigation of compound occurrence of storm surge and river flood in Mikawa Bay, Japan, using typhoon track ensemble experiments

The risk of high river flow and peak storm surge superimposing in the estuary of small-and medium-sized rivers can be more severe during typhoon landfalls than at other times. In this study, 30 cases of typhoon track ensemble experiments for five rivers in Mikawa Bay, Japan, were evaluated using an atmospheric-river-ocean model. The results showed that storm surges coincided with high river flows when typhoons crossed the western side of Mikawa Bay, with the highest potential observed when typhoons passed northwest of the Bay. The average time discrepancy for the five rivers between the storm surge occurrence and increased river flow in the minimum time difference case was 48 min at the river mouth. Distinct trends in the time difference between a storm surge and river flow were observed for each river mouth. The order of time differences corresponded to the drainage area scale: Toyo (188 min), Umeda (112 min), Otowa (114 min), Sana (96 min), and Yagyu (88 min). Time difference trends also varied based on the distance between the typhoon center and each river mouth. For Toyo River, storm surges and high river flows did not substantially overlap, regardless of distance. However, for medium-and small-sized rivers, the time difference increased proportionally with the distance from the typhoon. The Yagyu River showed the highest potential for compound occurrence of a storm surge and river flood because of the synchronization of storm surge peaks and high river flow peaks, with a time difference of 1–2 h for small-and medium-sized rivers within 100 km2 of the basin.

Comment on: Experimental study comparing 2 different phacoemulsification systems with intraocular pressure control during steady-state flow and occlusion break surge events.

Comment on: Experimental study comparing 2 different phacoemulsification systems with intraocular pressure control during steady-state flow and occlusion break surge events.

Reply: Experimental study comparing 2 different phacoemulsification systems with intraocular pressure control during steady-state flow and occlusion break surge events.

Reply: Experimental study comparing 2 different phacoemulsification systems with intraocular pressure control during steady-state flow and occlusion break surge events.

Global liquidity spillovers in the Asia–Pacific region: policy-driven versus market-driven effects

This research investigates the spillovers of global liquidity to Asia–Pacific countries, focusing on the contradictory effects of policy-driven liquidity created by monetary stances in advanced economies and market-driven liquidity generated by the private banking sector. Our findings stand in sharp contrast to previous studies, showing that shifts in macro-financial indicators in Asia–Pacific economies are predominantly influenced by market-driven shocks rather than those of policy-driven liquidity. Specifically, liquidity shocks associated with surges in cross-border credit flows, especially those denominated in US dollars, drive up asset prices and have boosting effects on inflation and economic output. A positive shock to market liquidity also results in an appreciation pressure on domestic currencies and a short-term rise in interest rates. However, excess liquidity shocks caused by the Bank of Japan’s adjustments in shadow short rates and balance sheets have a negative effect on inflation and bring about temporary depreciation pressure on Asian currencies. Surprisingly, we find that Asian responses to financial easing associated with the Fed’s monetary policy change are not well-pronounced.

A highly stable, pressure-driven, flow control system based on Coriolis mass flow sensors for organs-on-chips

Stable delivery of liquids to microfluidic systems is essential for their reproducible functioning, especially when supplying flows to organs-on-chips – delicate living models that recreate human physiology on the microscale and thus can be used to reduce the need for animal testing. Most flow control systems are unable to sustain a robust and stable flow in longer experiments (>1 week), particularly those based on the ubiquitous syringe pump. Though easy to use, syringe pumps have no mechanism for actually measuring flow, let alone flow regulation with sensor feedback. We have developed a liquid delivery system based on the generation of flow by applying a constant air pressure to liquids in sealed containers. A flow of liquid is monitored by accurate measurement of mass flows (mg/min) using downstream Coriolis-based mass flow sensors. Measured mass flows provide fast feedback to integrated valves, with valves opening or closing slightly to increase or decrease solution flows to the organs-on-chips as required. This mass flow sensing principle is not affected by changes in the density, temperature, and viscosity of the liquids being displaced. This is in contrast to systems that use volumetric flow sensors, which require recalibration when these parameters change. The rationale behind using this principle for organs-on-chips, is that the stability provided by this flow control system allows for more control over growth of these mini-organs. We demonstrate the functionality of this system with three examples: 1) Fast stabilization (within seconds) under changing physical conditions; 2) Short-term stability (minutes to hours) of delivered flows in a microreactor with interconnected inlets; and 3) Long-term stability (>1 week) of cell medium flows to a living organ-on-a-chip. Two categories of organs-on-chips (OOCs) can be distinguished: 1) solid OOC are designed for three-dimensional cell or tissue constructs that interact with each other and their surroundings, and 2) barrier-type OOC contain a selective cellular barrier between two compartments as do many barriers in the body. The latter of these two types is the most challenging to culture and maintain as they are very sensitive to variations in flow and pressure surges. The flow control system presented in this work provides a great improvement compared to the use of syringe pumps and volumetric flow sensors in OOC studies. The novelty of this work lies in the long-term stability use of this system for organs-on-chips, maintaining stability for short to very long periods of time without compromising the barrier function of the organ-on-chip by pressure surges, bacterial contamination, or other undesired effects from the flow delivery system.

Reply : Experimental study comparing 2 different phacoemulsification systems with intraocular pressure control during steady-state flow and occlusion break surge events.

Reply : Experimental study comparing 2 different phacoemulsification systems with intraocular pressure control during steady-state flow and occlusion break surge events.

A two-step passenger flow anomaly detection scheme based on machine learning methods

Subway is an important transportation means for residents due to its large volume, punctuality and environmental friendliness. However, weather factors, sports events, concerts and some unexpected events can lead to a surge or abnormality in passenger flow, which brings enormous pressure to the management of stations and passenger flow guidance. Inspired by this, this paper formulates the abnormal passenger flows into different categories in terms of the characteristics and periodical trends, and proposes a two-step abnormal detection scheme to identify the anomalies and their type, and locate abnormal positions. First, two abnormal passenger flows recognition methods based on Jensen–Shannon divergence, dynamic time warping, and density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise are established to identify the station-level abnormal passenger flow. Then, a triple standard deviation algorithm based on sliding window is further proposed to identify the abnormal type and position. Real-world smart card data of the Beijing subway in China, and the manual mutation data of the real data are employed to evaluate effectiveness of our framework. The results show that our two-step scheme is superior to the state-of-the-art algorithms, which can detect out and locate abnormal passenger flows with various characteristics. On more mutation data, this paper discusses the performances on various anomalies of different types of stations in depth, which further indicates our framework is robust and effective in practice.

Robust optimization modelling of passenger evacuation control in urban rail transit for uncertain and sudden passenger surge

ABSTRACT Effectively addressing the surge in passenger flow caused by emergencies represents a critical challenge in the emergency management of urban rail transit operations. This article introduces a comprehensive control strategy for passenger evacuation, employing robust optimization methods to tackle the uncertainties associated with sudden increases in passenger numbers. Initially, a comprehensive mathematical optimization model for train scheduling and passenger flow coordination is established to ensure efficient passenger transport while maximizing the reduction of operational costs for the operating company’s emergency response. Subsequently, the impact of uncertainty factors on the evacuation model is considered. The fluctuation in passenger flow is represented using a range of intervals, and a robust corresponding model is formulated by introducing an uncertainty budget coefficient. Furthermore, small-scale numerical examples are utilized to discuss passenger evacuation plans, conduct robustness analysis, and assess demand sensitivity. The practical case of the Beijing subway demonstrates that, in contrast to the most optimistic scenario, the robust passenger plan, accounting for a 1% fluctuation in passenger flow, exhibits a reduced cost increase from 10.96% to 9.13%, as compared to the most conservative situation.These findings contribute to enhancing the emergency response capabilities of operational management departments.

Compound Impact of Storm Surge and Flood Characteristics in Coastal Area Based on Copula

In low-lying coastal areas, the interplay of various factors including precipitation, river flow, and storm surge can lead to greater influence on floods when they occur simultaneously. The copula method was used in this study to investigate the bivariate flood risk of compounding storm surge and river discharge events in the Pearl River Delta (PRD). Our results indicate that while the correlation between storm surge and flood peak (S-Q) was weak, there was a strong dependence between the pairs of storm surge–flood volume (S-V) and storm surge–flood duration (S-D). For these three pairs, the Clayton copula was the optimal function for S-Q, while the Frank copula was the optimal function for S-V and S-D, respectively. When the flood volume exceeds 2.0 × 104 m3/s and the flood duration is more than 10 days, the bivariate hydrologic risk for S-V and S-D is observed to decrease rapidly. Furthermore, the failure probability (FP) would be underestimated when the combined impact of river flow and storm surge is ignored in coastal flood risk assessment. Such bivariate hydrologic risk analysis implies that when determining design values in coastal flood risk assessment, the combined impact of river flow and storm surge should be taken into account.

Surge irrigation modeling and scenario analyses for the best furrow irrigation management practices

Furrow irrigation with surge flow is a management strategy to improve irrigation performance compared to furrow irrigation with continuous flow. Successful management of surge irrigation corresponds to accurate field practices that depend on different flow hydraulic parameters that make it complex in practice. However, because of this complexity, very few surge infiltration models have been developed. So far, no study has been done to evaluate infiltration equations subject to different surge irrigation modelling concepts under field surge irrigation scenarios. This study investigates two surge infiltration equations of Modified Kostiakov-Lewies (MKL) and Branch Function (BF) using WinSRFR that is the only modelling tool to simulate surge irrigation by using two surge infiltration modelling concepts of Blair-Smerdon (BS) and Izuno-Podmore (IP). Field data were collected on different combinations of two furrow lengths (70 m and 90 m; open-end furrows), two inflow rates (0.4 l s−1 and 0.6 l s−1), and two cycle ratios (0.5 and 0.33). Field measurements confirmed that switching from continuous to surge irrigation significantly improved irrigation performance. Evaluation of the surge infiltration modeling concepts showed that IP had higher accuracy in simulating irrigation performance compared to BS. The MKL(IP) and BF(IP) had the highest accuracy in the simulation of advance time, infiltrated water depth, and runoff. Further analyses showed that decreasing the cycle ratio from 0.5 to 0.33 improved simulation accuracy in advance time, runoff, and irrigation performance, but it reduced the accuracy of simulated infiltrated water depth. Increasing the inflow rate from 0.4 l s−1 to 0.6 l s−1 decreased the accuracy of irrigation performance. However, field observations were only under a limited number of furrow lengths and inflow rates that might not be the best management field practices to increase irrigation performance. Scenario analyses were done to simulate irrigation performance under a combination of possible irrigation managements. The optimal irrigation scenario consisted of adjusting the different inflow rate (0.5–1.2 l s−1), furrow length (100–300 m), cutoff time (360–600 min), and on-time (20–60 min). Results show that using cutoff 360 min and on-time 60 min led to reducing deep percolation and runoff and increasing the distribution uniformity. Based on the scenario analyses for the most efficient irrigation performance in terms of irrigation efficiencies and water losses (runoff and deep percolation), the best irrigation management could be attributed to the furrow length of 200 m that occurs for on-time of 60 min, with a cutoff time of 360 min, and an inflow rate of 0.7 l s−1 although Zreq = 50 mm is not fully irrigated over the whole furrow. Under this scenario, 35 % of the furrow is under deficit irrigation. Scenario analyses showed that we may propose a new surge irrigation management named as “wet-cycle surge irrigation” such that the first surge completes the whole furrow length, and then the subsequent surges will run on wet soil.

Experimental study comparing two different phacoemulsification systems with IOP control during steady-state flow and occlusion break surge events.

To compare peak surge and surge duration time after occlusion break, incision leakage compensation, and passive vacuum for 2 phacoemulsification systems. Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Oberkochen, Germany. Laboratory study. A spring-eye model was used to test Alcon Centurion Vision and Zeiss Quatera 700 systems. Peak surge and duration was measured after an occlusion break. Quatera tested in flow and vacuum priority modes. Vacuum limits ranged from 300 to 700 mm Hg with intraocular pressure (IOP) set at 30 mm Hg, 55 mm Hg, and 80 mm Hg. IOP vs incision leakage rates of 0 to 15 cc/min and passive vacuum were measured. At 30 mm Hg IOP set point and vacuum limits ranging 300 to 700 mm Hg, the surge duration time after occlusion break ranged 419 to 1740 milliseconds (ms) for Centurion, 284 to 408 ms for Quatera in the flow mode, and 282 to 354 ms for Quatera in the vacuum mode. At 55 mm Hg, values ranged 268 to 1590 ms for Centurion, 258 to 471 ms for Quatera in the flow mode, and 239 to 284 ms for Quatera in the vacuum mode. At 80 mm Hg, values were 243 to 1520 ms for Centurion, 238 to 314 ms for Quatera in the flow mode, and 221 to 279 ms in the vacuum mode. Centurion exhibited slightly less peak surge than the Quatera. At 55 mm Hg: incision leakage rates 0 to 15 cc/min, Quatera held the IOP within ±2 mm Hg of target; Centurion was unable to hold IOP target allowing a 11.7 mm Hg decrease with 32% higher passive vacuum. Quatera demonstrated slightly higher surge peak values and notably shorter surge duration times after occlusion break than Centurion. Quatera demonstrated better incision leakage compensation and lower passive vacuum than Centurion.

Safety considerations related to boron redistribution during Loss-of-Coolant-Accident initiated beyond design basis events for the NuScale power module

The authors, as staff at the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), evaluated the potential consequences of boron dilution under beyond design basis conditions in the NuScale Power Module to inform NRC staff’s safety evaluation report for the NuScale design certification review. The authors identified the small break loss of coolant accident with coincident failure of control rods to insert as the scenario with the most adverse boron dilution and reactivity insertion consequences. The authors evaluated the sequence of events for the scenario to determine which conditions or phenomena could produce the potential for a core flow surge to yield core damage because of a super-prompt reactivity excursion. The authors screened the conditions and phenomena that could potentially cause a core flow surge based on the dynamic speed of the incursion compared to key reactivity feedback mechanisms: thermal–hydraulic coupling via rod heat transfer and convective mixing. Based on the screening process, the authors were able to identify two processes that could potentially lead to a power excursion. However, the authors’ analysis relies heavily on assumptions regarding convective mixing, making this an important phenomenon worth careful consideration in any evaluation of boron redistribution.

Turbulence in liquid phase and its influence on aeration and pressure surge in intermittent type two-phase flow

Nuclear industry considers intermittent type of two-phase flow as a complex flow pattern due to its intricate hydrodynamics. Turbulence causes aeration inside the liquid slug leading to sudden surge in pressure and large Reynolds stresses near the wall. This result in high mechanical impact associated with structural vibration and erosion-corrosion in the pipeline. Fast accelerated corrosion associated with high momentum of slug and aeration in the slug body leads to cracks in the pipeline. In order to avoid hazardous accidents in nuclear industry associated with leakages from these cracks, a detailed analysis of the phenomena of aeration in the liquid slug is vital. The present work reports how turbulence in the liquid phase leads to aeration and its augmentation in the slug. In the first part of the present article, flow visualization analysis is presented depicting that at low level of turbulence, aeration is absent in plug flow regime. Increase in level of turbulence in liquid phase causes aeration and its augmentation in slug. The second part deals with analysis of the measured instantaneous averaged velocity variations in the liquid phase using Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV). The turbulence characteristics in the liquid phase measured using LDV is used to depict the cause of aeration in slug and its consequences on the pressure fluctuations. Instantaneous pressure signals and the pressure drop per unit length are measured in plug, less aerated slug (LAS) and high aerated slug (HAS) regime and correlated to the turbulence characteristics. At the end, the consequence of turbulence and pressure surge on pipe failure are depicted.

Forecasting patient demand at urgent care clinics using explainable machine learning

AbstractUrgent care clinics and emergency departments around the world periodically suffer from extended wait times beyond patient expectations due to surges in patient flows. The delays arising from inadequate staffing levels during these periods have been linked with adverse clinical outcomes. Previous research into forecasting patient flows has mostly used statistical techniques. These studies have also predominately focussed on short‐term forecasts, which have limited practicality for the resourcing of medical personnel. This study joins an emerging body of work which seeks to explore the potential of machine learning algorithms to generate accurate forecasts of patient presentations. Our research uses datasets covering 10 years from two large urgent care clinics to develop long‐term patient flow forecasts up to one quarter ahead using a range of state‐of‐the‐art algorithms. A distinctive feature of this study is the use of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) tools like Shapely and LIME that enable an in‐depth analysis of the behaviour of the models, which would otherwise be uninterpretable. These analysis tools enabled us to explore the ability of the models to adapt to the volatility in patient demand during the COVID‐19 pandemic lockdowns and to identify the most impactful variables, resulting in valuable insights into their performance. The results showed that a novel combination of advanced univariate models like Prophet as well as gradient boosting, into an ensemble, delivered the most accurate and consistent solutions on average. This approach generated improvements in the range of 16%–30% over the existing in‐house methods for estimating the daily patient flows 90 days ahead.

Mechanistic model to predict oscillating frequency of flow boiling in large length to diameter ratio micro-channel heat sinks

This study presents a new mechanistic model for density wave oscillation (DWO) of flow boiling in horizontal micro-channel heat sinks that enables prediction of oscillation frequency, utilizing both flow visualization results and transient experimental data. The proposed model is based on the hypothesis that the period of oscillation consists of two sub-periods, flow surge and reversal, and establishes a set of 1D transient conservation equations. The flow surge period is associated with liquid rapidly entering the channels, momentarily establishing high pressure gradient between inlet and outlet plenums before the incoming flow is decelerated by a combination of increased flow resistance and bubble expansion within the channels. The initial location of the bubble nucleation is estimated using a criterion for onset of nucleate boiling (ONB) that governs bubble formation from cavities in superheated near-wall liquid. The flow reversal period is associated with back flow into the inlet and estimated by time elapsed before the reversed flow returns to its original location where bubble expansion and onset of annular flow are initiated. Unlike prior models, the proposed model simulates a full cycle of flow oscillation. In this model, a new mass conservation criterion is introduced to ensure agreement between predicted and experimental mass outflows during one cycle. Also developed is a detailed spatial and temporal description of the high density wave front (HDWF) largely responsible for both pressure drop and mass velocity fluctuations during the oscillation period. Finally, a periodic flow boundary condition is imposed on flow velocities and locations to achieve same flow behavior at the start and end of cycle. The proposed model shows good agreement with measured oscillation frequencies.

Hydro-structural response of complex elevated pile cap substructures to strom surge impact by smoothed particle hydrodynamics: Part 2: Model results

Extreme waves, i.e., tsunamis and storm surges, can generate tremendous hydraulic bores capable of inflicting considerable damage to near-shore bridge infrastructure, often leading to structural failure. The conventional numerical approach to studying hydrodynamic impact is based on Eulerian grid-based, e.g., finite volume or diffused element algorithms. These perform well with perfectly defined simulation domains. However, in case of severe surface deformation, these grids must be continually reconstructed, which is time-intensive and introduces cumulative system errors. As Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH) integrates the hydrodynamic equations of motion on each particle in Lagrangian formalism, it can handle complex wave non-linearity without mesh constraints. In this study opensource DualSPHysics model is applied to study the hydrodynamic response and group effect of elevated pile cap substructures to impulsive surge impact. Two conventional grids (2 × 2, 2 × 3 array-layout) and a hexagonal pile arrangement under three submersion levels are considered in studying the pile group effect on hydrodynamic forcing mechanism, flow characteristics, and factors governing pressure variability. The uplift thrust on the pile cap was found to be dependent on the surge fluid mass, incident velocity, and vertical distance between the surge breaking point and cap bottom. At impulsive impact, gridded pile arrangement offered greater resistance to incident surge flow. In reference to free flow condition, hexagonal layout can reduce the average flow velocity by 8.22–19.76%, while for a gridded system, it is between 14.00% and 23.52% depending on the submersion level. However, in a quasi-steady state, the flow resistance of the hexagonal system was greater. The study also compared the numerical results to accepted offshore design standards, which were found to underestimate the pile's group effect, specifically for complex hexagonal layouts. Later, it proposes rationalized force diagrams to be applied in design of complex elevated structures. The paper's finding is expected to contribute to formulating new guidelines for resilient hydraulic design of coastal and deep-water elevated structures.

Lung aeration reduces blood pressure surges caused by umbilical cord milking in preterm lambs.

Umbilical cord milking (UCM) at birth causes surges in arterial blood pressure and blood flow to the brain, which may explain the high risk of intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) in extremely preterm infants receiving UCM. This high risk of IVH has not been reported in older infants. We hypothesized that lung aeration before UCM, reduces the surge in blood pressure and blood flow induced by UCM. At 126 days' gestation, fetal lambs (N = 8) were exteriorised, intubated and instrumented to measure umbilical, pulmonary, cerebral blood flows, and arterial pressures. Prior to ventilation onset, the umbilical cord was briefly (2-3 s) occluded (8 times), which was followed by 8 consecutive UCMs when all physiological parameters had returned to baseline. Lambs were then ventilated. After diastolic pulmonary blood flow markedly increased in response to ventilation, the lambs received a further 8 consecutive UCMs. Ovine umbilical cord is shorter than the human umbilical cord, with ∼10 cm available for UCMs. Therefore, 8 UCMs/occlusions were done to match the volume reported in the human studies. Umbilical cord clamping occurred after the final milk. Both umbilical cord occlusions and UCM caused significant increases in carotid arterial blood flow and pressure. However, the increases in systolic and mean arterial blood pressure (10 ± 3 mmHg vs. 3 ± 2 mmHg, p = 0.01 and 10 ± 4 mmHg vs. 6 ± 2 mmHg, p = 0.048, respectively) and carotid artery blood flow (17 ± 6 ml/min vs. 10 ± 6 ml/min, p = 0.02) were significantly greater when UCM occurred before ventilation onset compared with UCM after ventilation. UCM after ventilation onset significantly reduces the increases in carotid blood flow and blood pressure caused by UCM.

Possible geological interpretation of the volcanic seismic facies based on volcanostratigraphy elements: A case analysis of the Yingcheng Formation in the Changling Fault Depression, Songliao Basin, NE China

Volcanic rocks in faulted depressions are one of the most interested areas for hydrocarbon exploration. In a frontier basin exploration, integrated interpretation of the seismic facies of volcanic rocks is a key success. The key information of boundary system and deposited unit in the volcanostratigraphy did not attract sufficient attention during the process of seismic stratigraphic interpretation of volcanic rocks. In this paper, the volcanic rocks of the Yingcheng Formation in the Changling Fault Depression of the Songliao Basin are taken as an example. According to the maximum average slope, the volcanic seismic facies were divided into three types: mounded seismic facies unit (MSFU), tabular seismic facies unit (TSFU), and mounded-tabular seismic facies unit (M-TSFU). MSFU consists of lava dome and simple lava flows, which has fewer reservoir layers, medium to poor reservoir quality with limited extension. The TSFU comprises more complex component of simple lava flow and base surges, and contains more layers, with good-medium reservoir quality and a large reservoir extension. The M-TSFU has numerous reservoir layers with good reservoir quality and a significant reservoir extension, as well as a higher proportion of braided lava flows and pyroclastic flows. Going from the most favorable reservoir targets to the least favorable, the following units were deposited in the Changling Fault Depression: pyroclastic flow, braided lava flow, base surge, simple lava flow, lava dome, and reworked volcanic clastic flow. The study suggested that mounded-tabular facies units are potential favorable exploration targets in the Songliao Basin. This paper provides a technical route for seismic facies interpretation of volcanic rocks and the analysis of favorable volcanic exploration targets in faulted volcanic basins.