Florida International University Research Articles

Hardware Implementation of a Resilient Energy Management System for Networked Microgrids

A networked microgrid is composed of multiple nearby microgrids linked together to gain additional flexibility for resilient operations. Networked microgrids collaborate to prevent power shortages in microgrid clusters by sharing critical renewable and energy storage resources. However, controlling the local resources of each microgrid, including the energy storage systems’ charging and discharging, maintaining the DC bus voltage, and even overseeing the power shared by multiple microgrids, is challenging. Therefore, a microgrid control technique and distributed energy management are used cooperatively in this study to handle the shared power between a system of networked microgrids incorporating photovoltaics and battery energy storage systems. Numerical simulation results from a networked microgrid system verify the accuracy and soundness of the suggested distributed energy management under several operating conditions, including renewable uncertainties and sequential load variations in different zones. The applicability of the suggested technique is confirmed by hardware implementation, and several operational scenarios further evaluate the proposed system on a practical two-microgrid system located in the Florida International University (FIU) testbed.

ECR Spotlight – Nina Bean

ECR Spotlight is a series of interviews with early-career authors from a selection of papers published in Journal of Experimental Biology and aims to promote not only the diversity of early-career researchers (ECRs) working in experimental biology but also the huge variety of animals and physiological systems that are essential for the ‘comparative’ approach. Nina Bean is an author on ‘ The scaling of metabolic traits differs among larvae and juvenile colonies of scleractinian corals’, published in JEB. Nina conducted the research described in this article while a Master's student in Dr Peter J. Edmunds's lab at California State University, Northridge, CA, USA. She is now a PhD candidate in the lab of Dr Jose Eirin-Lopez at Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA, investigating epigenetics, ecophysiology, early life stages, life history, and the adaptation and acclimatization potential of reef-building corals.

Calibrating canines-a universal detector calibrant for detection dogs.

Since the advent of the Universal Detector Calibrant (UDC) by scientists at Florida International University in 2013, this tool has gone largely unrecognized and under-utilized by canine scent detection practitioners. The UDC is a chemical that enables reliability testing of biological and instrumental detectors. Training a biological detector, such as a scent detection canine, to respond to a safe, non-target, and uncommon compound has significant advantages. For example, if used prior to a search, the UDC provides the handler with the ability to confirm the detection dog is ready to work without placing target odor on site (i.e., a positive control), thereby increasing handler confidence in their canine and providing documentation of credibility that can withstand legal scrutiny. This review describes the UDC, summarizes its role in canine detection science, and addresses applications for UDC within scent detection canine development, training, and testing.

The Application of Cyanobacteria as a Biofertilizer for Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Production with a Focus on Environmental and Ecological Sustainability

Cyanobacteria, an important addition to biofertilizers, are gaining popularity for their multifaceted benefits in sustainable agriculture and ecosystem restoration. However, harmful algal blooms (HABs) in freshwater, predominantly caused by cyanobacteria, prevent sunlight penetration into the water and develop hypoxic and anoxic conditions. We collected cyanobacteria slurry from Lake Jesup (Central Florida, USA), repurposed it as a biofertilizer, and incorporated it in a typical South Florida calcite soil for high-value okra (Abelmoschus esculentus; var: Clemson spineless) production. Experiments were conducted at the Organic Garden Shade House and Greenhouse located inside the main campus of the Florida International University (FIU), FL, USA. A two-year experiment with four different treatments was conducted, namely, (a) control (C; no fertilizer applied), (b) total synthetic (TS), (c) total biofertilizer (TB; only cyanobacteria biofertilizer was applied), and (d) half and half (HH; 50% biofertilizer + 50% synthetic fertilizer), which were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with six replications for each treatment. Our results indicate that TB and TS produced about 29 to 33% higher SPAD (soil plant analytical development) readings than the control. The absence of interveinal chlorosis (yellowing of leaves) in the TB and HH treatments suggests that the cyanobacteria-based biofertilizer had a role in supplying one of the critical micronutrients, iron (Fe). Analysis of the biofertilizer indicated 2000 ppm Fe content, which directly supports our observation. Similarly, average plant height (61 cm), yield (130 gm per pot), and crop biomass (67 gm) productions were significantly higher in TB than in the control. Overall, this study documents the potential of cyanobacteria biofertilizers as a viable option compared to synthetic fertilizers for sustainable crop production and soil health improvement.

Next steps for workplace-based assessments of entrustable professional activities.

Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine (FIU-HWCOM) participated in the AAMC Core Entrustable Professional Activities (EPA) implementation pilot. Entrustment decision processes based on data from workplace-based assessments (WBAs) were piloted. Outcomes illustrated challenges including variability across EPAs with regards to learner level alignment and feasibility of data collection in the form of WBAs. In addition, students reported discomfort requesting WBA completion by preceptors and dissatisfaction with associated feedback. To guide future directions, we conducted a survey of third-year students to better understand their experience with and perceptions of WBAs used to evaluate EPAs at FIU-HWCOM. Survey response was 96% (n= 107/112). Most (84%) reported that WBAs were not valuable to their development and that preceptors often did not complete WBAs in a timely fashion. Many (47%) reported not receiving verbal feedback. Most students (78%) used language in written responses demonstrating confusion between the EPAs and the WBAs used to assess them. The use of WBAs to assess EPAs did not have its intended impact at FIU-HWCOM. For future classes, WBA forms will consist of paper cards with questions directly assessing performance of skills aligned with EPAs 1, 5 and 6 only. To continue to promote feedback, students will be required to collect WBAs on all clerkships, but the number of required WBAs will be less than prior and no entrustment decisions will be made.

Analysis of the Content of Bachelors’ Training in Communications at the Universities of the USA

The relevance of the article. Today is characterized by great attention to the communicative component in all areas of society, because it is communication that plays an important role in the establishment of a new socio-cultural order and in the reproduction of its structures. Such challenges place rather high demands on both personal and professional qualities of future communication specialists. Therefore, the training of mobile, creative, competent, successful, competitive communication specialists in the conditions of socio-economic changes in Ukraine is the main task facing higher education. It is possible to ensure the proper quality of training of domestic communication specialists based on the creative use of pedagogical experience accumulated throughout the history of the development of education in Ukraine and foreign countries. Despite the large number of studies devoted to the actual issues of training specialists, the experience of innovative approaches to the provision of educational services in the USA has not yet been sufficiently studied. Meanwhile, the rapid application of innovation in the organization of the educational process, in particular in the field of training mobile, creative, competent, successful, competitive communication specialists, is a necessary condition for the development of Ukrainian society.
 The purpose of the article — study of the experience of the USA regarding the organization of professional training of bachelors in communications, research of the content and features of the curricula of leading American educational institutions that offer education at the educational level “Bachelor of Communications” with the aim of using such approaches in the practice of Ukrainian universities.
 The methodology. Analytical method, methods of description, comparison and generalization were applied for the research.
 The results. The issue of training communication specialists in the leading universities of the United States of America in the bachelor’s program was considered. Data on the popularity and demand of specialists who have completed a bachelor’s degree in communications in the USA are presented. A review of the content of bachelor’s training programs in communications at more than 20 US universities was carried out. The peculiarities of bachelor’s training in communications at the University of Miami (The University of Miami) and Florida International University (Florida International University, FIU) are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the need to study, adapt and implement the positive experience of US universities regarding the training of communication specialists in Ukrainian universities.
 The scientific novelty. This study offers an analysis of the content of bachelor’s programs of leading American educational institutions that offer studies at the educational level “Bachelor of Communications” in 2023.
 The practical significance. Research materials and conclusions can be used to adapt and implement the experience of US universities in training communication specialists in Ukrainian universities, in particular, to improve the content of educational programs.
 Conclusions. Effective development of modern communications is impossible without improving the quality of training bachelors in communications in higher educational institutions of various types and forms of ownership in Ukraine. To solve this problem, it is necessary to take into account the experience accumulated throughout the history of the development of education in Ukraine and foreign countries. Currently, the USA is one of the most popular places to get a bachelor’s degree in communications. The US universities offer a wide selection of bachelor’s programs in communications, among which the most popular are: Bachelor of Arts in Communications; Bachelor of Arts in Organizational and Strategic Communication; Bachelor of Business and Communications; Bachelor of Digital Media and Communications; Bachelor of Science in Interpersonal Communication; Bachelor of Science in Corporate Communications. The curriculum emphasizes students’ understanding of communication in a variety of contexts (interpersonal, intercultural, organizational, political, and mass communications) and prepares future professionals to be effective and well-rounded communicators. Such specialized skills will allow students to choose from a wide range of career opportunities after completing the program in a variety of industries.

Improving Middle-Income Countries Access to Vaccines. A Blueprint to Overcome Current Challenges.

The Global Health Consortium at Florida International University developed an end-to-end solution framework based on the input of a diverse panel of experts from middle-income country (MIC) government agencies, public health think tanks, academia, and nonprofit organizations to identify mechanisms to help MIC governments and stakeholders increase access to novel vaccines for infectious diseases. The resultant layout can be deployed to improve vaccine discovery and development, strengthen regulatory processes, and boost vaccine production, access, and implementation. Mechanisms include policies and incentives MIC governments can use to stimulate vaccine investment and activity, as well as actions government agencies can take together with other stakeholders to coordinate efforts or build capabilities. Through a series of individual virtual interviews, we engaged diverse experts from MIC government agencies, public health think tanks, academia, and nonprofit organizations who understand the vaccine ecosystem, immunization policies, and population health financing at global, regional, and country levels. Responses were mapped, and in-depth questions were prepared for a group virtual discussion. This paper is the result of such a group discussion. The panel identified clear opportunities for MICs to improve locally-driven innovations and future access to novel vaccines. It proposes a solution framework for countries considering investing in vaccine research and development and innovation to use as a guide to evaluate the steps they could take to improve such an environment and incentivize innovation in vaccine development. It is hoped that this end-to-end solution framework will become a key resource to help MICs strengthen policies and take more actions to make such improvements.

Advanced Manufacturing Panel at IMAT 2023

Abstract This article presents highlights from a panel session held at International Materials, Applications & Technologies (IMAT) 2023. Experts from ASM affiliate societies shared insights on the impact of new materials and manufacturing technologies in their respective fields. The panel was moderated by David Furrer, Pratt & Whitney. The panelists were Thomas Ackerson, Blue Origin LLC (representing the Failure Analysis Society); Arvind Agarwal, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University (Thermal Spray Society); Marvin Barnes, NASA (Heat Treating Society); Jay Demarest, IBM (Electronic Device Failure Analysis Society); and Laura Moyer, Lehigh University (International Metallographic Society).

State of art in tax evasion research: A bibliometric review

AbstractThis study presents an extensive bibliometric review of research publications on tax evasion using the Scopus database. Data analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel, Open Refine, Harzing's Publish or Perish, and VOSviewer. Since 1998, there has been a continuous growth in the number of research papers published on tax evasion. The United States emerged as the most productive country in terms of published tax evasion studies. Specifically, Florida International University ranked first as the most active institution in publishing important articles related to tax evasion research. The Journal of Public Economics stands out as the most renowned journal in this field. However, it should be noted that this research relies on the Scopus database, which may have certain limitations that can influence the results. Moreover, this study acknowledges the crucial role of education in comprehending and combating tax evasion. It highlights the significance of educational institutions, such as Florida International University, in generating valuable research on tax evasion. By promoting education and raising awareness about the intricate nature of tax evasion, scholars and practitioners can make well‐informed decisions and formulate effective strategies to mitigate its adverse effects. To the best of the researcher's knowledge, this study represents the first extensive bibliometric analysis that offers a comprehensive overview of tax evasion research while recognising education's vital role in tackling this issue. Context and implicationsRationale for this studyA bibliometric study on tax evasion provides valuable insights into the existing literature, research trends and knowledge gaps, which can inform educational interventions and the development of effective strategies to promote tax compliance. It helps identify best practices and evidence‐based approaches to enhance tax education and assess the impact of education on tax compliance.Why do the new findings matter?The findings of a tax evasion bibliometric study are crucial for education as they inform and enhance educational initiatives. They provide insights into the existing research landscape, allowing educators to tailor their approaches and incorporate best practices. Ultimately, integrating the findings of a tax evasion bibliometric study into education enhances the effectiveness of educational efforts in reducing tax evasion.Implications for researchers and practitionersTax evasion bibliometric study has significant implications for researchers and practitioners in education. Researchers can benefit from identifying research gaps, exploring collaborative opportunities, and gaining methodological insights to advance knowledge in the field. For practitioners, the findings support evidence‐based decision‐making, enable the tailoring of educational interventions, and foster collaboration with researchers. The study promotes a stronger connection between research and practice, enhancing the effectiveness of educational efforts in addressing tax evasion. Ultimately, the implications of a tax evasion bibliometric study contribute to the development of evidence‐based strategies and interventions in the education sector.

Shortening the Math Sequence Through a Corequisite College Algebra Course with Embedded Personalized Learning

This paper reports on a novel corequisite design and implementation for College Algebra at Florida International University. The corequisite course uses online, just-in-time, prerequisite assignments delivered on an open-educational platform. Students get help from near-peer learning assistants inside a math emporium environment. The course remains three credits after the redesign and now supports all students who would otherwise be taking Intermediate Algebra as a prerequisite course.

Wind loading on commercial roof edge metals: A full-scale experimental study

Roof edge metal systems provide an effective interface between the roof of a building to its walls and are used to secure and protect the edge of the roof membrane. Previous studies show that damage involving roof systems mostly occurs because of their failure at perimeter edges under high winds. This study presents an effort to evaluate wind loads on these edge metal elements by conducting full-scale experiments at the NHERI Wall of Wind (WOW) Experimental Facility (EF) at Florida International University. In addition to full-scale aerodynamic and failure assessment test protocols, the experimental campaign, for the first time to the authors’ knowledge, consisted of investigating the effect of wind-induced vibrations on these dynamically sensitive systems. Pressure measurements were conducted at different layers of the edge metals systems by considering the most common installation practices in the industry. The results showed that these roofing elements experience high suctions due to near-parallel wind flows and are susceptible to significant vibration even at low wind speeds, which is a phenomenon not captured in current static pull testing. Moreover, peak pressure coefficients were also observed to increase with wind speeds due to increased dynamic contributions which may amplify the aerodynamic loads by more than about 25%. Furthermore, utilization of edge metal configurations with a higher degree of flexibility was observed to possibly reduce suction on roofing components and appurtenances.

Closing the Gap Between Students' Career Readiness and Employers' Expectations

This article describes one aspect of Florida International University's (FIU) response to the changing landscape of higher education and the ever-evolving world of work. The following case study highlights how strategic planning grounded in comprehensive planning and evaluation processes led to the development of an innovative and agile quality enhancement plan that aims to enhance students' preparation for the 21st-century workforce by certifying students' attainment of critical competencies related to artificial intelligence, data interpretation, and emotional intelligence. Utilizing a faculty-driven approach, FIU was successful in leveraging a required institutional effectiveness accreditation process to develop and implement a university-wide strategic initiative that focuses on student learning outcomes that close the gap between students' career readiness and employers' expectations.

"Integrating Location Information as Geohash Codes in Convolutional Neural Network-Based Satellite Image Classification"

In the past few years, there have been many research studies conducted in the field of Satellite Image Classification. The purposes of these studies included flood identification, forest fire monitoring, greenery land identification, and land-usage identification. In this field, finding suitable data is often considered problematic, and some research has also been done to identify and extract suitable datasets for classification. Although satellite data can be challenging to deal with, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), which consist of multiple interconnected neurons, have shown promising results when applied to satellite imagery data. In the present work, first we have manually downloaded satellite images of four different classes in Florida locations using the TerraFly Mapping System, developed and managed by the High Performance Database Research Center at Florida International University. We then develop a CNN architecture suitable for extracting features and capable of multi-class classification in our dataset. We discuss the shortcomings in the classification due to the limited size of the dataset. To address this issue, we first employ data augmentation and then utilize transfer learning methodology for feature extraction with VGG16 and ResNet50 pretrained models. We use these features to classify satellite imagery of Florida. We analyze the misclassification in our model and, to address this issue, we introduce a location-based CNN model. We convert coordinates to geohash codes, use these codes as an additional feature vector and feed them into the CNN model. We believe that the new CNN model combined with geohash codes as location features provides a better accuracy for our dataset.

Student Teaching in the Family Medicine Clerkship: Opportunities for Interactive Virtual Learning.

It often is challenging to deliver clerkship didactic sessions in a time-effective and engaging manner for learners. The flipped classroom approach, which fosters independent learning before applying knowledge in group settings, is an evidence-based way to enhance engagement and learning. Electronic learning methodologies were used widely during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic to ensure student safety while continuing didactics remotely. Student teaching of didactics delivers key content in innovative ways while also providing students with the opportunity to teach their peers. During the Family Medicine clerkship at Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, students deliver an interactive, 15-minute presentation on a core Society of Teachers of Family Medicine National Clerkship Curriculum topic. During the first year of the pandemic (2020), this assignment was transitioned to be conducted remotely via Zoom. For the 2020-2021 academic year, students completed an anonymous, optional, computer-based, postactivity survey to assess their satisfaction with and perceptions of the assignment. The majority (80%) of respondents reported that they enjoyed teaching in the online format. In addition, students reported that this assignment made them feel confident in their teaching abilities, that they learned from their peers, and that teaching helped clarify their understanding of the topic. Student-led teaching is beneficial to learners because it enhances engagement. It can be easily implemented and help reduce faculty burden for curricular development. In a distributed, community-based clinical model such as ours, electronic learning allows for coordinated teaching efforts across geographical boundaries.

Christoph Rosenmüller. Corruption and Justice in Colonial Mexico, 1650–1755.

Journal Article Christoph Rosenmüller. Corruption and Justice in Colonial Mexico, 1650–1755. Get access Christoph Rosenmüller. Corruption and Justice in Colonial Mexico, 1650–1755. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. xv, 341. Paper $29.99. Bianca Premo Bianca Premo Florida International University, US Email: premob@fiu.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 128, Issue 2, June 2023, Pages 1062–1063, https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhad219 Published: 22 June 2023

An interlaboratory study to evaluate the utility of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy spectral libraries in the forensic analysis of fentanyl-related substances.

Synthetic opioids such as fentanyl account for over 71,000 of the approximately 107,000 overdose deaths reported in the United States in 2021. Fentanyl remains the fourth most identified drug by state and local forensic laboratories, and the second most identified drug by federal laboratories. The unambiguous identification of fentanyl-related substances (FRS) is challenging due to the absence or low abundance of a molecular ion in a typical gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and due to a low number of fragment ions that are similar among the many potential isomers of FRS. This study describes the utility of a previously reported gas chromatography-infrared (GC-IR) library for the identification of FRS within a blind, interlaboratory study (ILS) involving seven forensic laboratories. Twenty FRS reference materials, including those with isomer pairs in the library, were selected based on either their presence in the NIST library and/or some similarity of the mass spectra information produced. The ILS participants were requested to use the Florida International University (FIU) GC-MS and GC-IR libraries supplied by FIU to search for matches to their unknown spectra generated from in-house GC-MS and GC-IR analysis. The laboratories reported improvement in the positive identification of unknown FRS from ~75% using GC-MS alone to 100% correct identification using GC-IR analysis. One laboratory participant used solid phase IR analysis, which produced spectra incompatible with the vapor phase GC-IR library to generate a good comparison spectrum. However, this improved when searched against a solid phase IR library.

Investigating Faculty Perception of Hybrid Teaching: A Case Study

Florida International University has made a significant investment to develop hybrid classes, including financially incentivizing faculty to redesign their courses for the hybrid format through a semester-long training. To assess the success of these courses, student success and satisfaction have been examined. However, prior to this study faculty satisfaction with teaching in this format had not been formally investigated. The case study presented here involves three full-time, experienced hybrid faculty with the goal of understanding college faculty perceptions of teaching a hybrid course. Understanding faculty perspectives of the hybrid modality is a necessary component for universities to consider when making informed decisions about the resources that should be invested in hybrid teaching.

Advising Medical Students After the Dobbs Decision.

1Professor and assistant dean for faculty development, Department of Humanities, Health, and Society, Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, Florida; email: [email protected] 2Associate professor and assistant dean for clinical education, Department of Humanities, Health and Society, Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, Florida. Funding/Support: None reported. Other disclosures: None reported. Ethical approval: Reported as not applicable. First published online.

Medical Students’ Perspectives on Opportunities to Engage in the Clinical Care of COVID-19 Patients during the Pandemic

Recent disease modeling suggests that pandemics are likely to increase in frequency and severity. As such, medical educators must learn from their experiences with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to develop systematic strategies for ensuring that medical students receive hands-on training in the management of emerging diseases. Here, we outline the process by which the Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine developed and updated guidelines for student participation in the care of patients with COVID-19 and report on students' experiences. During the 2020-2021 academic year, Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine students were not permitted to care for patients with COVID-19; however, academic year 2021-2022 guidelines did permit fourth-year students on subinternships or Emergency Medicine rotations to voluntarily care for patients with COVID-19. At the end of the 2021-2022 academic year, students completed an anonymous survey about their experience caring for patients with COVID-19. Likert-type and multiple-choice questions were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the short-answer responses were analyzed qualitatively. One hundred two students (84%) responded to the survey. Sixty-four percent of respondents opted to provide care for patients with COVID-19. Most students (63%) cared for patients with COVID-19 during their required Emergency Medicine Selective. Twenty-eight percent of students wished they had more COVID-19 patient care opportunities, and 29% did not feel prepared to care for patients with COVID-19 on their first day of residency. Many graduating students felt unprepared to care for patients with COVID-19 during residency and many wished they had had more opportunities to care for patients with COVID-19 during medical school. Curricular policies must evolve to allow students to gain competency in the care of patients with COVID-19 so that they are prepared for day one of residency.

Review: The Queerness of Home: Gender, Sexuality, and the Politics of Domesticity after World War II, by Stephen Vider

Book Review| May 01 2023 Review: The Queerness of Home: Gender, Sexuality, and the Politics of Domesticity after World War II, by Stephen Vider The Queerness of Home: Gender, Sexuality, and the Politics of Domesticity after World War II by Stephen Vider. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2021. 304 pp.; notes, index; clothbound, $95.00; paperback, $29.00; PDF $28.99. Julio Capó, Jr. Julio Capó, Jr. Florida International University Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar The Public Historian (2023) 45 (2): 139–141. https://doi.org/10.1525/tph.2023.45.2.139 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Julio Capó; Review: The Queerness of Home: Gender, Sexuality, and the Politics of Domesticity after World War II, by Stephen Vider. The Public Historian 1 May 2023; 45 (2): 139–141. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/tph.2023.45.2.139 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentThe Public Historian Search Stephen Vider’s innovative new book, The Queerness of Home, offers a sweeping account of the centrality of the home and homemaking in challenging and renegotiating concepts of gender, sexuality, belonging, citizenship, and family, among many others, in the United States since the mid-twentieth century. Rather than viewing the home as a site of conformity, monotony, and tradition, Vider highlights the myriad ways that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people have historically adapted homelife and homemaking to reflect, experiment, and express their diverse gender and sexual politics since World War II. With a strong theoretical foundation, Vider views domesticity and the practice of homemaking as a performance that requires interpretation and articulation by its individual actors. In this way, the very practice of homemaking has the potential to be radical in its ability to subvert, mediate, or destabilize gender and sexual norms, privacy, nationalism, and cultural citizenship. Vider’s... You do not currently have access to this content.