Flow Corridors Research Articles

Simulation of Urban Carbon Sequestration Service Flows and the Sustainability of Service Supply and Demand

Simulating ecosystem carbon sequestration service (ECSS) flows is crucial for optimizing the carbon cycle in ecosystems and achieving sustainable balance between the supply and demand of the ECSS. This study integrates least-cost path analysis with Kriging interpolation to simulate the dominant wind direction and corrects the interpolated wind speeds to account for terrain and surface conditions. Carbon emissions are spatially distributed using points of interest and road network data. Ultimately, by traversing the carbon emission rate grids along wind directions, the ECSS flows are simulated. The results reveal that the study area has a small carbon sink area but a high total carbon emission, leading to a situation where the supply of ECSS is insufficient to meet demand. The ECSS flows, based on the simulated wind field, demonstrate high spatial resolution and highlight the service flow corridors with distinct spatial heterogeneity. The study area has a significant carbon surplus, requiring a forest area ten times larger than the study area itself to fully sequester this carbon. These findings provide valuable insights for urban sustainable development and carbon emission reduction strategies.

Genetic diversity and haplotype distribution patterns analysis of cytb and RAG2 sequences in Rana hanluica from southern China.

Rana hanluica: an endemic amphibian of China, is found in the hills and mountains south of the Yangtze River. In this comprehensive study, we collected 162 samples from 14 different localities to delve into the genetic diversity of Rana hanluica using mitochondrial Cytb and nuclear RAG2 as genetic markers. Our findings reveal that the Nanling Mountains, specifically regions like Jiuyi Shan, Jinggang Shan, Mang Shan, and Qiyun Shan, are genetic hotspots harboring remarkable diversity. The research results also indicate that there is gene flow among the various populations of the species, and no distinct population structure has formed, which may be due to migration. Moreover, populations in some regions, as well as the overall population, show signs of a possible genetic bottleneck, which we speculate may have been caused by climate change. However, given the exploratory nature of our study, further investigations are warranted to confirm these observations. Through phylogenetic analyses, we uncovered indications that R. hanluica might have originated within the Nanling region, dispersing along the east-west mountain ranges, with a significant contribution originating from Jiuyi Shan. The genetic distributions uncovered through our research reflect historical migratory patterns, evident in the distinct haplotypes of the RAG2 gene between the western and eastern parts of the studied area. Moreover, Heng Shan and Yangming Shan exhibited unique genetic signatures, possibly influenced by geographic isolation, which has shaped their distinct genotypes. The insights gained from this study hold profound implications for conservation efforts. By identifying regions rich in genetic diversity and crucial gene flow corridors, we can develop more effective conservation strategies. Preserving these genetically diverse areas, especially within the Nanling Mountains, is vital for maintaining the evolutionary potential of R. hanluica. In conclusion, our research has laid a solid foundation for understanding the genetic landscape of R. hanluica, shedding light on its origins, population structures, and evolutionary trajectories. This knowledge will undoubtedly guide future research endeavors and inform conservation strategies for this endemic amphibian.

Reconstructing dynamics of the Baltic Ice Stream Complex during deglaciation of the Last Scandinavian Ice Sheet

Abstract. Landforms left behind by the last Scandinavian Ice Sheet (SIS) offer an opportunity to investigate controls governing ice sheet dynamics. Terrestrial sectors of the ice sheet have received considerable attention from landform and stratigraphic investigations. In contrast, despite its geographical importance, the Baltic Sea remains poorly constrained due to limitations in bathymetric data. Both ice-sheet-scale investigations and regional studies at the southern periphery of the SIS have considered the Baltic depression to be a preferential route for ice flux towards the southern ice margin throughout the last glaciation. During the deglaciation the Baltic depression hosted the extensive Baltic Ice Lake, which likely exerted a considerable control on ice dynamics. Here we investigate the Baltic depression using newly available bathymetric data and peripheral topographic data. These data reveal an extensive landform suite stretching from Denmark in the west to Estonia in the east and from the southern European coast to the Åland Sea, comprising an area of 0.3 million km2. We use these landforms to reconstruct aspects of the ice dynamic history of the Baltic sector of the ice sheet. Landform evidence indicates a complex retreat pattern that changes from lobate ice margins with splaying lineations to parallel mega-scale glacial lineations (MSGLs) in the deeper depressions of the Baltic Basin. Ice margin still-stands on underlying geological structures indicate the likely importance of pinning points during deglaciation, resulting in a stepped retreat signal. Over the span of the study area we identify broad changes in the ice flow direction, ranging from SE–NW to N–S and then to NW–SE. MSGLs reveal distinct corridors of fast ice flow (ice streams) with widths of 30 km and up to 95 km in places, rather than the often-interpreted Baltic-wide (300 km) accelerated ice flow zone. These smaller ice streams are interpreted as having operated close behind the ice margin during late stages of deglaciation. Where previous ice-sheet-scale investigations inferred a single ice source, our mapping identifies flow and ice margin geometries from both Swedish and northern Bothnian sources. We anticipate that our landform mapping and interpretations may be used as a framework for more detailed empirical studies by identifying targets to acquire high-resolution bathymetry and sediment cores and also for comparison with numerical ice sheet modelling.

Legal challenges to the operation and use of commercial spaceports

Recognizing a need for legal coordination between air law and space law at various levels and focusing on unique aspects of the operation and use of commercial spaceports (CS), this article aims to clarify CS's legal challenges by studying the issues of definition, liability, and ICAO's regime. It concludes with a proposal to build a single seamless regulatory framework for commercial space transport with a “flow corridor” type of conceptual zone for safe CS activities.

Exploring the endangerment mechanisms of Hipposideros pomona based on molecular phylogeographic methods.

The endangerment mechanisms of various species are a focus of studies on biodiversity and conservation biology. Hipposideros pomona is an endangered species, but the reasons behind its endangerment remain unclear. We investigated the endangerment mechanisms of H. pomona using mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA, and microsatellite loci markers. The results showed that the nucleotide diversity of mitochondria DNA and heterozygosity of microsatellite markers were high (π = 0.04615, H O = 0.7115), whereas the nucleotide diversity of the nuclear genes was low (THY: π = 0.00508, SORBS2: π = 0.00677, ACOX2: π = 0.00462, COPS7A: π = 0.00679). The phylogenetic tree and median-joining network based on mitochondrial DNA sequences clustered the species into three clades, namely North Vietnam-Fujian, Myanmar-West Yunnan, and Laos-Hainan clades. However, joint analysis of nuclear genes did not exhibit clustering. Analysis of molecular variance revealed a strong population genetic structure; IMa2 analysis did not reveal significant gene flow between all groups (p > .05), and isolation-by-distance analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between genetic and geographic distances (p < .05). The mismatch distribution analysis, neutral test, and Bayesian skyline plots revealed that the H. pomona population were relatively stable and exhibited a contraction trend. The results implied that H. pomona exhibits female philopatry and male-biased dispersal. The Hengduan Mountains could have acted as a geographical barrier for gene flow between the North Vietnam-Fujian clade and the Myanmar-West Yunnan clade, whereas the Qiongzhou Strait may have limited interaction between the Hainan populations and other clades. The warm climate during the second interglacial Quaternary period (c. 0.33 Mya) could have been responsible for species differentiation, whereas the cold climate during the late Quaternary last glacial maximum (c. 10 ka BP) might have caused the overall contraction of species. The lack of significant gene flow in nuclear microsatellite loci markers among the different populations investigated reflects recent habitat fragmentation due to anthropogenic activities; thus, on-site conservation of the species and restoration of gene flow corridors among populations need immediate implementation.

Restoration of riparian ecosystems posterior to tin mining in the Central Amazon: Restoration indicators and selection of suitable species for planting

Riparian forests are fundamental for water and soil protection and favor the creation of gene flow corridors between forest remnants. The restoration of riparian forests by seedling planting can usually accelerate the succession process, but these ecosystems are seldom evaluated in post-mined areas in the Amazon. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the restoration trajectory of riparian forests after tin mining, using composition and structure indicators along with the selectin of the most suitable species for planting according to height and DBH increments. A total of eight riparian forests of different planting ages (2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2021/2022) were evaluated, being currently 8.5 (RF_8.5), 7.5 (RF_7.5), 6.5 (RF_6.5), 5.5 (RF_5.5) and ≤ 1.5 (RF_1.5) years old. Permanent plots of 30 m × 30 m were allocated in each forest, with the number of units varying according to the total area size, with a minimum of 3 plots allocated. Our results show a gradual increase in the density of individuals and species over the three evaluations performed, emphasizing RF_6.5 and RF_1.5 areas. Using the NMDS analysis, the RF_8.5 and RF_1.5 did not present any floristic-structural similarities. The 10 species with the highest IVI represented more than 60% of the total in all the restored ecosystems. V. guianenses presented the highest relative density for all ecosystems under restoration, except for RF_1.5, which S. alata was highlighted. P. pendula was the most suitable for planting in all assessed riparian forests when mortality and height and diameter increments were taken into consideration. Species with bioeconomic potential, such as C. guianensis, H. courbaril, E. precatoria and M. flexuosa, were also classified as efficient and considered structuring species.

Spatial PCA and Random Forest Analyses of Spatial Patterns in Genetic Diversity of Calotropis procera

Landscape genetic study can provide data on spatial effects on the genetic structure of plants. Calotropis procera is an economically and medicinally important plant species that grows in limited regions of southern parts of Iran. Identifying genetic variability and corridor of gene flow may be used in the conservation of this valuable plant. For this reason, we used a multivariate spatial PCA (sPCA) and a machine learning approach of random forest (RF), to reveal the genetic divergence of twelve populations in Calotropis procera with respect to spatial and geographical features. sPCA analyses revealed significant isolation by distance and spatial genetic structuring at both global and local levels. RF analysis identified temperature and altitude as major spatial features affecting the genetic differentiation of these populations based on the Fst value. We also noticed the genetic differentiation of populations within a single area due to local spatial effects. However, these populations did not force a separate infraspecific taxonomic entity. The genetic connectivity graph is constructed and a gene flow corridor is suggested for these populations. Similarly, resistance surface including temperature, latitude, and soil type has been proposed for these plant species.

Kitchen Futures: Participatory Taste Workshops and the Battle for Together

ABSTRACT Since 2016 I have been developing and performing what I call ‘participatory taste workshops’. Embedded within art festivals, the workshops research taste by using taste as a transdisciplinary method. Site-responsive kitchen laboratories invite experimental ethnographies of culturally specific tasting conditions. In April 2020, at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, I collaborated with culinary historian Allison Reynolds to organize a Zoom event, Bake Together: Anzac Biscuits Live. The virtual format created markedly different futures from the futures made by in person workshops. Zoom distilled and complicated feminist, queer methodologies activated by in-person workshops. Writing from these differences, this article traces the feminist futuring implications of Bake Together methodologies. Moving between participatory taste workshop methods and the practices of contemporary artists working in Australia and the US, including Mēlani Douglass, Michael Mandiberg, Laurie Anderson, James Nguyen, Michael Rakowitz, Ionat Zurr and Oron Catts, I trace how domestic corridors of soft power flow through Bake Together into broader social worlds.

Rivers as corridors for gene flow of the neotropical bamboo Guadua velutina

River network connectivity is the transfer of matter, energy, and organisms along the river and it can influence the pattern of genetic diversity and the population differentiation of riparian species. Riparian bamboo species are unknown about the levels of genetic diversity and the landscape drivers of gene flow. Guadua velutina is a riparian woody bamboo native to northeastern Mexico. It is distributed in the Huasteca Potosina (HP) San Luis Potosí and grows in agricultural landscapes where sugarcane and citrus crops are grown. This study aimed to 1) characterize the genetic diversity of G. velutina in the HP, and 2) evaluate the relative importance of network river connectivity, topography (elevation), geographic distance, and the environment (isothermalty, temperature and precipitation) on gene flow among populations. We sampled 11 riparian populations from four main rivers in the HP and genotyped 169 individuals from eight nuclear microsatellites. Our results reveal similar genetic diversity (HE = 0.322) compared to other bamboo species such as G. amplexifolia, G. inermis and G. tuxtlensis (HE = 0.38) and a moderate genetic differentiation (FST = 0.150) compared to the highest value reported in Guadua inermis (FST = 0.47). Landscape resistance analysis revealed that river network connectivity was the main factor explaining genetic differentiation, while elevation, and the environment variables did not provide enough information. The geographic distances between populations also influenced genetic differentiation. However, our study shows that rivers and watersheds are the main corridors of gene flow in Guadua velutina.

High-resolution multivariate analysis of the hydrochemical signature of water corridors in the upper Río de la Plata estuary, Argentina

Major world river-estuaries integrate the hydrochemical characteristics of the basin with specific signatures which are maintained until complete mixing or discharge to the sea. The chemical signature of distinct water masses and the anthropogenic impact in the Upper Río de la Plata estuary (RLP) were evaluated by high-resolution continuous monitoring (i.e. every 200 m) of conductivity, turbidity, pH, temperature, chlorophyll a and coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM), discrete analysis of suspended particulate matter (SPM) grain size composition combined with multivariate analysis (K-means clustering, Principal Component Analysis). The characteristic signatures of main RLP tributaries such as the Paraná River, yielding higher conductivity, CDOM, turbidity and coarser SPM, and the Uruguay River, with clearer, more eutrophic waters enriched in very fine SPM, were maintained 60 km seaward from the estuary head. Across the river, three water corridors with distinct signatures and variable widths (3–20 km) were identified reflecting the transition from Paraná to Uruguay River waters. Multivariate techniques also allowed the identification of a polluted coastal corridor (higher conductivity and CDOM and lower turbidity) impacted by wastewater discharges from the metropolitan Buenos Aires and La Plata cities extending 100 km seaward. The combined strategy of high-resolution monitoring, discrete sampling and multivariate techniques was a useful tool to identify water masses, corridors of flow and anthropogenic sources in a heavily urbanized estuary.

Organics and phosphorus removal in circular flow corridor constructed wetland system

In the present study, the performance of a circular flow constructed wetland (CFCW)11CFCW: Circular flow constructed wetland. system was assessed for organics and total phosphorus removal from fertilizer plant effluent. The CFCW system has five media compartments containing gravel, slag iron, and a mixture of sand and zeolite as the media substrates. Synthetic fertilizer wastewater having initial COD 520.98 ± 8.27 mg/L, was fed to the wetland, maintaining hydraulic loading rate of 6.945 L/m2-h. Typha angustifolia was used as the wetland vegetation. The Phase 1 of the study included three cycles, with influent phosphorus concentrations 10, 20, and 30 mg/L, respectively without step feeding and effluent recirculation. The Phase 2 of the study included two cycles with influent phosphorus concentrations of 20 and 30 mg/L, and application of step feeding and effluent recirculation strategies. The average phosphorus removal efficiencies of the system in three cycles of Phase 1 were 85.16 %, 88 %, and 81.95 %, respectively, along with average COD removal of 87.48 %, 87.65 %, and 86.84 %, respectively. The average phosphorus removal efficiencies of the system in two cycles of Phase 2 were 89.01 % and 90.22 % respectively, along with average COD removal of 91.6 % and 91.23 %, respectively. The step feeding and effluent recirculation strategies have shown satisfactory improvement in organics and total phosphorus removal performance of the CFCW system. However, future long-term studies are recommended involving an unplanted control system, step feeding and effluent recirculation in varying compartments, and varying combination of media substrates for improving the design and performance of the CFCW systems.

Data-driven distributionally robust generation of time-varying flow corridor networks under demand uncertainty

Flow corridors are novel long tube-shaped, high-density airspace structure (like freeways in sky) which could achieve a very high throughput, while allowing traffic to flexible deployment and shift as necessary. In current research, the design of flow corridor networks cannot capture either the dynamic nature of traffic or the uncertainty in demand variations, which may fail to ensure satisfactory efficiency and reliability. In order to propose more efficient and reliable flow corridor networks for practice operations, this paper is devoted to propose a data-driven framework for the robust generation of time-varying flow corridor networks under demand uncertainty. Specifically, a delay-based method is proposed firstly for optimal design of a static flow corridors network which could be more effective in absorbing frequent flight delays from today’s air transportation system. Next, a multi-objective combinational optimization model is presented with its fast approximate evolutionary algorithm for generating time-varying flow corridor networks. Finally, to handle uncertainties in traffic operations over time, the data-driven Distributionally Robust Optimization (DRO) approach is employed to ensure the efficiency and reliability of the proposed networks. The framework is applied to the Chinese airspace to design a robust national-wide time-varying flow corridor network for numerical test. The numerical test results confirm that the proposed time-varying networks outperform previous designs in the average alleviated delays, average occupancy, and activation time with only a small trade-off in the number of served flights.

Barriers and corridors of gene flow in an urbanized tropical reef system.

Information about the distribution of alleles among marine populations is critical for determining patterns of genetic connectivity that are essential in modern conservation planning. To estimate population connectivity in Singapore's urbanized equatorial reef system, we analysed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from two species of reef‐building corals with distinct life histories. For Porites sp., a broadcast‐spawning coral, we found cryptic lineages that were differentially distributed at inshore and central‐offshore sites that could be attributed to contemporary surface current regimes. Near panmixia was observed for Pocillopora acuta with differentiation of colonies at the farthest site from mainland Singapore, a possible consequence of the brooding nature and relatively long pelagic larval duration of the species. Furthermore, analysis of recent gene flow showed that 60–80% of colonies in each population were nonmigrants, underscoring self‐recruitment as an important demographic process in this reef system. Apart from helping to enhance the management of Singapore's coral reef ecosystems, findings here pave the way for better understanding of the evolution of marine populations in South‐East Asia.

On Archean craton growth and stabilisation: Insights from lithospheric resistivity structure of the Superior Province

The nature of lithospheric evolution and style of the driving tectonic processes during the growth and stabilisation of continental crust in the Archean remain enigmatic. The hotter, rheologically weak Archean crust would be unable to support thick orogens. Thus, gravitational collapse likely occurred when continental fragments became overthickened and/or when far-field stresses were relieved during the terminal stages of orogenesis. 3D magnetotelluric resistivity models of the Archean Superior Province, reveal the presence of low resistivity zones in the mid-lower crust that reflect a protracted history of magmatic-hydrothermal activity contemporaneous with construction and collapse. These include sub-vertical zones of low resistivity in the mid-upper crust, inferred to represent corridors of paleo-fluid flow along crustal-scale structural networks developed in response to terrane amalgamations. Subsequent orogenic collapse resulted in widespread lateral flow within the lower crust accommodated by sub-horizontal shear zones and included magmatic refertilisation. Thus, the preserved low-resistivity anomalies in the mid-lower crust represent an amalgamation of magmatic-hydrothermal and deformational processes that occurred during construction, peak orogenesis, and collapse in the Archean.

Evidence of ice streaming and ice tongue shutdown in western Latvia: revealed from the mapping of crevasse-squeeze ridges

Glacial geomorphological mapping of western Latvia using a 1-m-resolution digital elevation model generated from airborne LiDAR data has revealed two sets of mega-scale glacial lineations (MSGLs), one of which is superimposed by crevasse-squeeze ridges (CSRs). CSRs occur as a dense ridge network with a dominant orientation of ridges perpendicular to the ice flow direction. The landform assemblage is interpreted as evidence for two separate phases of fast ice flow with different ice flow directions during the overall deglaciation of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (FIS). The first fast ice flow phase occurred from the northwest by the Usma Ice Lobe that extended in the Eastern Kursa Upland. The second fast ice flow occurred from the north by the Venta Ice Tongue in a narrow flow corridor limited mainly to the Kursa Lowland. Active ice streaming caused ice crevassing perpendicular to the ice flow direction and formation of CSRs by squeezing of subglacial till into basal crevasses. A good preservation of the CSRs and general lack of recessional moraines suggest widespread stagnation and ice mass melting after the shutdown of the Venta Ice Tongue followed by the formation of the Venta-Usma ice-dammed lake and glaciolacustrine deposition in the lowest areas of lowland. Our data provide the first evidence of CSRs in the south-eastern terrestrial sector of the FIS suggesting the dynamic ice streaming or surging behaviour of the ice lobes and tongues in this region during deglaciation.

Using Experimentally Validated Navier-Stokes CFD to Minimize Tidal Stream Turbine Power Losses Due to Wake/Turbine Interactions

Tidal stream turbines fixed on the seabed can harness the power of tides at locations where the bathymetry and/or coastal geography result in high kinetic energy levels of the flood and/or neap currents. In large turbine arrays, however, avoiding interactions between upstream turbine wakes and downstream turbine rotors may be hard or impossible, and, therefore, tidal array layouts have to be designed to minimize the power losses caused by these interactions. For the first time, using Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics simulations which model the turbines with generalized actuator disks, two sets of flume tank experiments of an isolated turbine and arrays of up to four turbines are analyzed in a thorough and comprehensive fashion to investigate these interactions and the power losses they induce. Very good agreement of simulations and experiments is found in most cases. The key novel finding of this study is the evidence that the flow acceleration between the wakes of two adjacent turbines can be exploited not only to increase the kinetic energy available to a turbine working further downstream in the accelerated flow corridor, but also to reduce the power losses of said turbine due to its rotor interaction with the wake produced by a fourth turbine further upstream. By making use of periodic array simulations, it is also found that there exists an optimal lateral spacing of the two adjacent turbines, which maximizes the power of the downstream turbine with respect to when the two adjacent turbines are absent or further apart. This is accomplished by trading off the amount of flow acceleration between the wakes of the lateral turbines, and the losses due to shear and mixing of the front turbine wake and the wakes of the two lateral turbines.

Optimal Design of Flow Corridors to Minimize Environmental Impact with Consideration of En-Route Weather Conditions

Optimal Design of Flow Corridors to Minimize Environmental Impact with Consideration of En-Route Weather Conditions

Multiple lines of genetic inquiry reveal effects of local and landscape factors on an amphibian metapopulation

A central tenet of landscape ecology is that both characteristics of patches and the matrix between them influence functional connectivity. Landscape genetics seeks to evaluate functional connectivity by determining the role of spatial processes in the distribution of genetic diversity on the landscape. However, landscape genetics studies often consider only the landscape matrix, ignoring patch-level characteristics, and possibly missing significant drivers of functional connectivity. (1) Evaluate drivers of functional connectivity for an amphibian metapopulation, and (2) determine whether local characteristics are as important as landscape features to functional connectivity of this species. We used gravity models to evaluate the evidence for hypothesized drivers of functional connectivity for Dryophytes wrightorum that included both local and landscape attributes and a novel combination of methods of genetic inquiry: landscape genetics and environmental DNA (eDNA). Hypothesized drivers of connectivity included effects of hydrology, canopy cover, and species interactions. Evidence weights indicated that stream networks were the most likely driver of functional connectivity, and connectivity along stream networks was positively correlated with gene flow. We also found a strong correlation between abundance of D. wrightorum from eDNA data and effective population size estimates from microsatellite data. We found evidence that functional connectivity of D. wrightorum was strongly driven by stream networks, despite considering multiple local and landscape processes. This suggests that management of this species focused on landscape hydrologic connectivity as gene flow corridors while maintaining current local management action is likely to have a positive effect on species conservation.

Multi-Objective Evaluation of Airborne Self-Separation Procedure in Flow Corridors Based on TOPSIS and Entropy

This paper proposes a simulation-based framework for assessing airborne self-separation procedures in flow corridors with consideration of different performance metrics, including air traffic operations, corridor capacity, safety, and environmental impacts. Firstly, the airborne self-separation concept in flow corridors is introduced, followed by an agent-based flow corridor simulation model. Then, data were collected to initialize a parallel-lane flow corridor model connecting A461 upper air route from Beijing to Guangzhou in China which can also simulate aircraft self-separating in the flow corridor. The total control delay, flow corridor throughput, breakout rate, and the CO2 emissions of traffic flow were considered as the impact measurements, and the TOPSIS and entropy method was used to rank the performances of different self-separation procedures. We found that combining multiple objectives into one, the optimum scheme can be obtained to guide the design of self-separation procedures for flow corridors. The research results can be used by airspace managers to dynamically develop appropriate operational procedures and rules for flow corridors given different operational conditions and constraints. Also, the framework proposed in the research may be used to evaluate the design of airspace structure with consideration of multiple objectives.

Design of Urban Rail Transit Network Constrained by Urban Road Network, Trips and Land-Use Characteristics

In the process of urban rail transit network design, the urban road network, urban trips and land use are the key factors to be considered. At present, the subjective and qualitative methods are usually used in most practices. In this paper, a quantitative model is developed to ensure the matching between the factors and the urban rail transit network. In the model, a basic network, which is used to define the roads that candidate lines will pass through, is firstly constructed based on the locations of large traffic volume and main passenger flow corridors. Two matching indexes are proposed: one indicates the matching degree between the network and the trip demand, which is calculated by the deviation value between two gravity centers of the stations’ importance distribution in network and the traffic zones’ trip intensity; the other one describes the matching degree between the network and the land use, which is calculated by the deviation value between the fractal dimensions of stations’ importance distribution and the traffic zones’ land-use intensity. The model takes the maximum traffic turnover per unit length of network and the minimum average volume of transfer passengers between lines as objectives. To solve the NP-hard problem in which the variables increase exponentially with the increase of network size, a neighborhood search algorithm is developed based on simulated annealing method. A real case study is carried out to show that the model and algorithm are effective.