Floral Parameters Research Articles

Evaluation of the Different Varieties of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) in Prayagraj Agro Climatic Conditions, Uttar Pradesh

Lotus, an aquatic perennial flowering plant, holds significant economic and medicinal value. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) commonly known as sacred lotus, have significant medical value due to its wide range of bioactive compounds. This study, conducted in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, evaluates the performance of six lotus varieties under local agro-climatic conditions. The Lotus varieties under investigation–Yellow Peony, Pastel Pink, Bucha, Rani Red, White Budhha and Pink cloud exhibited significant variations across all observed parameters. The research focuses on various characteristics of Lotus, including growth parameters, floral parameters, quality parameters, yield parameters and economy of the cultivation, to determine the most suitable variety for cultivation in similar climatic conditions. The variety V3: Bucha demonstrated superior performance in terms of plant height (41.31 cm), leaf length (14.94 cm), leaf width (19.68 cm), flower diameter (16.28 cm), total numbers of flowers per plant (38.13), total number of flowers per hectare (1,525,000), yield of rhizome per plant (1.74 kg), and yield of rhizome per hectare (69.73 tonnes). Additionally, V6: Pink Cloud reported longest vase-life (6.25 days), followed by V3: Bucha (5. 75 days). The variety V3: Bucha also achieved the highest gross return (4,444,500 Rs .ha-1), net return (3,437,050 Rs .ha-1), and benefit – cost ratio (4.41). Based on the findings, V3: Bucha is recommended for cultivation in the agro-climatic conditions of Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh.

Effect of Substrates on Germination, Growth and Flowering of Different Winter Annuals

This study was conducted at Centre for Quality Plant Material, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2015-16 to 2017-18 to determine the effect of different substrates and their combinations on vegetative growth and flowering of winter annuals (Larkspur, Antirrhinum, California Poppy and Dahlia). Six types of substrates (cocopeat, perlite, vermiculite, vermicompost, Farm Yard Manure and send) were mixed by volume to create seven different treatments. The seeds were sown in the month of October in different treatments to record vegetative and floral parameters. The results showed that using substrate, that mixture of cocopeat with vermiculite and perlite following rate 3:1:1, gave higher and early germination and longer seedling length, seedling root length duration of flowering and earliest flowering and is found suitable for winter annuals nursery raising, vegetative growth and flowering.

Studies on Performance of Vegetative & Floral Parameters of Different Varieties under Polyhouse Condition

The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with ten cultivars and replicated thrice. The cultivars used in the experiment of Rose viz., Top Secret (T1), Jumelia (T2), Avalanche (T3), Gold Strike (T4), Revival (T5), Naranga (T6), Solaire (T7), Hot Shot (T8), Volcano (T9) and Peach Avalanche (T10). The maximum number of leaves per 10 cm middle shoot length (5.01), longest flower stalk length (59.50 cm) maximum stem girth (0.73 cm), was recorded significantly in Top Secret (T1). Earliest first bud initiation (27.01 days) & earliest first harvest (32.37 days) were recorded in Revival (T5) and maximum fresh weight of flower (43.95 g).

Low Power FSAS utilizing the complex multitasking units of ML processors

The study was conducted to analyze throughput of chamber-driven leaf study using manual-herbarium methods or with botanical scopes are popular in laboratory data extraction for classification of floral parameters to be utilized in toxic-studies. The intravascular studies of leaves are need for vital identifiers to determine their genetic roots and classify them in their nomenclature with character association. Products from them are highly dependent not only on their chemical behavior but also on their genetic and physical attributes. Picturesque information taken from cameras are offline data that consume more pixels that need to be compressed before transmission.

Induced mutations in chrysanthemum through gamma rays

The research was conducted to induce variations in the chrysanthemum variety ‘Mother Teresa’ in 2020-21. The purpose was to generate and detect the desirable variants concerning altered flower colour, formand flower yield from the treated population. The terminal rooted cuttings were irradiated with different γ-raydoses (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Gy) using Cobalt 60 (60Co) as the source and evaluated further along with the controlpopulation, i.e. without irradiations. The observations on various morphological and floral parameters wererecorded and compared with the control population (non-irradiated). Marked floral changes about altered flowercolour, shape, form and changes in leaf shape, colour and sizes were observed with higher doses of gammairradiations. Percent flower colour variations were recorded as 4.10% at 10 Gy, 1.56% at 15 Gy and 4.25% at 20Gy dose. The present study, 11 variants were detected with altered flower colour and form with 10 to 20 Gy-raydoses. The study developed an efficient protocol for the induction of mutations using γ-rays in chrysanthemum.

Evaluation of Tabernaemontana divaricata Accessions for Loose Flower Production

Crepe jasmine or East Indian rosebay or pinwheel flower, Tabernaemontana divaricata originated from India is a popular large shrub or a small tree grown in tropical and sub-tropical gardens for its beautiful glossy foliage and mild fragrant waxy white, ornamental flowers. It produces flowers throughout the year, except in winter but profusely during summer season. Rather than the opened flowers, the unopened flower buds are commonly used as an alternate to Jasminum sambac buds in off-season. The present investigation was carried out at the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Horticulture college and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu agriculture university, Coimbatore during 2022-2023. Randomized Block Design was used with three replications with the objective of investigating promising genotypes of Tabernaemontana divaricata, collected based on the type of petals from different locations for loose flower production. In the study totally 12 accessions were collected and named from Acc. No. 1 to 12. They are evaluated for their vegetative and floral parameters such as plant height, leaf length, leaf width, no. of branches, plant spread in EW & NS direction. Floral parameters include bud length, bud diameter, stalk length and no. of petals/flower. Out of the collected accessions, Acc. No. 2 & 5 are suitable for veni arrangement and Acc. No.10 & 11 are suitable for garland making. Buds of acc. No.4 & 6 are similar to Jasminum sambac and J. auriculatum buds.

Variability of Chrysanthemum Species under Prayagraj Agro-climatic Conditions

The present study was made to identify the suitable variety for growing in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. Twenty varieties were laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications during 2022-2023 at Departmental field of Horticulture, NAI, SHUATS, Prayagraj. In this experiment out of 20 varieties 2 varieties, Fantasy and Hemant Sagar was not able to survive in this condition. In this experiment data were recorded for various characters viz; Growth parameter, Floral parameters, Yield parameters and Economic parameters. Variety White cotton ball was found as elite variety for height (cm) 30DAP, 60DAP, and 90DAP in comparison with other varieties. Nanako was for number of flowers per plant. Apsara (24.14t/ha) was for flower yield(t/ha) in comparison to other varieties. Maximum B:C was obtained in Apsara (2.85). Based on findings of this experiment, it is recommended the Chrysanthemum varieties Apsara and White cotton ball should be used for commercial cultivation of chrysanthemum, although further studies may also be carried out for refinement for selection of best varieties from amongst these.

Performance Assessment of Scented Field Roses in Open Field Cultivation: A Case Study in Coimbatore, India

A field experiment to evaluate the performance of ten scented field roses in terms of growth and floral parameters under open field condition was carried out at Botanical Garden, Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during the year 2022-2023. Since there is a major lacuna in variety of scented field roses for cultivation in farmer’s field, the present study was undertaken to assess suitable variety for commercial cultivation under Coimbatore condition. The field experiment was carried out using Randomized Block Design (RBD) with ten treatments (Arka Sukanya, Arka Parimala, Bourbon rose type 1, Bourbon Rose type 2, Pusa Alpana, Rose Sherbet, Scent Pink, Damask rose type 1, Damask rose type 2, Andhra Red) and three replications. Results indicate a significance difference between the varieties for growth, flowering and yield characters. Experimental data revealed that the maximum plant height (68.92 cm), maximum number of shoots per plant (8.21), maximum leaves per plant (410.50), stem girth (6.28 cm), Highest chlorophyll content (58.1), Least number days for flower bud initiation (31.05), Diameter of fully opened flower (5.89 cm) and fresh flower weight (3.59 g) were seen in Bourbon rose type 1. Bourbon rose type 2 recorded maximum number of flowers per plant (41.12) and Andhra red rose recorded maximum number of petals per flower (94.89) among the evaluated varieties.

Ecological impact assessment of dam construction: A case study of Diamer Basha Dam Gilgit‐Baltistan, Pakistan

AbstractDam construction poses significant ecological impact, both during the initial construction phase and long after the dam is completed. The Diamer Basha Dam, situated on the River Indus in the Gilgit‐Baltistan district of Pakistan, is receiving significant attention due to the ecological consequences of the proposed and ongoing construction. The Dam is a 272‐m‐tall reservoir with a 9867.912 Mm3 (million cubic meter) capacity and will be the world's highest roller compact concrete dam. The assessment of local ecological impacts was compiled in a checklist and matrices format to discuss the impacts on the status of species diversity in the study area. Using a random sample methodology, line transects, and quadrats were employed to evaluate phytosociological properties of vegetation. The floral parameters recorded were percent cover, species richness, vegetation composition, frequency, and density. The ecological analysis included principal component analysis to compare the distributions of sustained and lost vegetation in response to water flow variables. This research showed that several plant species withstand periods of high peak flow, like Salix tetrasperma, Rumex dentatis, Trifolium resupinatum, and Polygonum. Additionally, visual observations, plot surveys, transects, and published reports were used to compile the faunal data used to determine habitat distribution. According to the analysis, immediate effects of dam construction activities such as blasting, quarrying, and traffic noise cause severe disturbances to existing biodiversity and habitats with high ecological vulnerability, and have long‐term effects on ecological integrity and environmental health in downstream and upstream habitats. The study presents the present status of biological and ecological conditions, as a baseline reference datum for a comparative analysis of the changes caused by the dam's construction.

Flowering time and harvest on floral morphology and production of hermaphrodite flowers in the cashew tree Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae)

Introduction: Morphological parameters of flowering are fundamental in the reproductive process of plants, but this subject is poorly explored in the cashew tree Anacardium occidentale. Objective: To determine the influence of the flowering and harvest period on floral parameters, and to identify association with hermaphrodite flowers in the dwarf cashew. Methods: For the 2018 and 2019 harvests in 120 samples we measured number of male/hermaphrodite/abnormal flowers; panicle biomass, length, maximum width, and ramifications at 30, 45 and 60 days for 360 samples in total, for each season (2018 and 2019). Results: The harvest effect was not significant. Panicle length and width (at 30 days), had the greatest contributions to the production of hermaphrodite flowers. The presence of male flowers (at 45 days), and the panicle length and number of primary branches (at 60 days) were the main factors at their respective periods. Conclusions: The emission of hermaphrodite flowers responds negatively to male flowers. Variations in flowering compromise the production of hermaphrodite flowers and the flowering structure.

Response of INM on plant growth and floral parameters of pomegranate

Response of INM on plant growth and floral parameters of pomegranate

Phylogenetic Analysis of Libyan Thyme (Thymus Capitatus) Inferred from The Morphological Traits

The genetic diversity of wild thyme (Thymus capitatus) which growing in southern parts of Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region, Libya was studied by using cluster analysis of morphological traits (flower measurements). This study was aimed to establish the phylogenetic relationships based on floral parameters among accessions of thyme (T.capitatus). The five populations (accessions) of Libyan thyme were assigned into two clusters (clades) at the critical distance value of 22%. The 1stcluster contained three populations that were included white-flowered, dotted white-flowered and violet-flowered accession, then the 1st cluster was divided into two sub-clusters by the critical distance value of 5%, the first sub-cluster contained two populations (white-flowered, dotted white-flowered accession). While, the second sub-cluster contained one population (violet-flowered accession). The 2nd cluster contained two populations which were purple-flowered and mosaic-flowered accessions. In conclusion, The flower measurements can be a preliminary tool to classify Libyan thyme (T.capitatus), and floral parameters can be used in the classification of Libyan thyme accessions (populations).

Effect of Different Substrates on Growth Parameters of Zinnia spp.

A study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of various substrates in promoting vegetative and reproductive growth of zinnia elegans. The experiment was designed in CRD with three replications and eight treatments: control, peat, coco coir, and conventional substrate (soil + silt + leaf mould, 1:1:1, v/v/v) alone or in varied combinations. The addition of coco coir to peat or peat alone enhanced plant height, leaf area, stem length, and fresh and dry weight of the stem. Plant height and stem length were considerably greater in coco coir-based substrates (P-0.0001 and P-0.0001, respectively). In peat-based and peat + coco coir-based substrates, growth and floral parameters were much higher. The findings demonstrated that coco coir, either alone or in combination with peat, had a beneficial influence on the productivity and quality of speciality cut flower zinnia crops.

Efficacy of Growth Regulators on Flowering of Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii B.) cv. Goliath in Open Field Condition

Background: Application of plant bioregulators at specific concentration modify growth, flowering, flower yield and post harvest quality of flowers. Growth promoters like auxin, gibberellins and cytokinin modify physiological process by accelerating plant growth while growth retardant like cycocel and abscisic acid inhibit plant growth. But in open field cultivation of gerbera, little is known about use of growth regulators on flowering regulation. A good knowledge on use of growth regulators in gerbera is required before going to any recommendations. The current study aimed to standardize suitable bioregulators on flower production in gerbera in open field condition. Methods: The study was carried out in premises of Biotechnology cum Tissue Culture Centre, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar during 2015-16 and 2016-17. Apart from control eight treatments of growth regulators were used like GA3 @ 100 ppm and 150 ppm, cycocel @ 700 ppm and 800 ppm with or without amino acids as foliar spray. The observation were recorded from 5 randomly selected plant within each replication of treatment for different floral parameters. Result: The result revealed that days taken to flower bud initiation and days taken to flowering was minimum in GA3 @ 100 ppm + amino acid. The stalk length of flower was maximum in treatment GA3 @ 150 ppm + amino acid while largest flower diameter, maximum number of flowers and longest bloom life was observed in treatment with cycocel @ 700 ppm + amino acid. Maximum stalk thickness was found in treatment with cycocel @ 800 ppm + amino acid. The present work will be a complementary contribution to the researchers and gerbera growers in increasing productivity of this flower crops.

Effect of growth regulators on African pear (Dacryodes Edulis (G. don) H.J. Lam) flowering, fruiting and fruit set

Many tropical fruit trees flower profusely. Majority produce many fruits at the onset. Most of these fruits if not all, may be aborted. African pear is a typical example. In this research, four fruit abortion-prevention treatments were evaluated namely: Distilled water, Urea, Giberellin and Coconut water. Floral and pomological parameters were compared and averaged over a period of three consecutive years. At fruit maturity, number of fruits/inflorescence/branches was counted and compared to test the effects of the various treatments on fruit retention and enhancing its pomological characteristics. The design was Randomized complete block design. Regression and correlation in Statgraphic 16.0 software package were used to compare the effects of the various treatments on flowering, fruiting and fruit retention. Application of growth regulators significantly enhanced flowering, fruiting and fruit set. The best fruit retention of 76.56 % was obtained by Coconut water which was however, not significantly (P=0.05) different from 72.75% fruit set obtained by Giberellin. Distilled water gave the lowest fruit-set of 21.41 % which was however significantly (P=0.05) different from 66.48% obtained by Urea. There was no significant difference (P=0.05) in some of the pomological attributes measured. Application of Giberellin and Coconut water significantly (P=0.05) enhanced flowering, fruiting and fruitset in African pear.

Effect of organic manures and bio-fertilizers on vegetative and floral traits of Chrysanthemum cultivars

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of manures and biofertilizers on three cultivars of chrysanthemum with two factor Randomized Block Design (RBD) replicated thrice, at Horticulture Research Farm of the RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh (Punjab). Various growth and flowering parameters were observed i.e. plant height at 45 days (cm), number of branches, number of suckers, days taken to first colour shown, days to full bloom, Flowering duration, number of flower per plant, number of cut stem per plant, diameter of flower (cm), flower weight (g), yield of flower per plant (g), yield of flower per hectare (q) for enhance farmers income. The results revealed that T7 (Vermicompost 5t/ha + PSB + Azotobacter) taken maximum plant height at 45 days (50.77 cm), respectively, maximum number of branches (5.14), number of suckers (9.99). Probing further, in floral parameters and yield, minimum number of days to first colour shown (65.90), days to full bloom (84.22) was observed in T7(Vermicompost 5t/ha + PSB + Azotobacter). Whereas, maximum flowering duration (32.87), number of flower per plant (40.22), number of cut stem per plant (6.88), diameter of flower (7.14 cm), flower weight (4.62 g), yield of flower per plant (186.13 g), yield of flower per hectare (167.515 q) was recorded in T7. Treatment combination of Vermicompost 5t/ha + PSB + Azotobacter performed as best result treatment for foliage and floral growth inchrysanthemum.

Effect of Wrapping Materials and Storage Time on Shelf Life of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.)

Background: The use of wrapping material during storage of cut flowers creates a modified atmosphere which reduces flower metabolism during storage, thereby slowing carbohydrate consumption as respiratory substrate. The main problem related to dry storage is moisture loss or desiccation. Keeping in view the above aspects, the present study was conducted to enhance the shelf life of tuberose.Methods: The experiment was carried out at Post-Harvest Laboratory of Department of Horticulture, COA, CCS HAU, Hisar during the cropping season (March to September) of year 2019. It was laid out in CRD (factorial) with three replications and twenty-four treatment combinations, comprising of six wrapping materials (newspaper, butter paper, chart sheet, low density polyethylene of 100µ, high density polyethylene of 200µ and control as without wrapping) and four storage time (1, 4, 7 and 10 days), were tested. After harvesting, cut spikes were wrapped in wrapping materials and kept in cold-store at low temperature (less than 5°C), thereafter cut spikes were placed in vase solution (4% sucrose plus 300 ppm 8-HQC) for recording observations on floral parameters. Result: Among different wrapping materials, the butter paper wrapped cut spikes observed better in most of the parameters followed by LDPE (100µ) wrapped cut spikes. Among the storage time, storage of cut spikes for 1 day observed better in most of the parameters except time taken up to opening of first pair of florets and total post-harvest life. Overall, butter paper wrapped cut spikes stored for 1 day performed better in term of floret diameter (46.73 mm), floret length (56.10 mm), floret longevity (2.89 days), appearance (3.70/5.0 scale), florets opened at a time (32.30%), total opened florets (54.32%), marketable vase life (6.53 days), total vase life (11.17 days), weight loss (17.08%) and solution consumed (135.33 ml) by the spikes. However, the cut spikes wrapped in butter paper stored for 10 days were found better with early opening of first pair of florets (0.95 days) and maximum post-harvest life (20.10 days).

Effect of gibberellic acid on growth and flowering attributes of African marigold (Tagetes erecta) in inner terai of Nepal

A field experiment was conducted at Bangaun, Lamahi-3, Dang, Nepal to study the effect of GA3 on growth and flowering attributes of African marigold (Tagetes erecta) in Inner Terai of Nepal. The experiment consists of three replications and 8 treatments and laid out in a randomized complete block design- consisting of various concentrations of GA3 viz. 0ppm, 50ppm, 100ppm, 150ppm, 200ppm, 250ppm, 300ppm, and 350ppm. Kolkata local variety of African marigold was tested. The study revealed that among different concentrations of GA3, 300ppm showed the tallest plant height (72.93cm) and the highest basal diameter (1.49cm). Maximum numbers of primary branches (3.11) and the greatest plant spread (32.11cm) were obtained from 250ppm; similarly, maximum numbers of secondary branches (13.80) were recorded in 350ppm. In the case of floral parameters both 100ppm and 350ppm recorded earlier days to 50% flowering (44.00 days each), days for 100% flowering was recorded almost similar in every treatment that sticks around 54 and 55 days, maximum diameter (5.370cm) of flowers were obtained from 50ppm, the greatest fresh weight (6.180g) was recorded in 350ppm, 250ppm showed a maximum number of flower per plant (104.13), similarly, a longer duration of flowering (58 days) was recorded in 300ppm. Among all treatments, the 250ppm level of GA3 was found to be most suitable in terms of production perspective.

Effect of putrescine and benzyl adenine on growth, flowering and post-harvest keeping quality parameters in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)

The experiment was conducted with the objective to study the effect of different anti-senescence compounds like putrescine and benzyl adenine (BA) on vegetative, floral, and post-harvest keeping quality of chrysanthemum cv. Punjab Shyamli. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design (RBD) and replicated thrice. Putrescine (@ 50, 100, and 150 ppm) and benzyl-adenine (@ 100, 150, and 200 ppm) were sprayed twice on cv. Punjab Shyamli (spray type and pompon) at bud initiation stage and at fully developed flower buds. Control plants were sprayed with normal water. Floral parameters were delayed and the vase life of cut stems was enhanced by benzyl adenine @ 200 ppm. The maximum delay of flower opening stage (116.33 days), number of sprays (5.00), and vase life (27.22 days) were obtained with benzyl-adenine @ 200 ppm treatment. The flower diameter was 4.53 cm with benzyl-adenine @ 200 ppm compared to 2.87 cm in control.

Standardization of nitrogen application for potted Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. kikiobiory

The present investigation was carried out to standardize nitrogen application for standard potted Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Kikiobiory at Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, PAU, Ludhiana during the year 2015-16. Six treatments of nitrogen viz. 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/pot were applied twice in the last week of September and October. The results of the study revealed that nitrogen application had significant effect on all the vegetative and floral parameters. The largest flower size (17.69 cm) was obtained with the nitrogen application of 400 mg/pot which was at par with 500 mg/ pot (17.67 cm). Application of nitrogen at 500 mg/pot recorded the highest plant height (75.47 cm), number of leaves per plant 75 days after planting (30.92), number of root suckers per plant (11.47) and delayed flower bud appearance (93.78 days), color break stage (122.59 days) and also shown flower quality deterioration by reducing the flowering duration (5.84 days) as compared to the other treatments. Therefore, it was concluded that 300 mg of nitrogen per pot applied twice was the standard dose for quality flower pot production in Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Kikiobiory.