Flora Of Peru Research Articles

Peruvian Medicinal Plants and Cosmopolitan Plants with Potential use in the Treatment of Respiratory Diseases and COVID-19

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, responsible for COVID-19, has caused more than 157 million infections and more than 3.2 million deaths. A short-term solution is the production of vaccines that confer temporary or permanent immunity. However, the genetic variants of the virus, with greater contagion and lethality capacity, the economic limitations of many countries in the world to acquire vaccines, the limited and controversial effectiveness of the drugs tested, the logistical problems of conservation and distribution of vaccines, among others, lead to proposing and developing other alternatives. One of these alternatives is the use of medicinal plants, especially those plants traditionally used in the treatment of respiratory tract diseases, both in Peru and the world, without risks or collateral problems for the human being and validated with phytochemical and ethnopharmacological studies. The flora of Peru is particularly rich in these species and even more so in endemic species, potentially useful against SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this review is to highlight some Peruvian medicinal plants and species introduced and commercialized in Peru (Cosmopolitan species) potentially useful in the treatment of respiratory diseases and COVID-19.

<em>Gentianella canoi</em> S.J.Castillo & J.S.Pringle sp. nov. (<em>Gentianaceae</em>), a new species from Peru

A new species of Gentianella (Gentianaceae) is described from the flora of Peru. Gentianella canoi S.J.Castillo & J.S.Pringle sp. nov., which inhabits high Andean rocky slopes of the Department of Ancash. This new species is related to G. gilgiana (Reimers) Fabris ex J.S.Pringle and G. tristicha (Gilg) J.S.Pringle, with which it shares a caespitose habit, numerous very narrow basal leaves, floriferous stems more than 20 cm high, and widely open corollas. It is differentiated from G. gilgiana mainly by its inflorescences, with 5–11 flowers —vs. 2 or 3—, and corollas 21–28 mm long —vs. 45–55 mm—; from G. tristicha in its opposite leaves —vs. verticillated—; and of both species in their pale yellow corollas —vs. red vermillion in G. gilgiana, lilac in G. tristicha— and in the absence of trichomes in the adaxial surface of the corolla.

Festuca rigescens (Poaceae, Pooideae, Loliinae) en Argentina y Chile

Festuca rigescens in known from the flora of Peru and Bolivia, but in this contribution we extend its geographical distribution to Chile and Argentina. We recircunscribe the specific limits of Festuca nardifolia, usually confused with the previous species, and we exclude it from Chile. We present illustrations and detailed descriptions of the morphology and anatomy of both species and a taxonomic key to discriminate between morphologically related species from Chile and Argentina. We designate lectotypes for F. deserticola and F. paupera, and new synonyms for F. rigescens: Festuca deserticola, F. paupera, F. petersonii, and F. saltana.

FESTUCA RIGESCENS (POACEAE, POOIDEAE, LOLIINAE) EN ARGENTINA Y CHILE

Festuca rigescens in known from the flora of Peru and Bolivia, but in this contribution we extend its geographical distribution to Chile and Argentina. We recircunscribe the specific limits of Festuca nardifolia, usually confused with the previous species, and we exclude it from Chile. We present illustrations and detailed descriptions of the morphology and anatomy of both species and a taxonomic key to discriminate between morphologically related species from Chile and Argentina. We designate lectotypes for F. deserticola and F. paupera, and new synonyms for F. rigescens: Festuca deserticola, F. paupera, F. petersonii, and F. saltana.

New Boraginaceae from Tropical America 2: Tournefortia vasquezii, a New Species from Peru

Tournefortia vasquezii J. S. Miller is described from Cajamarca, Peru. It is a distinctive species with setaceous sepals, 4-6 mm long, and its unusual bullate leaves are unique in the genus. While its relationships within the genus are not clear, it shares its shrubby growth form, setaceous sepals, ovate corolla lobes, and elongate styles with Tournefortia spicata J. S. Miller and T restrepoae J. S. Miller, other understory species of mid-elevation Andean forests. The genus Tournefortia L. occurs throughout the tropics, but is nearly absent in Africa and only sparsely represented in Indian Ocean islands and tropical Asia. The majority of its more than 150 species occur in the Neotropics (Johnston, 1930, 1935a, 1935b; Miller, 1988). South America, particularly the northern Andes, is especially rich in species of Tournefortia. Macbride (1960) recognized 22 species of Tournefortia in the Flora of Peru, Brako (1993) increased that number to 26, and the species described below is another of many narrowly distributed endemics from mid-elevation Andean forests, some of which have been recently described (Miller, 1989, 1995, 1997). The genus has largely been ignored in modern times and only addressed in floristic studies. The most modern treatments available for the South American species are from Johnston (1930, 1935a), neither of which covers the Andes, the center of diversity for the genus. Ellsworth P. Killip (unpublished) prepared a nearly complete manuscript treating the Andean species, several versions of which exist in the Smithsonian Institution, but this was never completed and published. The genus Tournefortia comprises three sections: T sect. Messerschmidia (L.) DC., a group of three unusual species with corky exocarps, T sect. Cyphocyema I. M. Johnston, a group of perhaps a dozen Neotropical species characterized by distinctly four-lobed fruits, and T sect. Tournefortia, a rather homogeneous, pantropical section of more than 100 species. Tournefortia vasquezii J. S. Miller, sp. nov. TYPE: Peru. Cajamarca: San Ignacio Province, San Jose de Lurdes, Santo Tomas, bosque primario, 4?55'S, 78'50'W, elev. 2200 m, 15 jun. 1995, R. Vasquez, C. Diaz & A. Torres 20220 (holotype, MO 4926847). Figure 1. Frutex sciophilus, ramulis pubescentibus. Folia alterna; lamina elliptica, 12-21.5 cm longa, 7-9.8 cm lata, apice acuminata, base cuneata ad acutam margine irregulariter et minute serrulata, bullata, areolis elevatis in trichomis terminantibus; petiolus 4-15 mm longus, supra canaliculatus, pubescens. Inflorescentia terminalis ex cyma dichotoma; pedicelli ca. 0.5 mm longis inter se 1-2 mm distantes. Flos sepalis setaceis 4-6 mm longis; corolla alba, tubuliformis, 6-8 mm longa, lobulis late ovatis, ca. 2 mm longis; antherae lanceoloideae, ca. 2 mm longae; stylus ca. 1.5 mm longus; stigma conoideum. Fructus ignotus. Soft-stemmed understory subshrub 0.3 m tall, the twigs rough and densely pubescent. Leaves alternate; leaf blades elliptic, 12-21.5 X 7-9.8 cm, acuminate at the apex, cuneate to acute at the base, minutely and irregularly serrulate along the margin, the teeth uneven in shape, often ending in a trichome or with an appressed trichome arising from the center of the upper surface of each tooth, the adaxial surface glabrous and smooth along the veins, bullate between the veins, each areole with 1 to 5 raised bullae, each terminating in an appressed to spreading, siliceous hair 0.6-1.2 mm long, the abaxial surface sparsely, but evenly, puberulent, the hairs curved, less than 0.5 mm long, the surface invaginated beneath the raised bullae of the adaxial surface, the venation brochidodromous, the midrib impressed above, the secondary veins 7 to 9; petioles 4-15 mm long, canaliculate on the adaxial surface, rough and densely pubescent. Inflorescence a terminal, once-dichotomously branched cyme, the branches ca. 2 cm long, the peduncle ca. 2 cm long, pubescent. Flowers bisexual, borne 1-2 mm apart on densely pubescent, short pedicels ca. 0.5 mm long; sepals setaceous, + equal in length, 4-6 mm long, with scattered, appressed to spreading curved hairs; corolla white, tubular, 6-8 mm long, sparsely appressed pubescent on the exterior surface, the lobes broadly ovate, ca. 2 mm long, ca. 2 mm wide, crenulate on NovoN 10: 45-47. 2000. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.124 on Sun, 11 Sep 2016 05:09:43 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Nomenclature of Sessea corymbiflora (Solanaceae) and Its Occurrence in Venezuela

The occurrence of Sessea corymbiflora in Venezuela is reported for the first time. It is presented here as a new species and an additional genus for the solanaceous flora of Venezuela. A description and illustration of the species are provided. The contorted nomenclature of S. corymbiflora is discussed, and the names S. corymbosa and S. atrovirens, in current use as referring to distinct entities, are reduced to synonymy. Sessea, a poorly known genus mainly of Andean regions of South America, was hitherto unknown in Venezuela. The plants and their flowers closely resemble those of the much larger genus Cestrum, but the fruits and seeds are quite distinctive. The species reported here was discovered among specimens of Cestrum while the authors worked on a taxonomic revision of this genus. Sessea was first described by Ruiz & Pav6n in their series of works on the flora of Peru and Chile. The genus was described and illustrated in the Prodromus (1794), two species were described in the Systema Vegetabilium (1798), and these were illustrated in the Flora Peruvianae et Chilensis (1799). The species reported here, S. corymbifora Taylor & Phillips, was described two decades later from material collected in Colombia. The larger genus Cestrum, which is similar to Sessea, was described by Linnaeus in 1753. Besides the original descriptions noted and other minor comments, the genus has had overall consideration by only three botanists, Bitter (1922), Francey(1933, 1934, 1935: 46-51), and Toledo (1941). Bitter arranged species into five series, and Francey and Toledo provided keys to the species published up to the time of their works. Diversity is apparently greatest in Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, although two species occur in Brazil, one is recorded from Haiti, and we report one from Venezuela. NOVON 3: 324-327. 1993. THE GENUS SESSEA Sessea Ruiz & Pav6n, Fl. Peruv. 21. 1794. TYPE: S. stipulata Ruiz & Pavon, (lectotype, designated by D'Arcy, Solanac. Newsl. 2(4): 30. 1986). Sesseopsis Hassler, Ann. Cons. Jard. Bot. Geneve. 20: 183. 1916. TYPE: S. vischeri (Chodat) Hassler = Sessea vischeri Chodat cf. Hunziker (1977). In traditional classifications (D'Arcy, 1991), Sessea is placed in the Solanaceae in tribe Cestreae of subfamily Cestroideae. This tribe comprises five genera. Three of these are monotypic with widely separated distributions (D'Arcy, 1992): Metternichia-Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Tsoala-western Madagascar; and Vestia-south-central Chile. Each of these has corollas and fruit quite different from Sessea, although Vestia is most similar in overall appearance. The remaining two genera are Sessea and Cestrum. Cestrum includes over 150 species distributed throughout warm regions of the Americas, and it is the only genus in the tribe with a juicy, berry fruit that is dispersed by birds. All members of tribe Cestreae except Cestrum have a dry capsule. In Tsoala, dehiscence of the capsule is unknown, but in Sessea, Vestia, and Metternichia, the capsule is longitudinally dehiscent. Sessea corymbiflora Goudot ex Taylor & Phillips, Phil. Mag. 3: 132. 1828. TYPE: in woods near Bogota, Goudot 1 (lectotype, P; isolectotypes, K not seen, G-DC not seen, microfiche MO,

Four New Species of Meliosma (Sabiaceae) from Peru

Four new species of Meliosma are de- scribed from the Peruvian Andes as M. pumila, M. simiarum, M. sirensis, and M. youngii. Meliosma is emblematic of Peruvian cloud forest plants in its tendency to local endemism and in the incompleteness of taxonomic knowledge about it. Not a single species of Sabiaceae was known from Peru when Macbride (1956) treated related families in the Flora of Peru, but at least 17 Meliosma species (and three of lowland Ophiocaryon) are now known from the country (Gentry, 1986, in press). Four of the most distinctive of these are described here, all from the Peruvian Andes. These four spe- cies are all shrubs or small trees or treelets and are the smallest in stature of any neotropical Meliosma. Three of them are also among the smallest-leaved species of the genus; the fourth is a large-leaved pachycaul treelet.

A Contribution to the Moss Flora of Peru, including a New Species of Dicranum

Dicranum gregoryi, a new species in the Orthodicranum-group of Dicranum, Campylopus benedictii, Leptodontium viticulosoides var. exasperatum, and Brachythecium austrosalebrosum, are reported from Peru along with fourteen additional departmental records. In view of Peru's tropical locality and immense vertical relief, its moss flora, of approximately 820 species (Mario Menzel, pers. comm), is surprisingly small. However, the number of mosses known from Peru is steadily increasing as specific groups in Peru are studied (Frahm 1984; Frahm & Hegewald 1979; Griffin & Hegewald 1986; Pursell & Hegewald 1979) and additional collections are made (Hegewald & Hegewald 1977, 1985; Menzel 1986; Menzel & Schultze-Motel 1986, 1987). Some indication of the potential richness of the Peruvian moss flora is evident in a small (66 numbers) collection made by Gregory K. Allen in the Peruvian departments of Ancash and Cuzco. This collection contained a new species of Dicranum, three Peruvian records, and fourteen departmental records, which are reported alphabetically in the following list (records for Peru are marked by an asterisk). A complete set of these mosses is deposited in the herbarium of B. Allen. Duplicates of the mosses reported in this paper are at Mo. All collections were made by G. K. Allen at three sites. To simplify citation of specimens, the following abbreviations are used: Yungay-ca. 16 km E of Yungay, 4,267 m, 24, 25, 28 June 1984; Ishinca--Quebrada Ishinca, ca. 9.6 km NE of Huaraz, 8 July 1984; Machu Picchu-ca. 3 km E of Agua Caliente, 18 July 1984. ANOMOBRYUM FILIFORME (Dicks.) Solm. in Rabenh. ANCASH: Yungay, on ground, 4342a. Previous departmental records: Amazonas, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Cuzco, Junin, La Libertad, Lima, Madre de Dios, Pasco, and Puno. BARTRAMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA Mitt. ANCASH: Ishinca, on ground, 4295a. This species is similar to B. longifolia. It differs in the typically deciduous upper limb, its non-reflexed upper leaf margins, and the presence of a narrow basal leaf margin of large, hyaline cells. It is also known from the department of Amazonas as well as from Ecuador and

A New Peruvian Styloceras (Buxaceae): Discovery of a Phytogeographical Missing Link

A New Peruvian Styloceras (Buxaceae): Discovery of a Phytogeographical Missing Link

Families of Spermatophytes Included in the Flora of Peru Published in Fieldiana

Families of Spermatophytes Included in the Flora of Peru Published in Fieldiana

Flowers for the King: The expedition of Ruiz and Pavon and the Flora of Peru.

Flowers for the King: The expedition of Ruiz and Pavon and the Flora of Peru.

Cultivated Plants and Cultural Diffusion in Nuclear America1

T HE presence of certain plants in an archaeological deposit gives a reliable clue as to whether a particular people depended upon wild plants or had an economy based upon agriculture. The use of plants in tracing cultural diffusion, however, has not always produced clear-cut resulfs-as indicated, for example, by controversy over cultural connections between Pacific Islands and Asia with America (Merrill 1950). Of particular concern in present paper is area known as Nuclear America which extends from central Mexico to Peru. According to Willey (1955), the native agricultural civilizations . . . had their beginnings and highest development in this area, and the archaeological records in Middle American and Peruvian centers support hypothesis of an early and significant contact between two areas. Chard (1950), however, has argued that trade between Central and South America was rather late and not particularly significant. In a later paper Willey (1960) points out that it is not clear whether there was an exchange of plants between early Peruvian and Meso-American farmers, but that definite connections existed by 700 B.C. when maize appeared in Peru. It is purpose here to try to assess plant evidence bearing on connections between high cultural centers of new world. Such an attempt is premature in many ways but may serve to emphasize some of significant gaps in our know!edge. The present task was made immensely easier by publication of Towle's Ethnobotany of Pre-Columbian Peru (1961). Dressler's (1953) and Carl Sauer's (1950) summaries have also been extremely useful. Unfortunately no published floras are complete for any of major areas under review. However, Standley and Steyermark's Flora of Guatemala (1946) and Standley's other floras of Central American regions and Macbride's Flora of Peru (1936-) have been of help. Recent monographic treatments of various groups have also been consulted. The plants apparently in cultivation in Meso-America, in South America, or in both areas, in prehistoric times are given in Table 1. The list is not complete, but an attempt has been made to include all of major plants as well as a representative sample of minor ones, some of which may be better considered semi-cultivated. Plants apparently domesticated in northern Mexico as well as

Flowers for the King; The Expedition of Ruiz and Pavon and the Flora of Peru.

Flowers for the King; The Expedition of Ruiz and Pavon and the Flora of Peru.

Flowers for the King. The Expedition of Ruiz and Pavon and the "Flora of Peru"

Flowers for the King. The Expedition of Ruiz and Pavon and the "Flora of Peru"

Flowers for the King: The Expedition of Ruiz and Pavón and the Flora of Perú. By Arthur Robert Steele. (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1964. Pp. xv, 378. Illustrations. $10.00.)

Flowers for the King: The Expedition of Ruiz and Pavón and the Flora of Perú. By Arthur Robert Steele. (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1964. Pp. xv, 378. Illustrations. $10.00.)

Flowers for the King. The Expedition of Ruiz and Pavon and the Flora of Peru

Flowers for the King. The Expedition of Ruiz and Pavon and the Flora of Peru

Flowers for the King. Ruiz and Pavon and the Flora of Peru. Arthur Robert Steele

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsFlowers for the King. Ruiz and Pavon and the Flora of Peru. Arthur Robert Steele J. Hampton HochJ. Hampton Hoch Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Isis Volume 55, Number 3Sep., 1964 Publication of the History of Science Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/349890 Views: 1Total views on this site Copyright 1964 History of Science Society, Inc.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

New Taxa of Peruvian Piperaceae

The most recent comprehensive survey of the Piperaceae of Peru was published by the late William Trelease in 1936 as part of Macbride's Flora of Peru'. More recently, additional taxa have been described by the writer2. The family is unusually well represented in Peru and it is believed that collections made in more remote, and as yet unexplored areas, will reveal many additional undescribed members. It has not been possible to match the following described collections with any so far known and it is believed that they represent species and varieties not hitherto published.

Flora of Peru

Flora of Peru

Flora of Peru

Flora of Peru