Floating Treatment Wetlands Research Articles

Floating Treatment Wetlands Made of HDPE and PET Can Be Sources of Microplastics

Floating Treatment Wetlands Made of HDPE and PET Can Be Sources of Microplastics

Nitrate Removal by Floating Treatment Wetlands under Aerated and Unaerated Conditions: Field and Laboratory Results

Nitrate Removal by Floating Treatment Wetlands under Aerated and Unaerated Conditions: Field and Laboratory Results

Enhanced pollution removal from canal water by coupling aeration to floating treatment wetlands

Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) are natural solutions for purifying polluted water, providing a green surface area and improving city landscape. This study investigated if the efficiency of FTWs can be improved by aeration for treating contaminated canal water. The three used plant species were Canna generalis, Phragmites australis, and Cyperus alternifolius. The experiment was carried out in three FTWs with aeration and three without aeration to compare the removal for COD, NH4 +-N, E. coli, PO4 3−-P, and Fe. In the aerated FTWs, air blowers were installed to run at two different air flow rates of 2.5 L min−1 (Batch 1) and 1.0 L min−1 (Batch 2). Aeration increased the dissolved oxygen concentrations in each tank, which came over 6.5 mg L−1 in both batches. This study sheds light on the positive impact of aeration has on COD and NH4 +-N removal: these are nearly three-fold higher compared to non-aeration conditions and reached approximately 99% (1.7-log reduction) for E. coli removal. Additionally, the plant growth rate in the aerated FTWs was higher than in the non-aerated ones. The average shoot growth rate of Phragmites australis was 0.76 cm d−1 for the aerated FTW which was two-fold higher compared to the non-aerated one.

Potential of ecological water treatment elements to reduce pollution of river water used for urban agriculture in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Cities in developing countries, such as Addis Ababa, face enormous challenges as a result of high demand for food and clean water, as well as the generation of large amounts of urban waste that is discharged into natural water bodies, contaminating rivers, lakes, and other freshwater bodies used in urban agriculture. Farmers in Addis Ababa and nearby areas use polluted irrigation water diverted from the highly contaminated Little and Great Akaki rivers. The study aimed to assess how well a floating treatment wetland with vetiver grass could reduce irrigation water pollution at the Mekanisa-Gofa-Lafto Cooperative (MGLC) farm in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Additionally, the study sought to provide design recommendations that could be implemented at the farmer level. The irrigation water underwent a 7-day treatment using a Vetiver grass floating treatment wetland. A field test was also conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the floating treatment wetland in reducing pollutants at the study site. The results showed that the floating treatment wetland was able to reduce the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) (73.68%), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (73.92%), Acidity/Basicity (pH) (0.39%), Chloride (Cl−) (43.12%), Total Hardness (66.56%) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) (96.21%) values, approaching the recommended irrigation water quality guideline values within 3 days. In contrast, there was an increase in Electro Conductivity (EC) (22.2%) and Sodium (Na) (15.2%) concentrations, which exceeded the recommended values, due to evapotranspiration or the entry of the surrounding soil into the irrigation water of the study site.

Electrode-based floating treatment wetlands: Insights into design operation factors influencing bioenergy generation and treatment performance

Exponential increases in energy consumption and wastewater have often irreversible environmental impacts. As a result, bio-electrochemical devices like microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which convert chemical energy in organic matter to electricity using exoelectrogenic bacteria, have gained interest. However, operational factors affecting efficiency and energy output need further study. This research investigated bioenergy production and COD, TN, and TP removal in mesoscale floating treatment wetlands (FTW-MFC) using Phragmites australis, Iris pseudacorus, and a mix of both. The Iris FTW-MFC achieved a high voltage peak of 2100 mV. The maximum power densities of 484 mW/m2, 1196 mW/m2, and 441 mW/m2 were observed for Phragmites, Iris, and mixed FTW-MFCs, respectively. Despite promising bioenergy yields, pollutant removal was unsatisfactory. A low area/height ratio (0.38 m2/0.8 m) and high loading rate (18.1 g/m2·d COD) boosted bioenergy output but hindered treatment performance and stressed plants, causing root decay. No significant pollutant removal differences were found between FTW-MFC and FTW. Higher relative plant growth rates occurred in the FTW-MFC. Microbial analysis shown that representatives of Pseudomonas and Clostridium species were consistently found across all samples, involved in both organic compound transformation and electricity generation, contributed to successful microscale results. A supporting microscale MFC experiment showed wastewater composition's impact on bioenergy yield and pollutant removal. Pre-inoculated reactors improved organic matter transformation and electricity generation, while aeration increased voltage and treatment performance. The role of plants requires further verification in future experiments.

Floating treatment wetlands to improve the water quality of the Hang Bang canal, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Effect of plant species

Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) are artificial platforms that allow aquatic emergent plants to grow in water. Aquatic macrophytes and microorganisms attached to plant roots contribute to the remediation of the contaminated water through physicochemical and biological processes. The pollutant removal treatment performance is affected by various factors, including the plant species. In this study, several plant species, i.e. Canna generalis, Phragmites australis, Pennisetum purpureum, Cyperus alternifolius rottb, Kyllinga brevifolia rottb, and Cyperus ordoratus were investigated for their potential to clean-up water from the Hang Bang canal in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam). Canna generalis, Phragmites australis, and Cyperus alternifolius were found to be suitable for FTWs with the highest performance compared to that of other plant species investigated. The organic and nitrogen removal rates amounted to 48–70 g COD m−3 d−1 and 0.7–1.2 g N m−3 d−1, respectively, whereas the reduction of pathogens was around 1.86–3.00 log. Furthermore, FTW systems bring other benefits such as improving ecosystem functioning and biodiversity, producing value-added products from plant biomass, as well as attracting the attention of communities, thus increasing social acceptance of environmental technology interventions.

Impact of abiotic stressors on nutrient removal and rhizomicrobiome composition in floating treatment wetland with Equisetum hyemale

Floating treatment wetlands (FTW) are receiving growing interest as a phyto-technology. However, there are significant research gaps regarding the actual role of plant species and plant-microbiome interactions. In this study, the nutrient uptake of Equisetum hyemale was examined in FTW microcosms under the influence of abiotic stressors: As (3 mg/L) and Pb (3 mg/L) as well as Cl− (300 and 800 mg/L) in reference to a control during a short screening experiment. High removal efficiency of nutrients in water solutions, up to 88 % for TN and 93 % for PO4-P, was observed. However, PO4-P removal was inhibited in the As reactor, with a maximum efficiency of only 11 %. Lead and As were removed with high efficiency, reaching 98 % and 79 % respectively. At the same time only Pb was effectively bound to root biomass, reaching up to 51 %. Limited As accumulation of 0.5 % in plant roots suggests that microbial processes play a major role in its reduction. The development and structure of microbiome in the microcosms was analysed by means of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, proving that Pb was the most influential factor in terms of selection pressure on specified bacterial groups. In the As treatment, the emergence of a Serratia subpopulation was observed, while the Cl− treatment preserved a rhizobiome composition most closely resembling the control. This study indicates that E. hyemale is a suitable species for use in FTWs treating Pb polluted water that at the same time is capable to withstand periodic increases in salinity. E. hyemale exhibits low As binding in biomass; however, extended exposure might amplify this effect because of the slow-acting, but beneficial, mechanism of As uptake by roots and shoots. Microbiome analysis complements insights into mechanisms of FTW performance and impact of stress factors on bacterial structure and functions.

Contribution of the root system of Cyperus papyrus and Pontederia sagittata to microplastic removal in floating treatment Wetlands in two urban ponds

Microplastic pollution represents a global challenge that threatens ecosystems and human health. Because of this, there has been an increased interest in evaluating the use of phytotechnologies as a natural alternative for the removal of microplastics in water bodies. This study assessed the microplastic removal by Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs) consisting of linear arrays planted with Cyperus papyrus and Pontederia sagittata, installed in two urban ponds (“Pond 1” and “Pond 4”) located in the center of the city of Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. The results indicated that the two linear arrays of FTWs in Pond 1 (FTW1 and FTW2) efficiently removed microplastics in water column and sediments, with total removal rates of 82.4% and 81.1% respectively, despite having a high initial microplastic concentration. On the other hand, the effectiveness of the two FTWs in Pond 4 was mainly attributed to the first line of plants (FTW3), where the highest removal rates were observed, showing 61.6% in water column and 72.6% in sediments. However, the total removal of the two lines was 64.6% in water and 48.8% in sediments. C. papyrus and P. sagittata plants strongly retained microplastics in their roots, with concentrations of 16.4 and 11.9 mg/g respectively for FTW1 and FTW2 in Pond 1, and 2.1 and 6 mg/g for FTW3 and FTW 4 in Pond 4. These results suggest that the main removal microplastic mechanism was root retention, which facilitates microplastic removal from the aquatic environment by periodical root harvesting. Therefore, the crucial role of roots in the stabilization and reduction of these pollutants is highlighted. This study represents the first report in Mexico on the efficiency of FTWs in removing microplastics in urban water bodies.

Influence of Four Veterinary Antibiotics on Constructed Treatment Wetland Nitrogen Transformation.

The use of wetlands as a treatment approach for nitrogen in runoff is a common practice in agroecosystems. However, nitrate is not the sole constituent present in agricultural runoff and other biologically active contaminants have the potential to affect nitrate removal efficiency. In this study, the impacts of the combined effects of four common veterinary antibiotics (chlortetracycline, sulfamethazine, lincomycin, monensin) on nitrate-N treatment efficiency in saturated sediments and wetlands were evaluated in a coupled microcosm/mesocosm scale experiment. Veterinary antibiotics were hypothesized to significantly impact nitrogen speciation (e.g., nitrate and ammonium) and nitrogen uptake and transformation processes (e.g., plant uptake and denitrification) within the wetland ecosystems. To test this hypothesis, the coupled study had three objectives: 1. assess veterinary antibiotic impact on nitrogen cycle processes in wetland sediments using microcosm incubations, 2. measure nitrate-N reduction in water of floating treatment wetland systems over time following the introduction of veterinary antibiotic residues, and 3. identify the fate of veterinary antibiotics in floating treatment wetlands using mesocosms. Microcosms containing added mixtures of the veterinary antibiotics had little to no effect at lower concentrations but stimulated denitrification potential rates at higher concentrations. Based on observed changes in the nitrogen loss in the microcosm experiments, floating treatment wetland mesocosms were enriched with 1000 μg L-1 of the antibiotic mixture. Rates of nitrate-N loss observed in mesocosms with the veterinary antibiotic enrichment were consistent with the microcosm experiments in that denitrification was not inhibited, even at the high dosage. In the mesocosm experiments, average nitrate-N removal rates were not found to be impacted by the veterinary antibiotics. Further, veterinary antibiotics were primarily found in the roots of the floating treatment wetland biomass, accumulating approximately 190 mg m-2 of the antibiotic mixture. These findings provide new insight into the impact that veterinary antibiotic mixtures may have on nutrient management strategies for large-scale agricultural operations and the potential for veterinary antibiotic removal in these wetlands.

Selection of endophyte and indigenous bacteria degrading textile wastewater in floating treatment wetland

Selection of endophyte and indigenous bacteria degrading textile wastewater in floating treatment wetland

Sediment microbial fuel cell coupled floating treatment wetland for enhancing non-reactive phosphorus removal

The presence of non-reactive phosphorus (NRP) in environmental waters presents a potential risk of eutrophication and poses challenges for the removal of all phosphorus (P) fractions. This study presents the first investigation on the removal performance and mechanism of three model NRP compounds, sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP) and 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTC), in the sediment microbial fuel cell-floating treatment wetland (SMFC-FTW). Coupling SMFC with plants proved to be effective at removing NRP via electrochemical oxidation and plant uptake, particularly the challenging-to-degrade phosphonates that contain C–P bonds. Compared with the control group, the removal efficiencies of the model NRP in SMFC were observed to increase by 11.9%–20.8%. SMFC promoted the conversion of NRP to soluble reactive phosphorus (sRP) and the transfer of P to sediment. Furthermore, the electrochemical process enhanced both plant growth and P uptake, and increased P assimilation by 72.6%. The presence of plants in the bioelectrochemical system influenced the occurrence and fate of P by efficiently assimilating sRP and supporting microbial transformation of NRP. Consequently, plants enhanced the removal efficiencies of all P fractions in the overlying water. This study demonstrated that SMFC-FTW is a promising technology to remove various NRP species in environmental waters.

Effect of floating treatment wetland coverage ratio and operating parameters on nitrogen removal: toward design optimization.

Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) have the potential to improve the quality of wastewater discharges, yet design basics are unavailable to size these systems. This study investigates the effect of FTWs' coverage ratio and hydraulic retention time on agri-food wastewater treatment. This was studied in a pilot-scale experiment comprising four lagoons (6.5 m3 each) fed with real effluent from an existing tertiary treatment lagoon. An evaluation of FTW of different sizes (L24, L48, and L72 representing 24, 48, and 72% of pilot lagoons surface areas) and a control, L0 (without FTW), was performed over 16 months. Overall, L72 and L48 moderately improved total nitrogen (TN) mass removal compared to L0 (p < 0.05), while L24 exhibited similar TN mass removal (p = 0.196). The highest improvement was observed for L72, exhibiting up to 55% (mean of 13%) greater N mass removal than the control. The net increase in TN removal by FTWs was mainly related to denitrification, promoted by decreasing dissolved oxygen for increasing FTW coverage ratio. Residence time, temperature, and dissolved oxygen were the main parameters driving TN removal by FTWs. Retrofitting existing lagoons with FTW can facilitate N retrieval through plant harvesting, thereby reducing N remobilization from sediment (common in conventional lagoons).

Effectiveness of Endophytes Bacteria in Enhancing Floating Treatment Wetland to Treat Textile Wastewater

Effectiveness of Endophytes Bacteria in Enhancing Floating Treatment Wetland to Treat Textile Wastewater

Biomass Production and Metal Remediation by Salix alba L. and Salix viminalis L. Irrigated with Greywater Treated by Floating Wetlands

As an alternative wood source for biochar and a cost-effective renewable energy source, sustainable biomass production based on fast-growing willows irrigated with treated wastewater has been explored. Salix alba L. and Salix viminalis L. were selected for assessment of their potentially high woody biomass productivity and phytoremediation efficiency when irrigated with greywater treated by floating treatment wetlands. Both Salix species produced significantly (p &lt; 0.05) high woody biomass in the second harvest, with a significantly higher fresh woody biomass weight with higher water content (53%) for S. viminalis compared to S. alba. The dry biomass weight of S. alba was greater than of S. viminalis at the first harvest. The element accumulations in substrates changed significantly after irrigation, with greywater compared to the raw substrate following this order: Mg &gt; Fe &gt; Al &gt; Cr &gt; Mn &gt; Cd &gt; Cu &gt; B. Element concentrations accumulated in twigs of S. alba following this order: Ca &gt; Mg &gt; Na &gt; Mn &gt; Zn &gt; Fe &gt; Al &gt; Cd &gt; Cu &gt; Cr &gt; Ni &gt; B, but for S. viminalis the order was Ca &gt; Mg &gt; Mn &gt; Zn &gt; Na &gt; Fe &gt; Al &gt; Cd &gt; Cu &gt; Ni &gt; Cr &gt; B. The accumulations of Al, B, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Ni were significantly greater in S. alba leaves compared to their twigs, which showed significantly high accumulations of Na and Zn. The accumulations of Al, B, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Na were significantly greater in S. viminalis leaves compared to their twigs.

Plant suitability for floating treatment wetland applications in brackish waters

Brackish water bodies provide critical ecosystem services supporting human and environmental health in coastal regions. Mitigation of contaminants in brackish waters is critical. Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) are a remediation technology typically applied to improve water quality in freshwater systems. However, the applicability of FTWs to waters with fluctuating salinity has not been determined. The goal of this study was to quantify the growth and survival of four plant species and determine which aquatic macrophytes are suited for use in FTWs deployed in brackish waters. This study trialed four species common to salt marshes of the Southeastern USA (Distichlis spicata, Juncus roemerianus, Spartina alterniflora, and Spartina patens) grown under three salinity exposures (0.5, 5.0, and 18 g⋅L−1) over 7 weeks. We also quantified macro- and micro-nutrient concentrations in these species to enable determination of how plant growth in FTWs may alter nutrient partitioning in roots and shoots. The ratios of nutrients fixed in tissues of plants grown in the salt marsh vs. those grown in FTWs shifted. The ratio of Na:Ca within tissues were higher for plants grown in the saltmarsh than those grown in the FTWs. Regarding biomass production, D. spicata and J. roemerianus grew very little, regardless of salinity exposure. J. roemerianus did not survive at 18 g⋅L−1 salinity. S. alterniflora and S. patens had the highest biomass production and final nutrient concentrations in tissues across all salinities. These trials indicated that of the four species tested, S. alterniflora and S. patens hold the most promise for FTW application in brackish settings.

A Model System to Evaluate the Potential of Floating Treatment Wetlands to Manage Phytophthora species in Recycled Irrigation Water

Highlights A floating treatment wetland (FTW) planted with Pontederia cordata reduced the flow-through of viable zoospores. Bacterial communities associated with FTWs that differed in remediation efficacy were characterized. FTWs have the potential to reduce plant pathogen load in water recycled for agricultural irrigation. Abstract. The increased incidence and severity of drought have reduced reliable access to freshwater irrigation sources for nursery and greenhouse plant producers. Many plant producers are now considering onsite remediation and reuse of water captured from irrigation return flow. However, potential contamination of recycled water with plant pathogens, primarily species of Phytophthora, is the primary concern preventing many growers from reusing their water. Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) consist of plants established on a buoyant structure that floats on the surface of a water body with roots extended down into the water column. FTWs effectively remediate nutrients in agricultural runoff, but their potential to manage plant pathogens was previously unknown. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the potential efficacy of FTWs to manage species of Phytophthora in recycled irrigation water. Amplicon sequencing was performed to observe how the bacterial communities associated with the roots of plants in the various FTWs differed. The research was conducted using a controlled model system. Each model FTW consisted of a 3-m-long plastic trough that contained no plants, Agrostis alba plants, or Pontederia cordata plants. Nutrient-amended pond water continuously flowed through each trough at a set hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1 h or 4 h. A standard inoculum concentration of Phytophthora nicotianae zoospores in aqueous suspension was added to influent water entering each trough, and zoospore activity in effluent water leaving each trough at predetermined time intervals was monitored with a baiting bioassay. Results from this study demonstrated that controlled model FTWs containing P. cordata plants effectively reduced the movement of viable P. nicotianae zoospores through a channel of nutrient-amended water at a target HRT of approximately 4 h. Movement of viable zoospores through the troughs was not reduced at the higher flow rate of 1 h HRT or for FTWs containing A. alba plants. Furthermore, the roots of A. alba and P. cordata had enriched bacterial communities that differed from one another. The mechanism by which FTWs containing P. cordata plants reduced zoospore activity was not determined; however, it may be due to interception of zoospores by plant roots, effects from plant root exudates, interactions with the root microbiome, or differences in water quality parameters. This is the first published study evaluating the potential efficacy of floating treatment wetlands to manage plant pathogens in irrigation water. Keywords: Ecological remediation, Horticulture, Microbial community analyses, Pathogens, Water reuse.

Design of floating treatment wetland in PT Antam Tbk UBP Bauksit Kalimantan Barat

The wastewater that comes from bauxite ore washing at PT ANTAM Tbk UBP Bauksit Kalimantan Barat is not treated optimally, because of that it needs another alternative treatment other than coagulant. This research aims to establish the design of floating treatment wetland, arrange the application and maintenance procedure of floating treatment wetland, and arrange the draft cost budget of floating treatment wetland. The result of this research is design of floating treatment wetland plan that has 24 m2 or 4 x 6 m dimension with 600 plants for 1 unit. The selected plant is eleocharis dulcis which is able to absorb iron (FE) that contained in wastewater. Based on calculation if FA (bouyant force) higher than W (weight), than the media will be floated. All the design criteria from hydraulic loading rate, hydraulic retention time, water depth and surface coverage are accordant. The procedure of application and maintenance includes preparation and application procedure as well as operational and maintenance procedure. The cost required for 124 floating treatment wetland units is IDR 1.162.996.000.

Use of ornamental plants in floating treatment wetlands for greywater treatment in urban areas

Floating treatment wetlands are considered a promising and low-cost technology for the treatment of polluted water and wastewater. However, their functionality and efficiency in different types of wastewater are not fully understood. In this study, several ornamental plant species (monocultures: Canna sp., Iris sp., polyculture: Iris orientalis, Cyperus sp., Acorus gramineus) were tested in two different types of floating mats, including a media supported floating mat (MSFM) or a simple plastic grid, and evaluated for optimal removal of the studied pollutants. The results regarding pollutant removal revealed that planted systems grown in MSFM achieved significantly higher removal rates (up to 90 %) compared to the plastic grid (up to 80 %). Statistically significant higher removal rates were obtained for the planted systems compared to the unplanted systems either grown in MSFM (for turbidity (planted: 82–90 %; unplanted: 44 %), COD (planted: 74–84 %; unplanted: 32 %) and BOD5 (planted: 76–85 %; unplanted: 51 %), respectively) or grown in the plastic grid (for turbidity (planted: 64–78 %; unplanted: 44 %) and COD (planted: 43–75 %; unplanted: 32 %), respectively). During the experimental period (7 months), all plants managed to survive and withstand the weather variations. The plants in polyculture followed by Iris sp. plants in plastic grid floating mats were better adapted, as indicated by maximum quantum efficiency of PSII values and chlorophyll content index, while all the plants were considered well adapted in the MSFM. Overall, the implementation of floating treatment wetlands with ornamental vegetation for greywater treatment in urban areas seems to be a sustainable and efficient approach.

Chromium (III) removal by perennial emerging macrophytes in floating treatment wetlands

Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) are a sustainable solution to treat polluted water, but their role in chromium (Cr(III)) removal under neutral pH conditions remains poorly understood. This study evaluated the potential of FTWs planted with two perennial emergent macrophytes, Phragmites australis and Iris pseudacorus, to remove Cr(III) and nutrients (N and PO4-P) from water containing 7.5 mg/L TN, 1.8 mg/L PO4-P, and Cr(III) (500, 1000, and 2000 µg/L). Within 1 h of exposure, up to 96–99% of Cr was removed from the solution, indicating rapid precipitation. After 50 days, Phragmites bound 9–19% of added Cr, while Iris bound 5–22%. Both species accumulated Cr primarily in the roots (BCF > 1). Biomass production and growth development were inhibited in Cr treatments, but microscopic examination of plant roots revealed no histological changes at 500 and 1000 µg/L Cr, suggesting high resistance of the tested species. At 2000 µg/L Cr, both species exhibited disruptions in the arrangement of vessel elements in the stele and increased aerenchyma spaces in Phragmites. At the end of the experiment, 70–86% of TN and 54–90% of PO4-P were removed.

Phytoremediation capacity of Umbrella palm and Vetiver in improving surface water quality by Floating Treatment Wetland

Surface water is polluted due to many reasons, mainly wastewater and irrigation discharges, and loses its value for potential uses. In this study, phytoremediation was applied to improve the surface water provided from a branch of the Gediz River, which meets the freshwater needs of Izmir Bird Paradise but is not qualified as a quality water source in terms of ecosystem. For this purpose, the removal efficiencies of Cyperus alternifolius L. (umbrella palm) and Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash (vetiver) for total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and total organic carbon (TOC) were tested in the tanks, which were set with the floating treatment wetland (FTW) with a control group. TP, TN and TOC were measured in water on the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 14th days, while macro and micronutrients were measured in the plants at the beginning and end of the study. TP removal was 92%, 82%, and 45%; TN removal was 62%, 52%, and 24%; and TOC removal was 79%, 66%, and 13% in umbrella palm, vetiver and control tanks, respectively. The translocation factors (TF) that were expected to be &amp;gt;1 in plants were determined as Cd (1.55), Pb (1.27), B (1.19), and Cr (1.11) in vetiver, and B (1.33) and Pb (1.14) in umbrella palm. Considering the increase in biomass, it can be said that the umbrella palm accumulates metal at a higher rate. This study demonstrates that with the usage of umbrella palm and vetiver, FTW has the potential to be used as a green treatment method.