At present, double expansion chamber structures are widely used in the field of acoustic attenuation, and two kinds of double-chamber compound structures for hydraulic attenuators are proposed in this paper. A one-dimensional analytical approach was developed to predict the pressure pulsation attenuation performance of these two structures, and comparisons of insertion loss predictions with experimental results illustrated that the one-dimensional approach is suitable for accurate prediction among the research frequency band. This approach was then used to investigate the effects of porosity and geometrical parameters on the pressure pulsation performance of these two double-chamber compound hydraulic attenuators. To optimize the pressure pulsation attenuation performance at the backwash frequency, parameter optimization was performed for these double-chamber compound structures, and a genetic algorithm based on double-precision floating-point encoding was proposed. The results showed that the range of attenuation frequency bands was widened; however, the effect on low frequency filtering characteristics was limited. The insertion loss of the second structure, which had a partially perforated tube, exhibits a superposition of dome attenuation and axial resonance in the plane wave region. By choosing the length and location of the perforated section to match resonances with the troughs of the pulsation attenuator, a desirable broadband pressure pulsation attenuation can be obtained.