Flow Injection Mass Spectrometric Research Articles

Differentiation between wild and artificial cultivated Stephaniae tetrandrae radix using chromatographic and flow-injection mass spectrometric fingerprints with the aid of principal component analysis.

High‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and flow‐injection mass spectrometric (FIMS) fingerprinting profiles were used to differentiate between wild and artificial cultivated Stephaniae tetrandrae Radix samples. HPLC and FIMS fingerprints of 15 wild S. tetrandrae Radix samples and 12 artificial cultivated S. tetrandrae Radix samples were obtained and analyzed with the aid of principal component analysis (PCA). PCA of the fingerprints showed that the chemical differences between wild and artificial cultivated S. tetrandrae Radix samples could be differentiated by either HPLC or FIMS fingerprints. The HPLC fingerprints provided more chemical information but required longer analytical time compared with FIMS fingerprints. This study indicated that the wild samples contained higher concentrations of almost all of the major compounds than the cultivated samples. Three characteristic compounds which were responsible for the differences between the samples were tentatively identified with the aid of MS data. Furthermore, these three compounds, tetrandrine (TET), fangchinoline (FAN), and cyclanoline (CYC), were quantified. The HPLC and FIMS fingerprints combined with PCA could be used for quality assessment of wild and artificial cultivated S. tetrandrae Radix samples.

Determination of Variance of Secondary Metabolites in Lettuces Grown Under Different Light Sources by Flow Injection Mass Spectrometric (FIMS) Fingerprinting and ANOVA–PCA

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the most consumed vegetables in the world and different management practice can result in considerable variability of the secondary metabolites. Flow injection mass spectrometry (FIMS) combined with analysis of variance–principle component analysis (ANOVA–PCA) was used to study differences in the secondary metabolites originating from different lighting conditions (Sunlight, white light, and florescent light) and lettuce varieties (Romaine and Lollo Rossa). Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry was used for putative marker compound identification. Quinic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, L-chicoric acid, and quercetin malonyl glucoside varied significantly for Romaine lettuce grown under different light conditions. The study showed that the combination of FIMS fingerprinting and ANOVA–PCA can be a useful tool for the characterization of the sources of variance in plant materials regarding to genetic, environmental, and management factors.

Differentiation of the Two Major Species of Echinacea (E. angustifolia and E. purpurea) Using A Flow Injection Mass Spectrometric (FIMS) Fingerprinting Method and Chemometric Analysis

Differentiation of the Two Major Species of Echinacea (E. angustifolia and E. purpurea) Using A Flow Injection Mass Spectrometric (FIMS) Fingerprinting Method and Chemometric Analysis

A study of the geo-herbalism of evodiae fructus based on a flow-injection mass spectrometric fingerprinting method combined with chemometrics.

A flow-injection mass spectrometric (FIMS) fingerprinting method in combination with principal component analysis (PCA) was used to study the geo-herbalism of Evodiae Fructus (EF) samples. Twenty four EF samples from different regions in China were collected and analyzed. The PCA scores plot showed that the samples from Guizhou Province were scattered in different groups, however, most of the samples from other provinces were basically scattered in the same group. Nine characteristic compounds responsible for the classification of the samples were tentatively characterized. These nine compounds might help differentiating EF samples from different regions.

Differentiation of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus from Poniciri Trifoliatae Fructus Immaturus using flow-injection mass spectrometric (FIMS) metabolic fingerprinting method combined with chemometrics

A flow-injection mass spectrometric metabolic fingerprinting method in combination with chemometrics was used to differentiate Aurantii Fructus Immaturus from its counterfeit Poniciri Trifoliatae Fructus Immaturus. Flow-injection mass spectrometric (FIMS) fingerprints of 9 Aurantii Fructus Immaturus samples and 12 Poniciri Trifoliatae Fructus Immaturus samples were acquired and analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA). The authentic herbs were differentiated from their counterfeits easily. Eight characteristic components which were responsible for the differences between the samples were tentatively identified. Furthermore, three out of the eight components, naringin, hesperidin, and neohesperidin, were quantified. The results are useful to help identify the authenticity of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus.

Partial least-squares-discriminant analysis differentiating Chinese wolfberries by UPLC-MS and flow injection mass spectrometric (FIMS) fingerprints.

Lycium barbarum L. fruits (Chinese wolfberries) were differentiated for their cultivation locations and the cultivars by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) and flow injection mass spectrometric (FIMS) fingerprinting techniques combined with chemometrics analyses. The partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to the data projection and supervised learning with validation. The samples formed clusters in the projected data. The prediction accuracies by PLS-DA with bootstrapped Latin partition validation were greater than 90% for all models. The chemical profiles of Chinese wolfberries were also obtained. The differentiation techniques might be utilized for Chinese wolfberry authentication.

Differentiation of the Four Major Species of Cinnamons (C. burmannii, C. verum, C. cassia, and C. loureiroi) Using a Flow Injection Mass Spectrometric (FIMS) Fingerprinting Method

A simple and efficient flow injection mass spectrometric (FIMS) method was developed to differentiate cinnamon (Cinnamomum) bark (CB) samples of the four major species (C. burmannii, C. verum, C. aromaticum, and C. loureiroi) of cinnamon. Fifty cinnamon samples collected from China, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka were studied using the developed FIMS fingerprinting method. The FIMS fingerprints of the cinnamon samples were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). The FIMS technique required only 1 min of analysis time per sample. The representative samples from each of the four major species of cinnamon were further examined using an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry system, and the chemical differences between the four species were profiled. The results showed that the 1 min FIMS fingerprinting method successfully differentiated the four cinnamon species studied.

Characterisation of organic and conventional sweet basil leaves using chromatographic and flow-injection mass spectrometric (FIMS) fingerprints combined with principal component analysis

Sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum, is one of the most important and wildly used spices and has been shown to have antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-diarrheal activities. In this study, high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and flow-injection mass spectrometric (FIMS) fingerprinting techniques were used to differentiate organic and conventional sweet basil leaf samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the fingerprints indicated that both HPLC and FIMS fingerprints could effectively detect the chemical differences in the organic and conventional sweet basil leaf samples. This study suggested that the organic basil sample contained greater concentrations of almost all the major compounds than its conventional counterpart on a per same botanical weight basis. The FIMS method was able to rapidly differentiate the organic and conventional sweet basil leaf samples (1min analysis time), whereas the HPLC fingerprints provided more information about the chemical composition of the basil samples with a longer analytical time.

Differentiating leaf and whole-plant samples of di- and tetraploid Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino using flow-injection mass spectrometric fingerprinting method

In the present study, the feasibility and advantages of a flow-injection mass spectrometric (FIMS) fingerprinting method combined with chemometrics for quick differentiation and quality assessment of di- and tetraploid leaf and whole-plant Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino (Jiaogulan in Chinese) were investigated for the first time. The rapid FIMS fingerprinting method was applied to generate spectrometric fingerprints of four different types of G. pentaphyllum samples. Chemometrics, including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square discriminative analysis (PLS-DA), were used to analyze the fingerprints. The results showed that each sample could be effectively differentiated and classified in 2min. Furthermore, eleven characteristic ions that played the most important roles for differentiating the four groups of G. pentaphyllum samples were screened out by loadings plot from PLS-DA.

Differentiating Organic from Conventional Peppermints Using Chromatographic and Flow Injection Mass Spectrometric (FIMS) Fingerprints

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and flow injection mass spectrometric (FIMS) fingerprinting techniques were tested for their potential in differentiating organic and conventional peppermint samples. Ten organic and ten conventional peppermint samples were examined using HPLC-UV and FIMS methods. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that both HPLC and FIMS fingerprints could determine the difference in the commercial organic and conventional peppermints. FIMS fingerprinting provided a rapid test to differentiate organic and conventional peppermints in 1 min of analysis and has potential for high-throughput applications. On the other hand, HPLC fingerprints provide more information about the chemical composition of the samples, but take a longer time to differentiate organic and conventional peppermint samples.