Flexure Mechanism Research Articles

Third-order geometric stiffness formulation for improved mesh convergence of thin and wide spatial beams in the generalized strain beam formulation

AbstractThis paper presents the stiffness formulation of a beam element with the relevant third-order nonlinear geometric effects for relatively wide and thin rectangular beams, in particular when loaded in the plane and simultaneously deformed out of the plane. The element is initially straight in its undeformed configuration. The formulation is based on Timoshenko beam theory with nonuniform torsion and Wagner effects. The derivation is carried out by means of the Hellinger–Reissner variational principle with custom interpolation functions. The element is incorporated into the generalized strain beam formulation for multibody systems. Numerical simulations of precision flexure mechanisms show that the use of a single third-order element per flexible member can already yield adequate performance, at a significant reduction of the necessary degrees of freedom and the computation time, compared with using multiple second-order elements in the generalized strain beam formulation.

Research on rotational rollback suppression of diamond-shaped active locking flexure mechanism (ALFM) driven by piezoelectric wafers

Abstract Piezoelectric actuators have a wide range of applications in many areas due to their advantages of fast response speed, high resolution, compact and simple structure, diverse configurations, and resistance to electromagnetic interference. However, existing piezoelectric actuators generally have large fallback, and a few researchers have applied the ALFM to the fallback suppression of actuators. In this paper, an ALFM using a piezoelectric wafer as the driving source is innovatively designed, and the structure and dimensions are simulated and optimized using Finite Element Method, according to which the piezoelectric wafer-type ALFM is used to design a new inertial piezoelectric actuator that can suppress backward movement. The motion principle of the piezoelectric actuator is theoretically analyzed, followed by the establishment of the machine dynamics model of the piezoelectric actuator and simulation with MATLAB/simulink to verify the reasonableness of the dynamics model. Finally, a series of experiments are carried out on the processed drive model, and the results show that the maximum accuracy of the actuator is 8.5 μrad, and the maximum load capacity is 160 g. The comparison experiments at 30 Hz and 40 Hz with and without the ALFM prove that the locking mechanism does supress the actuator from backing off to a certain extent, which verifies the reasonableness of the scheme proposed in this paper.

Study of FRP on Preloaded Beam as A Method of Retrofitting - A Review

Over the past two decades, fiber-reinforced polymers have gained prominence in structural engineering due to their unique properties, offering an alternative to traditional materials like steel and concrete. FRPs consist of high-strength fibers embedded in a polymer matrix, resulting in superior strength-to-weight ratios, excellent corrosion resistance, and fatigue durability. These materials are widely used in aerospace, automotive, and infrastructure applications. Key types of FRPs include carbon fiber reinforced polymer, glass fiber reinforced polymer, aramid fiber reinforced polymer, and basalt fiber reinforced polymer, each offering specific advantages. CFRP is recognized for its high tensile strength, while GFRP is widely chosen for its affordability and adequate performance in less demanding structural applications. This review paper focuses on retrofitting predamaged reinforced concrete beams using carbon fiber-reinforced polymer and glass fiber-reinforced polymer sheets. It examines how preloading, fiber material, and fiber arrangement affect the structural performance of these beams, particularly in terms of flexural strength, ductility, stiffness, and failure mechanisms. Going through several papers the studies showed that CFRP and GFRP significantly enhance load-bearing capacity, energy absorption, and delay failure due to deboning. Key factors such as preload levels and fiber configuration were compared by go thronging several paper. The paper highlights real-world applications, where CFRP is commonly used in bridge rehabilitation and GFRP is favored for less demanding tasks, such as retrofitting low-rise building beams, both playing a critical role in extending the service life of structures while reducing costs.

Damage behavior and toughening mechanism of SiCf/SiC-Ti3SiC2 composites: A combination of digital image correlation and acoustic emission

Matrix modification is an effective method to improve the mechanical properties of ceramic matrix composites, while the elucidation of corresponding damage mechanism is essential for the design and engineering application of composites. In this work, Ti3SiC2 particles were introduced into SiC matrix to fabricate Ti3SiC2 modified SiCf/SiC (SiCf/SiC-Ti3SiC2) composites by a hybrid technique of slurry suspension impregnation combined with polymer infiltration and pyrolysis. Compared with SiCf/SiC composites, the flexural strength and modulus of SiCf/SiC-Ti3SiC2 composites were increased by 17.8 % and 61.0 %, respectively. The three-point flexural damage behavior and failure mechanism of composites were systematically investigated and compared by the combination of digital image correlation and acoustic emission techniques. Based on the collaborative analysis of in-situ damage process, matrix micro-zone toughness and fracture morphology, the modification effect and toughening mechanism of Ti3SiC2 were revealed. The improved mechanical properties of SiCf/SiC-Ti3SiC2 composite could be ascribed to the more sufficient matrix cracking before composite failure and the increased matrix fracture energy by microcrack deflection. After matrix modification, the failure mechanism was dominated by the gradual propagation and growth of microcracks until the critical crack size, instead of the fast and unstable propagation of main crack.

Thin-layer Ultra-High-Strength Engineered Cementitious Composites (UHS-ECC) reinforced with small-diameter FRP bars for structural strengthening

This study proposed a novel strengthening system for reinforced concrete (RC) structures using a thin layer of Ultra-High-Strength Engineered Cementitious Composites (UHS-ECC) reinforced with small-diameter Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) bars. Experimental investigation, digital image correlation analysis, and numerical simulation were conducted to evaluate the flexural performance and failure mechanism of RC beams strengthened with 20-mm UHS-ECC layers and 3-mm FRP bars. It was found that the 20-mm UHS-ECC layer alone improved the load capacity of RC beams by 8.3 %, though with reduced deflection, whereas incorporating two 3-mm FRP bars increased load capacity by up to 40.4 %, without sacrificing deflection. Failure in all specimens was caused by concrete crushing; however, FRP-reinforced UHS-ECC layers mitigated early crack localization, significantly enhancing both strength and ductility. This study also revealed that cast-in-place FRP-reinforced UHS-ECC layers exhibited higher load capacity and could avoid ECC/concrete interfacial cracks compared to epoxy-bonded prefabricated layers. A three-dimensional finite element model was proposed for the strengthening system, and the flexural behavior was successfully predicted. It is revealed that the FRP-to-UHS-ECC bond had a marginal influence on performance, while the bond at the UHS-ECC-to-concrete interface significantly impacted flexural behavior. Remarkably, the small-diameter FRP bar achieved 75 % of its tensile strength at the ultimate stage. These findings underscore the potential of FRP-reinforced UHS-ECC layers as an effective solution for enhancing the mechanical and durability performance of RC structures.

Effect of temperature and loading mode on flexural properties and failure mechanisms of fine weave punctured C/C composites over 2000 °C

Fine weave punctured C/C composites are extensively utilized in aerospace applications owing to their superior mechanical properties. The effects of temperature over 2000 °C and loading mode on the flexural properties and failure mechanism were reported. It was found that the load-displacement curves of Y-direction flexure showed linear characteristics, but those of Z-direction flexure showed nonlinear characteristics because of interlayer failure. The flexural performances in the Z-direction were significantly higher than in the Y-direction. Both Y- and Z-directions flexural strengths increased dramatically, but flexural moduli initially climbed and subsequently declined with increasing temperature. In contrast with room temperature, the Y- and Z-direction flexural strengths increased by 55.6 % and 188.5 % at 2000 °C, while their corresponding flexural moduli increased by 14.3 % and 40.4 % at 1200 °C. Flexural failure in the Y direction was primarily distributed along the rows of Z-yarns. Due to narrower slits and tighter composite connections, failure gradually spreads over the Z-yarns at higher temperatures. While, the failure cracks of Z-direction flexural specimens were mainly distributed in the interlayer. As the temperature rose, the carbon fiber monofilaments of the pulled Z-direction yarns became harder linked, with neater breaks.

Vertical diaphragms for moment connection of thin-walled CFT column to steel beam

A vertical diaphragm scheme is proposed to connect the concrete-filled thin-walled steel tube (thin-walled CFT) column and steel beam, as an alternative to horizontal diaphragm connections: dual vertical diaphragms are installed inside the steel tube, considering poor out-of-plane resistance of the thin tube wall. For verification of the moment connection, two experimental programs were carried out. In the first experiment, an ultimate tension test was conducted for flange-to-column connections, to identify the fundamental behavior of the proposed connection (i.e., strength, failure mode, and out-of-plane deformation). The design parameters, such as the thickness, number, and continuity of the vertical diaphragms, were considered. All the test specimens exceeded the design strengths based on a yield line model (i.e., the tensile capacity-to-demand ratios ranged Tu/TYL = 1.11–1.31), without early fracture of welded joints. In particular, at the design strengths, the tube out-of-plane deformations were more limited with the heavier diaphragms. In the second experiment, beam-to-column connections using prototype I-section steel were tested under cyclic flexure, to verify the joint flexural strength and rigidity as well as the seismic performance. The beam-to-column connections failed by the beam flexural mechanism, whereas damage was marginal at the joint wall (i.e., the flexural capacity-to-demand ratios ranged Mu/Mj = 0.87–1.09). Overall, the dual diaphragms were effective in achieving rigid (full-strength) connections with satisfactory plastic rotation of the beam. On the basis of the test results, design considerations were recommended for the vertical diaphragm connections.

A comparative experimental and numerical study on the shear and flexural mechanism of an innovative butterfly-damper

In this paper, the behavior of an innovative metallic damper made of butterfly plates (with shear or flexural mechanisms) to improve the behavior of the CBF system is considered. These dampers can provide similar seismic resistant properties but concentrate most damage in the damper region during a seismic event. This has considerable practical utility in the construction industry and can allow quick replacement of these dampers (instead of replacing braces) after damage without impacting the serviceability of the building. To consider the behavior of the proposed dampers, experimental and numerical as well as parametrical studies were carried out. Experimental results indicated that both shear and flexural dampers pertain to stable hysteresis loops although the flexural damper showed a better ultimate rotation. However, experimental and numerical results revealed that the shear damper's ultimate strength, stiffness, and energy dissipating capacity reached >3.58, 4.59, and 14.56 times greater than flexural dampers. Results indicated that the response of the dampers is related to the slenderness and that the allowable slenderness was suggested for the design of the dampers.

Impact of discontinuity data acquisition methods on rockfall susceptibility assessment using high-resolution 3D point cloud

This research evaluates the influence of various discontinuity data acquisition methods on three-dimensional rockfall susceptibility assessments, employing a high-resolution 3D point cloud of the Špičunak rock slope in Croatia. Discontinuity mapping was conducted utilising manual and semi-automated methods. Manual mapping was done in open-source software CloudCompare, while semi-automated mapping was done using Discontinuity Set Extractor and two CloudCompare plug-ins, qFacet Fast Marching and qFacet Kd-Tree algorithm. Significant differences were observed between the methods in terms of the number of identified discontinuity planes, sets, mean orientation values, and weighted densities associated with specific sets. Based on the mapping results, three-dimensional rockfall susceptibility maps were generated. The 3D rockfall susceptibility assessment employed a Kinematic Hazard Index (KHI) for planar, wedge, and flexural toppling failure mechanisms, which determines the percentage of discontinuity planes that meet the geometrical conditions specific to each type of failure. The findings underscore that the mapping results greatly affect the 3D rockfall susceptibility assessment, impacting the identification of potential rockfall source areas. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating manual and semi-automated mapping for reliable 3D rockfall susceptibility assessment. Additionally, this study evaluated the effect of varying the number of discontinuity orientation input data on rockfall susceptibility by comparing nine scenarios, each involving a reduction in the number of discontinuity orientation data. The results indicate that accurate discontinuity mapping is more critical than the sheer number of mapped discontinuities for reliable rockfall susceptibility assessment. Therefore, prioritizing the precise determination of discontinuity set numbers and their associated weighted densities is essential for reliable susceptibility evaluations.

Effect of longitudinal reinforcement ratio on residual flexural capacity of high-strength reinforced concrete beams exposed to impact loading

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the dynamic impact and post-impact performances of high-strength reinforced concrete (RC) beams, which have different ductility and load-bearing capacities. The dynamic behavior and impact damages of RC beams were compared after exposure to a constant magnitude of impact energy. The applied impact energy was obtained by dropping a mass of 360 kg from a certain height of 3 m. The cross-section dimensions and length of the specimens were selected to carry out the experiments in full-scale. The tested specimens were designed with five different longitudinal reinforcement ratios for demonstrating distinct structural behavior mechanisms that vary from pure flexure to pure shear, representing different ductilities, load-bearing capacities and potential failure characteristics. The post-impact behavior of the impacted RC beams was also assessed by performing quasi-static bending tests on the impact-damaged specimens and the obtained results were compared with the identical undamaged reference RC beams. The results demonstrated that the longitudinal reinforcement ratio (which was intentionally designed for different specimens to exhibit different structural responses from pure shear to pure flexural and different shear-flexure mechanisms) significantly influences the dynamic response and damage intensity of the beams, which, in turn, affect their post-impact static performance. Key structural characteristics, including residual displacement, ductility, energy dissipation, load-carrying capacity, and stiffness, were analyzed. It was found that the mechanical properties of the beams deteriorated markedly after impact exposure. A crucial finding of this research is the notable shift in failure modes from flexural to shear after impact, depending on the damage severity. In RC beams, shear damage remains insignificant under both impact loading and subsequent static loading when the ratio of shear strength to flexural strength (Vr/Mr) exceeds 1.5. Conversely, when this ratio is less than 1.5, the behavior transitions to being shear-critical or shear-dominant. This study presents, for the first time, comprehensive experimental results on the impact-induced damage progression, failure mechanisms, and residual behavior of high-strength RC beams. These insights are vital for understanding the performance of RC structures under impact loads and contribute significantly to the field of structural engineering, particularly in designing impact-resilient structures.

Experimental and theoretical investigation on flexural behavior of concrete-filled tubular flange girders

Concrete-filled tubular flange (CFTF) girders offer superior torsional stiffness compared to traditional I-shaped plate girders, providing enhanced flexural performance. To accurately assess the flexural capacity of CFTF girders, both flexural tests and theoretical analyses were conducted on specimens with and without concrete decks. The experimental data were meticulously analyzed to understand the flexural mechanism, yielding sequence, interface slip, strain distribution, and confinement effect of CFTF girders. Subsequently, finite element models were then utilized to analyze the influence of cross-section dimensions and material optimization on the flexural behavior of CFTF girders. Comparative analyses with I-shaped girders were also performed to highlight the structural advantages of CFTF girders. The proposed flexural calculation formulas were validated against both experimental and analytical results, demonstrating a fitting accuracy between 95 % and 98 % for the yield moment and between 96 % and 98 % for the ultimate moment. The method proposed in this paper provides a reliable and accurate approach for evaluating the flexural capacity of CFTF girders, significantly contributing to the advancement of design and analysis practices in structural engineering.

Research on flexural mechanical properties and mechanism of green ecological coir fiber foamed concrete (CFFC)

To explore the effect and mechanism of coir fiber on the performance of foamed concrete, the flexural performance test, pore characteristics and microstructure test of coir fiber foamed concrete with different content were carried out. First, Image-Pro Plus (image processing software) was used to study the pore morphology, porosity, average pore diameter, and pore roundness of CFFC with various fibers dosage (0, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%) by binarization processing method. Then, a total of eighteen specimens, divided into six groups, were used to investigate the effect of CF dosage on flexural strength, toughness, energy absorption, and failure patterns of FC through a three-point flexural test. Furthermore, the microscopic properties of coir fiber foamed concrete (CFFC) were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray detector (XRD) to explain the influence mechanism of CF on FC flexural properties. According to the research, CF can affect the pore characteristics of CFFC and improve its flexural performance. When CF content is 1.5–2.0%, the porosity, diameter and roundness of CFFC have lower values of 68.6%, 1.96 mm and 1.29. After the fiber dosage reaches 1.5%, the CFFC failure mode changed to plastic damage, the flexural strength increased from 0.33 to 0.73 MPa, and the toughness energy absorption value was increased from 0.05 to 1.4 J. The optimum dosage of coir fiber is 2.0% for improving the flexural mechanical properties of FC. CF affects the process of hydration reaction of CFFC, but does not change the type of hydration product. However, the flexural performance of FC would decrease with excessive dosage of CF (> 2.0%) due to accelerating the formation of Ca(OH)2. CFFC can solve problems such as brittleness and easy cracking existing in traditional foamed concrete, and it can be used in the field of pavement engineering, foundation backfill and lightweight wall structure with CF dosage of 15–2.0%.

Large stroke electromagnetic redundant actuated six degrees-of-freedom parallel compliant micropositioning stage

In this paper, a novel large stroke six degrees-of-freedom (6-DOF) electromagnetic redundant actuated micropositioning stage is proposed. The 6-DOF stage adopts a configuration that is composed of eight parallel driving branch chains. Each branch chain is driven by a voice coil motor and incorporates a parallelogram flexure mechanism and a decoupling mechanism for guidance and decoupling. The positioning stage is symmetrically arranged and possesses the advantages of simple structure and easy assembly. As a result, assembly errors are significantly reduced and positioning accuracy is enhanced. The decoupling mechanism uses a large stroke flexible ball joint that increases the motion range of the positioning stage and decouples the coupled motion, thereby enhancing the stability and accuracy of the stage. To evaluate the performance of the stage, static and dynamic analytical models of the 6-DOF stage are derived based on the compliance matrix method and the Lagrangian dynamic modeling method. Additionally, the accuracy of the analytical models and the static and dynamic performances of the positioning stage are verified through finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental testing. The experimental results demonstrate that the stage realizes a workspace of 2.06 mm × 2.02 mm × 3.1 mm × 23.4 mrad × 23.1 mrad × 14.9 mrad. Finally, to verify the tracking performance trajectory of the 6-DOF positioning stage, tracking experiments are performed using a controller that combines a proportional-integral controller and a notch filter.

Experimental investigations on the partially concrete-filled steel tubular slender beams

This paper focuses on the flexural behaviour of partially concrete-filled steel tubular (PCFST) beams having slender cross-sections (D/t > 150). PCFST beam is developed by optimising the tension zone concrete in a concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) beam. Twelve specimens were investigated under a four-point load to understand the flexural behaviour and load transfer mechanism of PCFST slender beams. Parameters considered for the tests are concrete compressive strength, shear-span-to-depth ratio, and concrete wall thickness. The failure mode, load-deflection, strain distribution and moment-rotation data of the test specimens are reported and compared. In general, PCFST beams exhibit the same flexure behaviour as CFST beams in terms of flexural resistance and stiffness, and the weight reduction is around 40 %. However, composite action is lost in PCFST without tension zone concrete, and the beam behaves like an empty steel tube. Therefore, a minimum concrete wall thickness (tc,min) in the tension zone is required in PCFST and an equation for tc,min is proposed based on the test results. Concrete compressive strength is found to have lesser significance in the PCFST beam, whereas a decrease in the shear span-to-depth ratio from 2 to 1 can alter the mode of failure from flexure to shear. A numerical model is developed using ABAQUS to support the test results. This study finds the PCFST beam an optimised replacement for CFST beams in flexure-predominant structural systems. Additionally, a flexure capacity equation is proposed using the plastic stress distribution method, and made good predictions with the experimental and finite element results.

Flexural strength of surrounding columns in URM-Infilled RC frames retrofitted by thick hybrid wall technique

This study investigated the flexural strengthening effect of the Thick Hybrid Wall (THW) technique as a seismic retrofit approach for Unreinforced Masonry Wall (URM)-infilled Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames. THW is a strength–ductility-type seismic retrofit technique, which was developed for pilotis-type RC buildings. In this study, the flexural strength and failure mechanisms of URM-infilled RC frames retrofitted using the THW technique were investigated. Consequently, a comprehensive theoretical model was developed to measure the flexural strength, and a previously proposed equation was modified. Additionally, an equation was developed to determine the minimum additional-wall length, and another equation was developed to determine the demand length of the additional wall to obtain the demand flexural strength. These equations enhance the cost-efficiency and reduce the irregularities risks. The interaction between the URM infill and surrounding RC columns was modeled, and a cyclic loading test was performed under the influence of a constant axial force on the four specimens. The results indicate that THW technique changes the failure mechanism of URM-infilled RC frames from shear to flexure and that the retrofitted URM acts as part of the lateral resisting system owing to the active lateral confinement pressure. The accuracy of the analytical models was confirmed via experimental results, and the developed models facilitate the practical implementation of the THW technique on intended frames.

Flexural failure mechanism of bamboo composite plates with different construction technologies and tectonic patterns

To investigate the failure mechanism of bamboo fiber reinforced composite (BFRC) plates with different construction technologies and tectonic patterns, flexural experiments were performed. The flexural property of the parallel bamboo strand lumbers (PBSL) is better than that of the glued laminated bamboo (GLB), where the cracking load is increased by 141 % at most and the peak load is increased by 57 % at most. The orthogonal structure for the cross-laminated bamboo (CLB) improves the flexural property to a certain extent by inhibiting the initial cracking whether it is PBSL or GLB, and the peak load is increased by 9.83 % and 11.40 %, respectively. The residual bearing capacity of the PBSL is better than that of the CLB, the PBSL can basically maintain half of the ultimate bearing capacity while the damage factor of CLB is as high as 0.84 when the structure is damaged, revealing that the orthogonal layup structure results in weak interlayer interface after explosion. Orthotropic plate theory and composite failure criteria were proposed and consistently predicted the cracking load and the ultimate load. It is found that matrix fracture controls the cracking load, while fiber fracture determines the ultimate load.

Design and Test of a 2-DOF Compliant Positioning Stage with Antagonistic Piezoelectric Actuation

This paper designs a two-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) compliant positioning stage with antagonistic piezoelectric actuation. Two pairs of PEAs are arranged in an antagonistic configuration to generate reciprocating motions. Flexure mechanisms are intentionally adopted to construct the fixtures for PEAs, whose elastic deformations can help to reduce the stress concentration on the PEA caused by the extension of the PEA in the other direction. Subsequently, the parameter and performance of the 2-DOF compliant positioning stage is optimized and verified by finite element analysis. Finally, a prototype is fabricated and tested. The experimental results show that the developed positioning stage achieves a working stroke of 28.27 μm × 27.62 μm. Motion resolutions of both axes are 8 nm and natural frequencies in the working directions are up to 2018 Hz, which is promising for high-precision positioning control.

Flexural behaviour of the segmental precast concrete decks post-tensioned by GFRP rods

This paper introduces an innovative post-tensioned segmental concrete deck system internally reinforced and tied with GFRP reinforcements for application in pontoon decks and other deck structures in aggressive marine environments. Utilisation of the GFRP reinforcements in floating concrete structures is essential because of their non-corrosive characteristics. Six large-scale segmental decks following the specifications of Queensland maritime infrastructure were designed, manufactured, and tested to assess the reliability of the new construction system under static flexural loading in the flatwise and edgewise orientations. One segmental deck served as a reference with hand-tight post-tensioning, while the remaining specimens were connected by the GFRP rods with varying levels of post-tensioning. All decks were tested up to failure, allowing for an investigation of their flexural strength, load-strain behaviour, joint opening, and failure mechanism. The results showed that post-tensioning the GFRP rods improves the flexural performance of the segmental decks. The higher the level of post-tensioning, the higher the contact area between the segments at the joint is achieved. A numerical model was developed to understand the detailed mechanism of both flatwise and edgewise specimens. A strain reduction coefficient in the segmental concrete deck under flexure is introduced accounting for the joint presence to reliably calculate the stress in the post-tensioned internal GFRP rod when the concrete in the joint crushes. The system investigated can increase maritime and recreational infrastructure's construction efficiency and provide creative solutions in the GFRP-reinforced concrete structures in the building and construction industry.

Flexural mechanism and design method for precast concrete splice slabs with welded junction plates

Flexural mechanism and design method for precast concrete splice slabs with welded junction plates

Research on the energy absorption characteristics of lattice composite sandwich structural beams subjected to pure bending loads

This paper leverages the experiments and numerical simulations to investigate the flexural energy absorption characteristics and failure mechanisms of truss-type lattice composite sandwich structural beams filled with polyurethanes (PUs) under pure bending loads. The experimental outcomes unveil that PU-filled staggered lattice composite sandwich structural beams exhibit more favorable energy absorption capacities and specific energy absorption (SEA) characteristics when juxtaposed with parallel lattice composite sandwich structural beams and staggered lattice composite sandwich structural beams devoid of PUs. Subsequently, the energy absorption mechanisms of PU fillers in lattice structural beams are analyzed via the scanning electron microscope (SEM) from a microscopic perspective. The numerical simulation for the PU-filled staggered lattice composite sandwich structural beams proceeds with the finite element analysis software under the quasi-static four-point bending (FPB) load. The resulting findings are in fair alignment with the experimental results. The parametric analysis results demonstrate that skin thickness, side length augmentation of lattice reinforcement section, and width diminishment of lattice cells are instrumental to strengthening beams' ultimate flexural capacity and energy absorption. Simultaneously, the failure modes of beams undergo an alteration. Their SEA is solely subject to the side length of the lattice reinforcement section and the width of lattice elements.