Floor Surface Research Articles

Bioinspired cooperation in a heterogeneous robot swarm using ferrofluid artificial pheromones for uncontrolled environments

This article presents a novel bioinspired technology for the cooperation and coordination of heterogeneous robot swarms in uncontrolled environments, utilizing an artificial pheromone composed of magnetized ferrofluids. Communication between different types of robots is achieved indirectly through stigmergy, where messages are inherently associated with specific locations. This approach is advantageous for swarm experimentation outside controlled laboratory spaces, where localization is typically managed through centralized camera systems (e.g. infrared, RGB). Applying pheromone principles has also proven beneficial for various swarm behaviors. We introduce a detection methodology for the artificial ferrofluid pheromone using low-cost magnetic sensors, along with signal processing and parameter characterization. Experiments involved a heterogeneous swarm consisting of two types of robots: one equipped with camera and image processing capabilities and the other with basic sensor technologies. Validation in multiple uncontrolled environments (with varying floor surfaces, wind, and light conditions) demonstrated successful cooperation among robots with differing technological complexities using the proposed technology.

Aerodynamic and codification study of low-rise buildings: Part II – Partially elevated structures

This study constitutes part II of an extensive study where the aerodynamics of elevated buildings is investigated using large-scale wind tunnel testing. Part II focuses on the case of elevated buildings with partially enclosed spaces beneath the elevated floor. For this purpose, four 1:10 scaled models of elevated single-story gable-roof buildings were selected, three of which were partially elevated with enclosed regions covering areas ranging from 19% to 54% of the model footprint. The tests aimed to examine the effect of the enclosed regions below the floor on the distribution of the localized peak pressure coefficients on the walls, floor, and roof surfaces of the models. Furthermore, the study evaluates the ASCE 7–22 provisions and the proposed provisions, presented by the authors in Part I, for estimating external wind pressure coefficients acting on the floor, roof, and walls of elevated buildings. The results indicate that enclosed regions below the floor significantly alter the aerodynamics of elevated low-rise buildings and could increase the wind-induced loads on the roof and walls of such structures, with the increase in some cases exceeding 80%. Furthermore, the results align well with the proposed modifications by the authors in Part I to the ASCE 7 provisions for estimating the external pressure coefficients for the various zones of low-rise buildings, addressing the underestimation issues previously identified within the current ASCE standard.

Field and laboratory perspectives on fentanyl and carfentanil decontamination

Abuse of the highly toxic compound fentanyl and its analogues is increasing, raising serious public health concerns due to their potency and availability. Therefore, there is a need for decontamination methodologies to safely remove fentanyl to avoid harmful exposure. In this study, the efficacy of commercial and in-house synthesized decontamination agents (Dahlgren Decon, RSDL (Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion), FAST-ACT (First applied sorbent treatment against chemical threats), GDS2000, alldecont MED, bleach, Domestos Spray Bleach, Effekt Klor, MgO, TiO2-nanodiamond, and CeO2) were evaluated for the degradation of fentanyl and carfentanil under controlled laboratory conditions and on wooden floor surfaces. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis showed that oxidative decontamination agents were the most effective, with N-oxides identified as major degradation products. The physiological effects of these N-oxides were also investigated regarding their ability to activate the µ-opioid receptor and their metabolism in human liver microsomes. The results provide empirical evidence that complements prior research findings on the degradation of fentanyl and carfentanil using a variety of decontamination agents.

High-Speed Removal Process for Organic Polymers by Non-Thermal Atmospheric-Pressure Spark Discharge at Room Temperature and Its Mechanism

Heel marks (HMs) are a type of dirt stain consisting of polyester-based urethane rubber on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) floor surfaces. The rapid removal of HMs was achieved by using non-thermal atmospheric-pressure plasma technology. Mimetic HMs were prepared by coating PVC floor samples with HMs to a thickness of 13.9 μm. The removal area, thickness, and volume were measured after applying spark discharges at high voltage and a repetition rate of 50 kHz. The treated surfaces were analyzed by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and pyrolysis–gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Py-GC/TOFMS). Removal rates of 20 mm2/min in area, 52 mm3/min in volume, and 7 μm/min in depth were achieved with an inter-electrode distance of 10.0 mm and an air flow rate of 20 standard liters per minute. A removal depth of 10 μm/min was achieved without air supply. The mechanism of stain removal by spark discharge was modeled by decomposing the original high-molecular-weight molecules in polyester-based urethane rubber into low-molecular-weight molecules, such as methylene diisocyanate (MDI) components. The results of this study may facilitate the development of a novel electric vacuum cleaner capable of removing floor stains.

Experimental analysis of a radiant floor system incorporating phase change materials: Thermal performance and energy efficiency

The incorporation of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) in radiant floors has the potential to improve the thermal and energy performance of the system. PCMs can act as thermal batteries, providing additional thermal energy storage capacity to Radiant Floor Systems (RFS). However, in the case of wet construction, when PCMs are incorporated into the enveloping mortar surrounding the RFS water pipes, the resulting specific heat and thermal conductivity can pose a challenge to system performance. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impact that the incorporation of microencapsulated PCM (mPCM) in the RFS mortar has on the thermal and energy performance of the system. To tackle this objective, an experimental setup was constructed consisting of two RFS specimens: one reference and the other with mPCM within an innovative mortar. The two specimens were then tested under different heating strategies controlled by: i) timer, and ii) floor surface temperature setpoint. The thermal performance of the PCM-RFS and operating time were compared with the reference RFS. Timer-controlled intermittent heating has proven beneficial when the heating strategy is established to combine renewable solar energy and off-peak electricity tariffs. Thermal fluctuation was reduced and the PCM phase change process was mobilized twice in 24 h, maintaining surface floor temperatures of the PCM-RFS within comfort levels throughout the test period. When the heat source is controlled by floor surface temperature setpoint, the thermophysical properties of the PCM-RFS led to longer operating times, however mitigating high intermittency of the heat source activations, resulting in more regular operation mode, easier control and avoiding peak heating loads.

A simple device to simulate the radon vertical migration in soil

The knowledge of the soil radon levels is important for the planning and construction of new buildings in order to estimate the radon risk and to classify the ground for construction purposes. A simple device was developed to simulate the vertical migration of radon in soil. The device simulates the vertical migration of radon in two different cases. The first case: simulates radon vertical migration in soil in a natural environment. The top of the device is open, while the around and bottom are sealed. The second case: simulates the vertical migration of radon in soil under the surface of a concrete floor. The device is sealed all around, including the top and bottom. A total of two sets of experiments were conducted in this study, each set of experiments simulated the migration of radon under two different cases. According to the research results, the potential radon concentration under the concrete floor is much higher than the natural potential radon concentration. Therefore, this factor must be fully considered when selecting the building materials and designing radon protection materials.

Incidence and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Fomites in Critical Units of General Hospital Katsina

Study’s Excerpt Investigation of the role of fomites in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens, specifically Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, within various units of General Hospital Katsina was carried out. The results reveal high contamination of fomites in the male ward, with significant bacterial colony counts, and the differing susceptibility profiles of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa to commonly used antibiotics. There is need for improved infection control and antibiotic stewardship in the region. Full Abstract Nosocomial infections, predominantly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, continue to be a major public health challenge, especially in developing countries, due to their associated morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to isolate and identify bacterial pathogens from fomites in the Accident and Emergency (A&E) unit, male ward, and female ward of General Hospital Katsina and to evaluate their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. A total of 90 swab samples were collected from frequently touched items such as beddings, door handles, floor surfaces, scissors, and forceps across the three locations. Standard microbiological techniques were utilized for the isolation and identification of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, followed by antibacterial susceptibility testing using the disc diffusion method. Bacterial growth was observed in 58 (64.4%) samples, with S. aureus accounting for 32 (55.2%) and P. aeruginosa for 26 (44.8%) of the isolates. The male ward exhibited the highest contamination levels, with a mean colony count of 725.25 CFU/plate, significantly higher than the female ward (487.67 CFU/plate) and the A&E unit (48 CFU/plate), as confirmed by a one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Chi-square analysis revealed no statistically significant association between bacterial species and hospital location (p = 0.823). The susceptibility testing showed that S. aureus isolates were generally susceptible to Gentamycin, Ciprofloxacin, and Pefloxacin but resistant to Amoxicillin. Conversely, P. aeruginosa displayed high resistance to Gentamycin and Septrin. Conclusively, these findings revealed the critical role of fomites in the transmission of pathogens and highlighted the need for enhanced infection control measures and targeted antibiotic stewardship programs to mitigate the risks associated with these infections.

Intelligent Surface Recognition for Autonomous Tractors Using Ensemble Learning with BNO055 IMU Sensor Data

This study aims to enhance the navigation capabilities of autonomous tractors by predicting the surface type they are traversing using data collected from BNO055 Inertial Measurement Units (IMU sensors). IMU sensor data were collected from a small mobile robot driven over seven different floor surfaces within a university environment, including tile, carpet, grass, gravel, asphalt, concrete, and sand. Several machine learning models, including Logistic Regression, K-Neighbors, SVC, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, AdaBoost, and XGBoost, were trained and evaluated to predict the surface type based on the sensor data. The results indicate that Random Forest and XGBoost achieved the highest accuracy, with scores of 98.5% and 98.7% in K-Fold Cross-Validation, respectively, and 98.8% and 98.6% in an 80/20 Random State split. These findings demonstrate that ensemble methods are highly effective for this classification task. Accurately identifying surface types can prevent operational errors and improve the overall efficiency of autonomous systems. Integrating these models into autonomous tractor systems can significantly enhance adaptability and reliability across various terrains, ensuring safer and more efficient operations.

Descending Stairs Detection Using Digital Image Processing to Guide Visually Impaired

Blindness refers to a condition in which an individual experiences limitations in their visual ability. Individuals with visual impairments require specific assistance to facilitate their movement from one location to another. The need for this assistance arises due to various obstacles scattered throughout their environment. One of the most significant challenges is navigating descending stairs. To address this issue, a descending stairs detection system based on digital image processing has been developed. Through this approach, the mobility of individuals with visual impairments can be enhanced. The descending stairs detection system is designed using the Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) method to extract distinctive features of descending stairs and the surrounding floor surfaces. Seven GLCM features are incorporated into the development of this system, allowing it to differentiate between descending stairs and floors using the Extra Tree Classifier classification method. Through a series of tests, the system's accuracy is measured at 84%, demonstrating its adequate ability to identify descending stairs. Additionally, the average computation time for detecting descending stairs and floors is recorded at 0.121 (s), indicating the efficient performance of this system in supporting the mobility of individuals in need.

Forest canopy cover affects microclimate buffering during an extreme heat event

Increasing temperatures and extreme heat episodes have become more common with climate change. While forests are known to buffer increasing temperatures (relative to non-forested areas), whether this buffering is maintained under extreme temperature events is relatively unknown. Here we assess whether forests continue to buffer microclimate (specifically temperatures) during an extreme heat event: the Pacific Northwest (PNW) heat dome in June 2021. We use a combination of ground-based and regional climate data and find that forest understories were 3 °C cooler than a clear-cut area and 4 °C cooler than regional temperatures during the PNW heat dome. By examining forests with different levels of canopy cover we also found that the buffering capacity of forests is greater under denser canopies even under extreme heat events. Additionally, we found vertical variation in thermal buffering, with the greatest amount of buffering at the surface of the forest floor. Overall, our findings suggest that temperate coastal forests, that are known to buffer average temperatures, can also act as microclimate buffers during extreme heat events like the heat dome that occurred in the PNW in 2021. This could be good news for forest dwelling organisms that are sensitive to such extreme heat events.

Kinematic Analysis of the Final Release position of elite Archer

The purpose of the study was kinematical analysis of an Elite archers. In present study total sample five Indian International level male Recurve category Archers was selected by Purposive sampling technique from SAI Archery training Center Sonipat. The age of the subjects was between 24 (± 5) years, hight of the subjects 6.0` (± 5 Inch), participation year between 2016-2022, shooting FITA score between 650-720 in archery was selected as a subjects for the study. According to Casio EX-F1 high speed camera was used, which have frequency from 60-300 frames per second (f/s). The data were recorded from Superior view, Lateral view, Anterior view and Medial view. The distance between shooting line and target is 70 meter. Shooting line is passed horizontally through the Center of Gravity box, Center of Gravity box is a square box drown with the measurement of 1×1 m, Center of Gravity box is equally divided into 4 parts. A straight line is passed vertically on it and a horizontal line which is shooting line and is drawn 70 meter apart from the target. The distance between bull eye of the target and the floor surface is 5 feet. Siliconcoach Pro8 update motion analysis software and Tracker motion analysis software was used for kinematical analysis of at the time of final release position in archery. Descriptive statistic was used. To find out multi correlation between dependent variable performance on target 1-10 (bull eye) in points and independent variables (selected linear variables). The significant correlation was found between Height of body Center of Mass, Height of body Center of Gravity, Height of Projectile and obtained value (-.893), (.878), (-.945) is greater than tabulated value of (.878) therefore it shows significant relationship of this independent variable with performance in archery. Whereas, in case of Body force aliment right medial, Body force aliment left medial the obtained values (.360) and (.770) are lower than tabulated value of (.878) therefore it shows insignificant relationship of these independent variable with performance in archery. The significant correlations with height variables suggest that certain aspects of an archer's body positioning, such as the height of the center of mass, center of gravity, and projectile, play a crucial role in archery performance. The negative correlation with the height of the center of mass implies that a lower center of mass is associated with better performance. The insignificant correlations with body forced alignment variables suggest that, at least within the parameters measured, the lateral alignment of the body (right and left medial) does not significantly influence performance in archery. Since the significant relationship was found between Height of body Center of Mass and Height of body Center of Gravity, Height of Projectile and Body force aliment left medial of the subject among independent variables as calculated “r” (-.960), (.887), (-.959) is found greater than the required tabulated value of (.878) at .05 level of significance. In case be seen the significant relationship was found between Height of body Center of Gravity and Body force aliment left medial of the subject among independent variables as calculated “r” (.935), is found greater than the required tabulated value of (.878) at .05 level of significance. The strong correlations among these variables indicate a close relationship between the height-related kinematic variables (center of mass, center of gravity, and projectile) and the lateral alignment of the body (body forced alignment left medial). The negative correlations suggest that as the height of the center of mass decreases, the height of the center of gravity and the height of the projectile tend to decrease, and as the height of the projectile decreases, the body forced alignment left medial tends to increase. The study concludes that there is a statistically significant and positive relationship between the height of the center of gravity and body forced alignment on the left medial side in archery. This finding implies that variations in the height of the center of gravity are associated with corresponding changes in the lateral alignment of the body, specifically towards the left medial side.

In-Clinic and Natural Gait Observations master protocol (I-CAN-GO) to validate gait using a lumbar accelerometer

Traditional measurements of gait are typically performed in clinical or laboratory settings where functional assessments are used to collect episodic data, which may not reflect naturalistic gait and activity patterns. The emergence of digital health technologies has enabled reliable and continuous representation of gait and activity in free-living environments. To provide further evidence for naturalistic gait characterization, we designed a master protocol to validate and evaluate the performance of a method for measuring gait derived from a single lumbar-worn accelerometer with respect to reference methods. This evaluation included distinguishing between participants’ self-perceived different gait speed levels, and effects of different floor surfaces such as carpet and tile on walking performance, and performance under different bouts, speed, and duration of walking during a wide range of simulated daily activities. Using data from 20 healthy adult participants, we found different self-paced walking speeds and floor surface effects can be accurately characterized. Furthermore, we showed accurate representation of gait and activity during simulated daily living activities and longer bouts of outside walking. Participants in general found that the devices were comfortable. These results extend our previous validation of the method to more naturalistic setting and increases confidence of implementation at-home.

Collaborative anthracology and cultural understandings of wood charcoal in Marra Country (northern Australia)

This paper presents results from the first collaborative anthracological (archaeological wood charcoal analysis) study in northern Australia’s southwest Gulf of Carpentaria region. The analysis focused on charcoal from a Late Holocene combustion feature and surrounding dispersed charcoal on a buried floor surface. The results suggest that the combustion feature likely functioned as a ground oven associated with a potential specific function, with the majority of fuel wood coming from wakuwaku/marnunggurrun (Callitris columellaris or White Cypress Pine) and Myrtaceae species. These species are found in low woodlands associated with hilly and freshwater springs settings, and their abundance and dispersal are influenced by fire regimes (e.g., Aboriginal fire regimes). Information provided by members of the Marra Aboriginal community about our findings focused on the social and cultural significance of wakuwaku/marnunggurrun, with particular emphasis around its role in past and present wood collection strategies (fire-making and transport, high value timber etc.). By exploring how anthracology and cultural knowledge intersect to generate new understandings about the relational qualities of wood (charcoal), we aim to highlight how collaborative archaeobotany can help reorient research questions in the discipline, providing an opportunity to make such specialised analyses meaningful to communities.

A randomized controlled trial of low-frequency repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with poststroke neurogenic bladder

Urinary incontinence is a common complication in stroke survivors for whom new interventions are needed. This study investigated the therapeutic effect of low-frequency (LF) repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the contralesional primary motor cortex (M1) in patients with poststroke urinary incontinence (PSI). A total of 100 patients were randomly assigned to the rTMS group or sham-rTMS group on basis of the intervention they received. Both groups underwent five treatment sessions per week for 4 weeks. Data from the urodynamic examination were used as the primary outcome. The secondary outcome measures were questionnaires and pelvic floor surface electromyography. After 4 weeks of intervention, the maximum cystometric capacity (MCC), maximum detrusor pressure (Pdet.max), residual urine output, overactive bladder score (OABSS) (including frequency, urgency, and urgency urinary incontinence), and the ICIQ-UI SF improved significantly in the rTMS group compared with those in the sham-rTMS group (P < 0.05). However, no changes in pelvic floor muscle EMG were detected in patients with PSI (both P > 0.05). Our data confirmed that 4 weeks of LF-rTMS stimulation on the contralateral M1 positively affects poststroke urinary incontinence in several aspects, such as frequency, urgency urinary incontinence, MCC, end-filling Pdet, OABSS, and ICIQ-UI SF scores.

Botulinum toxin type A injection combined with biofeedback in the treatment of spastic pelvic floor syndrome.

Spastic pelvic floor syndrome (SPFS) is a refractory pelvic floor disease characterized by abnormal (uncoordinated) contractions of the external anal sphincter and puborectalis muscle during defecation, resulting in rectal emptation and obstructive constipation. The clinical manifestations of SPFS are mainly characterized by difficult defecation, often accompanied by a sense of anal blockage and drooping. Manual defecation is usually needed during defecation. From physical examination, it is commonly observed that the patient's anal muscle tension is high, and it is difficult or even impossible to enter with his fingers. To investigate the characteristics of anorectal pressure and botulinum toxin A injection combined with biofeedback in treating pelvic floor muscle spasm syndrome. Retrospective analysis of 50 patients diagnosed with pelvic floor spasm syndrome. All patients underwent pelvic floor surface electromyography assessment, anorectal dynamics examination, botulinum toxin type A injection 100 U intramuscular injection, and two cycles of biofeedback therapy. After the botulinum toxin A injection combined with two cycles of biofeedback therapy, the patient's postoperative resting and systolic blood pressure were significantly lower than before surgery (P < 0.05). Moreover, the electromyography index of the patients in the resting stage and post-resting stages was significantly lower than before surgery (P < 0.05). Botulinum toxin A injection combined with biofeedback can significantly reduce pelvic floor muscle tension in treating pelvic floor muscle spasm syndrome. Anorectal manometry is an effective method to evaluate the efficacy of treatment objectively. However, randomized controlled trials are needed.

A circular approach to stone wool: Alkali-activated lightweight aggregates

This study investigates the high-value recycling of stone wool from construction and demolition waste into alkali-activated lightweight insulation aggregates, designed for ground cover insulation. Various proportions of milled and as-is stone wools are alkali-activated to produce aggregates. The aggregates demonstrate loose bulk densities ranging from 720 to 850 kg m−3 and dry thermal conductivity from 0.075 to 0.094 W m−1·K−1, with moderate water sorption capacities. The fibre morphology of as-is stone wool influences rheology, introducing a greater number of pores or defects, which results in a decrease in mechanical strength. Hydrothermal simulations reveal that the floor assembly of the rehabilitated crawl space, partially filled with the fabricated aggregates, shows a reduction in water content and an increase in floor surface temperature. This observation suggests potential benefits for maintaining the structural integrity of buildings and enhancing occupant comfort.

Comparing impact insulation measured with the rubber ball versus the tapping machine

ASTM test methods for measuring impact noise insulation use a standard tapping machine, which generates impact noise by dropping steel hammers on the floor surface. An alternative source is the heavy/soft impact source or rubber ball, which is defined in ISO 10140. The heavy/soft source was developed in Japan to correlate with sources such as walking without shoes and children jumping. Compared to the tapping machine, it generates elevated noise levels at low frequencies and generally negligible noise above about 500 Hz. The relationship between low frequency impact noise insulation measured with the tapping machine, such as LIIC, and with the heavy/soft source has not been well characterized for assemblies that are common in North America. The authors present field and laboratory data of impact insulation with both sources, and analyze the data to describe the relationship between the sources and what information they provide to the designers of floor assemblies.

Investigation of the Temperature Distribution and Energy Consumption of an Integrated Carbon Fiber Paper-Embedded Electric-Heated Floor

This study examined spatial and temporal thermal performance and energy consumption. The temperature distribution in the running period was monitored in test rooms with integrated electric- and hot water-heated floors. The short- and long-term energy consumption of the two heating systems were recorded and compared. The results indicated that the integrated electric heating system generated higher temperatures for indoor air and on the exterior surface of the wooden floor than the hot water heating system; meanwhile, the difference in the mean temperatures of the exterior and rear surfaces of the electric-heated floor was 2.44 °C, while that of the hot water-heated test room was 13.25 °C. The efficient structure of the integrated electric heating system saved 22.97% energy compared to the hot water system after short-term (7 h) charging and reaching a dynamic balance, and it efficiently increased the energy utilization rate to 11.81%. After long-term charging, the daily energy consumption of the integrated electric heating system consumed much less energy than the hot water system every month. The integrated electric heating system saved 62.55% and 34.30% of energy in May and January, respectively, and consumed less than half of the energy the hot water system consumed in the less cold months. Therefore, a high-efficiency and energy-saving integrated electric-heated floor could be a potential indoor heating solution.

Experimental and Numerical Study of Newly Assembled Lightweight Radiant Floor Heating System

In this study, the heating capacity of a new prefabricated assembled hot water radiant modular heating system made from a recycled waste building masonry structure is investigated through experimental and numerical simulation methods. The heating capacity of the system in different working conditions (a water supply temperature of 48 °C, 51 °C, 56 °C, and 61 °C; a flow rate of 0.49 m3/h, 0.35 m3/h, and 0.21 m3/h) is analyzed and verified. A three-dimensional steady-state heat transfer numerical model of the floor heat transfer of the module is established, and the accuracy of the model is verified through the measured results to investigate the heating capacity of this system under different water supply temperatures, flow rates and coil spacings. The results show that the new prefabricated hot water radiant module heating system has a 0.9 °C higher air temperature and 2.1 °C higher average floor surface temperature than the traditional wet floor radiant heating system under the same experimental conditions, and the response time is 44% shorter. The water supply temperature can significantly change the heating capacity of the system, while the water supply flow rate has little effect on the system. The established three-dimensional steady-state numerical model can be in good agreement with the measured results. This study can provide an experimental and theoretical basis for the design and application of such systems.

SWOT analysis of risk prevention and control of microorganism pollution in shopping malls and supermarkets

To understand the status and problems of microbial pollution in shopping malls and supermarkets in China. Microbial pollution in shopping malls and supermarkets was assessed by literature search, key information extraction and analysis. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats(SWOT) of risk control of pathogenic microorganisms in shopping malls and supermarkets were analyzed by SWOT analysis. Common bacteria in the indoor air of shopping malls and supermarkets included staphylococcus and Bacillus, and common fungi include Aspergillus and Penicillium. The bacteria detected in dust samples, escalator surfaces and floor surfaces were mainly Proteobacteria and Actinomyces. The complete public places laws and regulations, standards and health supervision system were the advantages of the risk prevention and control countermeasures of microbial contamination in shopping malls and supermarkets. At the same time, it also had the disadvantages of incomplete microbial-related indexes in the premises, and insufficiently detailed countermeasures for prevention and control in the premises. There were opportunities for multi-sectoral participation and post-licensing risk prevention, and it was also facing challenges brought by many factors affecting the health microenviroment and over-disinfection. The main sites for microbial risk prevention and control in superstore-type public places included high-frequency contact areas, key public supplies and utensils, indoor air, etc. , which could be prevented and controlled through a variety of measures such as controlling the release of the source, dilution and reduction, disinfection and denaturation, etc. , and exploring a comprehensive prevention and control system that involves the autonomy of the organization, industry self-regulation, collaboration of multi-government departments, and participation of the whole society.